硝酸铅

Excerpt from ERG Guide 141 [Oxidizers - Toxic]:；SMALL FIRE: Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2 or Halon® may provide limited control.；LARGE FIRE: Flood fire area with water from a distance. Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.；FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.；· Keep unauthorized personnel away.；· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.；· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.；· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.；· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.；Small Dry Spill；· With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.；Large Spill；· Dike far ahead of spill for later disposal.

Remove at once all cases of lead intoxication from further exposure until the blood level is reduced to a safe value; immediately place the individual under medical care.；INGESTION: give gastric lavage using 1% solution of sodium or magnesium sulfate; leave 15-30 gm magnesium sulfate in 6-8 oz. of water in the stomach as antidote and cathartic; egg white, milk, and tannin are useful demulcents; atropine sulfate and other antispasmodics may relieve abdominal pain, but morphine may be necessary.；EYES or SKIN: flush with water. (USCG, 1999)

General First Aid:；· Call 911 or emergency medical service.；· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.；· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.；· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.；· If victim is not breathing:；-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.；-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).；-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.；· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.；· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.；· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.；· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.；· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.；· Keep victim calm and warm.；· Keep victim under observation.；· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.；· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.；Specific First Aid:；· Contaminated clothing may be a fire risk when dry.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).；· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.；· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Lead in blood = 200 ug/L (20 ug/100 ml); sampling time not critical; [ACGIH]

Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable - consider evacuation of one-half (1/2) mile radius.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Flood with water. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

Stow away from foodstuffs.

Storage temp: ambient. Venting: open.

Evironmental considerations - Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Environmental considerations - Water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 141 [Oxidizers - Toxic]:；Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk.；SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.；LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents.

Lead poisoning is usually treated with chelation therapy using DMSA, EDTA, or dimercaprol. Methemoglobinemia can be treated with supplemental oxygen and methylene blue 1% solution administered intravenously slowly over five minutes followed by IV flush with normal saline. Methylene blue restores the iron in hemoglobin to its normal (reduced) oxygen-carrying state. (L1613, L21)

... Melatonin (MLT) (10 or 50 mg/kg) was orally administered to ICR mice daily for 28 days, and Pb was also administered at 35 mg/kg in the same way 2 hr after the administration of MLT, and the normal mice were given vehicle. Within the Pb plus MLT-treated group, the body weight gains and the relative thymus weights were significantly increased when compared with the treatment of Pb alone. The relative spleen and liver weights were increased by the treatment of Pb alone, and then restored to normal value by MLT treatment. Hemagglutination (HA) titer, plaque-forming cell response to sheep red blood cell (SRBC), and secondary IgG antibody response to BSA were significantly enhanced in the Pb plus MLT-treated mice, as opposed to when compared with the treatment of Pb alone. The mitogenic response of splenic T cell to concanavalin A and that of B cells to lipopolysaccharide was remarkably increased by MLT treatment when compared with treatment of Pb alone. Splenic CD4(+)cells were significantly increased by MLT treatment when compared with treatment of Pb alone. In case of CD8(+) cells, the slight enhancement was observed in MLT treatment. Splenic T and B cells were significantly increased by MLT treatment when compared with the treatment of Pb alone. The natural killer cell, phagocytic activity and the number of peripheral leukocytes were significantly enhanced in Pb plus MLT-treated mice when compared with the treatment of Pb alone.

The development toxicity of lead nitrate (25 mg/kg, SC), methylmercury chloride (12.5 mg/kg, PO), and sodium arsenite (6 mg/kg, SC) was assessed in CD1 mice following administration on gestation day 10 of these chemicals separately or in their binary and ternary combinations. Cesarean sections were performed on day 18 of gestation, and fetuses were examined for malformations and variations. Three fetuses from each dam were used for whole-body analyses of Pb, Hg, and As. Maternal toxic effects were more remarkable in the group concurrently exposed to Pb, Hg, and As than in those given binary combinations of the elements. In turn, maternal toxicity was more notable in these groups than in those given separately the test compounds. With regard to developmental toxicity, the most relevant effects (decreased fetal weight, cleft palate) corresponded to the Hg-treated groups. It is in agreement with the finding that in all experimental groups the levels of Pb and As in whole fetuses were under their respective detection limits. In general terms, the present data suggests that at the current doses, the interactive effects of Pb and As on Hg-induced developmental toxicity were not greater than additive. In contrast, exposure of pregnant mice to Pb and As at doses that were practically nontoxic to dams, concurrently with organic Hg at a toxic dose, caused supra-additive interactions in maternal toxicity.

