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硫酸钾
硫酸钾 · 水硫酸 · 硫酸钾粉 · 农用硫酸钾 · 無水硫酸鉀 · 农业用钾肥 · 高纯硫酸钾 · 色谱硫酸钾
标识与物理属性
| CAS No. | 7778-80-5 |
|---|---|
| 分子式 | K2SO4 |
| 平均分子量 | 174.26 g/mol |
| 单同位素质量 | 173.87914284 g/mol |
| SMILES | O=S(=O)([O-])[O-].[K+].[K+] |
| InChIKey | OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L |
| PubChem CID | 24507 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL2021424 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:32036 |
| EC No. | 231-915-5 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID6029701 |
| 中文名 | 硫酸钾 |
化学与物理性质
| 极性表面积 | 88.6 |
|---|---|
| 氢键供体 | 0 |
| 氢键受体 | 4 |
| 可旋转键 | 0 |
| 重原子 | 7 |
| 形式电荷 | 0 |
| 复杂度 | 62.2 |
| 物质类别 | Metals -> Metals, Inorganic Compounds |
| 化妆品 | Viscosity controllingBulking |
| pH | Between 5,5 and 8,5 (5 % solution)AQ SOLN IS NEUTRALPH ABOUT 75.5-7.5 (25℃, 0.5M in H2O) |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | dielectric constant |
| 气味 | ODORLESS |
| 味道 | HARD, BITTER, SALINE TASTE |
| 食品添加剂 | FLAVOR ENHANCER, FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT, MALTING OR FERMENTING AID -> FDA Substance added to food |
| 密度 | 2.662.66 g/cm³2.66 @25 °C |
| Color/Form | COLORLESS OR WHITE CRYSTALS, OR WHITE GRANULES OR POWDERCOLORLESS, RHOMBIC OR HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS |
| 溶解性 | Freely soluble in water, insoluble in ethanolITS SOLUBILITY IN WATER IS DECR BY KCL OR (NH4)2SO41 G DISSOLVES IN: 8.3 ML WATER, 4 ML BOILING WATER, 75 ML GLYCEROLPRACTICALLY INSOL IN SATURATED SOLN OF AMMONIUM SULFATEINSOL IN ALCINSOL IN ACETATE, CARBON DISULFIDESolubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 12H2O: 0.5 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless110 g/L (20 ºC) |
| Human Drugs | FDA approved drugs -> Active ingredient |
| 沸点 | 1689 °C1689 °C @760 [mm Hg]1689°C |
| 熔点 | 1067°C |
| 堆积密度 | 800kg/m3 |
| 闪点 | 1689°C |
| 储存条件 | Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature |
| 形态 | Very Fine Crystals or Powder |
| 颜色 | White |
| 比重 | 2.662 |
| 酸碱指示剂变色ph值范围 | ~7 |
| 生物来源 | synthetic |
| 比热容 | Cp(crystal): 0.75 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| 最大波长(λmax) | λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.01λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.01 |
| Merck | 14,7674 |
| 晶系 | Nogata |
| 空间群 | Pnma |
| 晶格常数 | a/nmb/nmc/nmα/oβ/oγ/oV/nm30.74560.57761.008909090 |
| 介电常数 | 5.9(0.0℃) |
| 稳定性 | Stable. |
| 化妆品成分功效 | VISCOSITY CONTROLLING |
| InChI | 1S/2K.H2O4S/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H2,1,2,3,4)/q2*+1/p-2 |
| InChIKey | OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L |
| SMILES | [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O |
| CAS 数据库 | 7778-80-5(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NIST化学物质信息 | Potassium sulfate(7778-80-5) |
| EPA化学物质信息 | Potassium sulfate (7778-80-5) |
化学性质
无色或白色六方形或斜方晶系结晶或颗粒状粉末。具有苦咸味。 溶于水，不溶于醇、丙酮和二硫化碳。
安全与法规
| GHS 分类 | This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 89% (517 of 581) of all reports.DangerH318 (10.2%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]P264+P265, P280, P305+P354+P338, and P317 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 581 reports by companies from 9 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. |
|---|---|
| 法规信息 | Chemical: Sulfuric acid, dipotassium saltRegulation (EC) No 1333/2008 (amended)Sulfuric acid potassium salt (1:2) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Sulfuric acid potassium salt (1:2) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)Status: Active Update: 01-02-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15527Dipotassium sulphate: Non hazardous |