Oral exposure to lead nitrate increased the incidence of N-nitrosodimethylamine-induced renal tumors in male rats

Lead nitrate pretreatment antagonized toxicity of carbon tetrachloride in rats.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for LEAD NITRATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Lead is a neurotoxin and has been known to cause brain damage and reduced cognitive capacity, especially in children. Lead exposure can result in nephropathy, as well as blood disorders such as high blood pressure and anemia. Lead also exhibits reproductive toxicity and can results in miscarriages and reduced sperm production. Nitrate and nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Nitrites may cause pregnancy complications and developmental effects. They may also be carcinogenic. (L1137, L21)

LC50; Species: Anas platyrynchos (Mallard duck) young; Concentration: > 500 mg/L for < 100 days /from table/

LC50; Species: Anas platyrynchos (Mallard duck) adult; Concentration: > 50 mg/L for < 100 days /from table/

LC50; Species: Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail), males or females, 14 days old; oral (5-day ad libitum in diet) > 5,000 ppm; no overt signs of toxicity to 5,000 ppm; control references were dieldrin & dicrotophos; corn oil diluent was added to diet at ratio of 2:98 by wt; (extreme concentrations: 1,000-5,000 ppm) /Reagent grade, 100% AI/

EC50; Species: Ceriodaphnia dubia (Water flea, age <24 hr); Conditions: freshwater, renewal, 25 °C, pH 8.2, hardness 100 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 97 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen > or =70%); Concentration: 269 ug/L for 7 days; Effect: reduced growth, reduced number of young per female /total lead ion/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for LEAD NITRATE (64 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Neurotoxin - Predominantly motor；Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.；Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.；Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.；IARC Carcinogen - Class 2: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens.；NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.；ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Oral (L136) ; inhalation (L136); dermal (L136)

Much of an oral dose of (203)Pb lead nitrate was poorly absorbed and thus ... excreted fairly rapidly from the lactating cow. In 6 days, 95% ... excreted in ... feces, 0.2% in ... urine, and 0.02% in the milk. The biological half lives were 18 hr for the unabsorbed and 72 hr for ... absorbed (203)Pb.

Lead mimics other biologically important metals, such as zinc, calcium, and iron, competing as cofactors for many of their respective enzymatic reactions. For example, lead has been shown to competitively inhibit calcium's binding of calmodulin, interferring with neurotransmitter release. It exhibits similar competitive inhibition at the NMDA receptor and protein kinase C, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Lead also affects the nervous system by impairing regulation of dopamine synthesis and blocking evoked release of acetylcholine. However, it's main mechanism of action occurs by inhibiting delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, an enzyme vital in the biosynthesis of heme, which is a necesssary cofactor of hemoglobin. Nitrate's toxicity is a result of it's conversion to nitrite once in the body. Nitrite causes the autocatalytic oxidation of oxyhemoglobin to hydrogen peroxide and methemoglobin. This elevation of methemoglobin levels is a condition known as methemoglobinemia, and is characterized by tissue hypoxia, as methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen. (A2450, L1613, T4, A20, A22, L136)