| 其他安全信息 | IMAP assessments - Sulfuric acid, dipotassium salt: Human health tier I assessment |
| 火灾危害 | Not combustible. |
| 危害概述 | A mild skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritant[ICSC] A mild skin irritant[eChemPortal: ERMA] May cause irritation[MSDSonline] |
| EPA Safer Chemical | Chemical: Potassium sulfate |
| Chemical Dangers | Decomposes on heating. This produces sulfur oxides. |
| Hazard Classes and Categories | Eye Dam. 1 (10.2%) |
| State Drinking Water Standards | (AL) ALABAMA 500,000 ug/l /Sulfate ion/(UT) UTAH 1,000,000 ug/l /Sulfate ion/ |
| 州饮用水指南 | (CA) CALIFORNIA 250 ug/l (Recommended)500 ug/l (Upper)Short-term 600 ug/l /Sulfate ion/(UT) UTAH 500,000 ug/l /Sulfate ion/ |
| 联邦饮用水指南 | EPA 250,000 ug/l /Sulfate ion/ |
| 消防 | In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. |
| 急救措施 | Fresh air, rest.Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.Give one or two glasses of water to drink. |
| 泄漏处置 | Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. |
| Eye Prevention | Wear safety goggles. |
| Inhalation Risk | Evaporation at 20 °C is negligiblea nuisance-causing concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered. |
| Skin Prevention | Protective gloves. |
| Ingestion Prevention | Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. |
| Inhalation Prevention | Use local exhaust. |
| Effects of Short Term Exposure | The substance is mildly irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. |
| Protective Action Criteria (PAC) | 30 [mg/m3]220 [mg/m3]1300 [mg/m3] |
| Signs and Symptoms | Cough. Sore throat.Redness.Redness. Pain.Abdominal pain. Diarrhoea. Nausea. Vomiting. |
| Human Toxicity Excerpts | SWALLOWING LARGE DOSES CAUSES SEVERE GI IRRITATION. |
| Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts | CATTLE WHICH BROKE INTO FIELD WHICH HAD BEEN TREATED WITH POTASSIUM SULFATE DIED WITHIN 2 DAYS, SHOWING SYMPTOMS OF PROSTRATION, PARESIS, HYPOTHERMIA, CESSATION OF RUMINATION & CONSTIPATION. ONLY LESION SEEN @ POST MORTEM WAS CONGESTION OF MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF ABOMASUM & INTESTINES... |
| 水危害等级（WGK） | 1 |
| TSCA 清单状态 | TSCA listed |
| 毒性 | LD50 orally in Rabbit: 6600 mg/kg |
| RTECS 号 | TT5900000 |
| 储存类别 | 13 - Non Combustible Solids |
| 安全说明（S） | 22-24/25 |
| 海关编码 | 31043000 |
| 毒害物质数据 | 7778-80-5(Hazardous Substances Data) |
用途与应用
用途
农业上硫酸钾可用作化学肥料，可使经济植物达到持续优质、高产，用于茶叶、蔬菜、水果等农作物。分析测试中硫酸钾血清蛋白生化检验，测定血钾及其他钾盐，凯氏定氮用催化剂。除此之外它还可在染料工业用于制中间体，玻璃工业用作澄清剂，香料工业用作助剂，医药上用作缓泻剂。它可食品工业用作通用添加剂，还用于血清蛋白生化检验。
制备与合成方法
生产方法
(1)曼海姆法。氯化钾和硫酸计量连续进入反应炉，反应生成固体硫酸钾，排出并冷却即为产品。尾气 (HCl29%) 经干燥、净化除尘、冷却，经进行吸收制得30%～33%的盐酸。反应式如下：(1)KCl+H2SO4→KHSO4+HCl↑ (2)KHSO4+KCl→K2SO4+HCl↑ (2)以氯化钾和芒硝(或硫酸钠)为原料的转化法。氯化钾和芒硝按一定比例配料，在水溶液中，常温条件下进行一段转化反应，反应产物经固液分离，得中间产品钾芒硝 (K2SO4·3Na2SO4)，所得液相经蒸发析出NaCl(作为副产品)，析盐母液经冷却析出部分钾芒硝后返回一段转化。一段转化反应式如下：6KCl+4Na2SO4·10H2O→3K2SO4·Na2SO4↓+6NaCl+40H2O 钾芒硝与氯化钾按一定比例配料，在水溶液中，常温条件下进行二段转化反应，固液分离得硫酸钾，母液返回第一段转化。二段转化反应如下：2KCl+3K2SO4·Na2SO4→4K2SO4↓+2NaCl (3)以氯化钾和硫酸镁为原料的转化法。氯化钾和硫酸镁按一定比例配料，在水溶液中，常温条件下进行一段转化反应，反应后经固液分离得软钾镁矾(K2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O)，母液可用于生产氯化镁。一段转化反应式如下：2KCl+MgSO4·7H2O→K2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O↓+MgCl2+H2O 软钾镁矾与氯化钾按一定比例配料，在常温下经二段转化反应生成硫酸钾，再经固液分离、干燥、包装得成品硫酸钾。二段转化反应式如下：2KCl+K2SO4·MgSO4·6H2O→2K2SO4↓+MgCl2+6H2O
生产方法
1. 曼海姆法：用98%硫酸和氯化钾在高温下进行分解反应，生成硫酸钾，副产盐酸。2. 结晶分离法：用桐子壳碱或草木灰碱经焙烧、浸取、过滤、浓缩、离心分离、干燥制得硫酸钾。3. 明矾石还原热解法：将明矾石粉碎、焙烧脱水，然后经脱色、用烧碱溶液浸取、脱硅、浓缩、分离得到粗硫酸钾，经精制制得硫酸钾成品。4. 制盐苦卤法：由氯化钾与硫酸或二氧化硫作用而得，或者由硫酸与氢氧化钾或碳酸钾中和而得。