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ One-day-old herring gulls (Larus argentatus) were injected intraperitoneally with lead nitrate solution (0.1 or 0.2 mg Pb/g) or sterile saline to examine differences in growth rates. ... By d 8 there were significant differences in growth rates as a function of treatment. There were also, by d 8, significant differences in bill length, tarsus length, and wing bone length. Except for bill length, these differences persisted for the duration of the study. Developmental curves varied, with lead-treated birds reaching the same asymptote as control birds for bill length, but having a lower asymptote for tarsus length. For curves where asymptotes were reached, lead-treated birds required more days to reach it than control birds. The initial amount of food eaten each day was positively correlated with weight gain for control birds, but negatively correlated for lead-treated birds.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ... Young herring gulls, Larus argentatus, were used to examine the effect of timing of lead exposure on individual recognition behavior and development. Each of 60 1-day-old herring gull chicks was randomly assigned to a control group or to one of three treatment groups that received a single dose of lead nitrate solution (100 mg/kg) at Day 2 or 6 of age or the same total dose divided in thirds on Day 2, 4, and 6. Matched controls were injected with isotonic saline on the same schedules. Variations in individual recognition of human attendants were largely explained by age and status (lead versus control), and some variation was explained by day of injection (exposure regime). Using a feeding paradigm, the percentage responding to their caretaker compared to another person was higher (70% versus 38%), and occurred earlier in controls compared to lead-injected birds. Lead-injected birds required longer to respond initially, took longer to choose, moved less distance per time, and took longer to eventually reach the food. ... Among lead-injected birds there was a disjunction of effect related to dosing schedule: birds injected on Day 6 chose more correctly but were slower to respond ...

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ... The effects of temporal differences in lead exposure on early development in herring gulls (Larus argentatus) /were examined/. Each of 72 1-day-old herring gull chicks was randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups to receive a lead nitrate concentration of 100 ug/g at age 2 or at age 6, a similar cumulative dose evenly divided on days 2, 4, and 6, or matched-volume saline injections on the same days. Behavioral tests were performed (some at 2- and others at 5-day intervals) to examine locomotion, balance, righting response, thermoregulation, and visual cliff. Most variation in weight was explained by testing age, although treatment affected weight gain for the lead-6 gulls, particularly after 20 days. Although treatment influenced balance and locomotion, the effect was small. The lead-6 birds were unable to remain on an incline as long as the lead-2, lead-246, and control birds. The overall score for balance improved with age for controls, showed little change for the lead-2 and lead-2-4-6 gulls, but showed a decrease in performance for the lead-6 birds. On the thermoregulation test, the lead-6 birds performed less well under both low- and high-temperature test conditions. Although the lead-2-4-6 birds had a lower score on the visual cliff tests than the other groups, the lead-6 gulls showed a significant delay in response and gave significantly fewer calls then the other groups

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting.

Symptions of chronic lead poisoning include reduced cognitive abilities, nausea, abdominal pain, irritability, insomnia, metal taste in the mouth, excess lethargy or hyperactivity, chest pain, headache and, in extreme cases, seizures, comas, and death. There are also associated gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, poor appetite, weight loss, which are common in acute poisoning. Nitrate and nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Symptoms include cyanosis, cardiac dysrhythmias and circulatory failure, and progressive central nervous system (CNS) effects. CNS effects can range from mild dizziness and lethargy to coma and convulsions. (L1137, A2, L21)

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in marine organisms and terrestrial organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment because it is persistent.

/CASE REPORTS/ ... A child with extremely high lead blood level of 20.4 umol/L (422.7 ug/dL) ... was treated with chelation and ... significant organ dysfunction did not develop. Documented significant high level above 3.37 umol/L (corresponding to 70 ug/dL) in this patient persisted for approximately 24 hr. Adequate, single or combined chelatation therapy in early phase of acute lead poisoning is essential for the further patient's outcome.

/GENOTOXICITY/ ... The aim ... was to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of lead by using lymphocytes from human peripheral blood in vitro. The LC50 for lead nitrate as determined by Trypan blue dye exclusion technique was ... 3.14 mM. Chromosomal aberration frequency at sublethal doses (1/10 of LC50) as determined by examining the metaphase chromosomes (karyotyping) did not show significant aberrations except for some aneuploidy and about 2-4% gaps, breaks (3-4%), and about 5% satellite associations. However, significant DNA damage was determined by SCGE (Comet assay). The comet tail length proportionately increased with increasing lead nitrate concentration.

/GENOTOXICITY/ The induction of DNA damage in mammalian cells by lead acetate and lead nitrate has been investigated repeatedly, yielding negative or (mostly weakly) positive results for DNA strand breaks; one study did not find 8-OH-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) in nuclear DNA, and one suggested the induction of DNA- protein crosslinks. Besides genotoxic effects, there is growing evidence for altered gene expression resulting from low-level exposure to lead ...

Chemical: Nitric acid, lead(2+) salt；Conditions Of Use:；This chemical must not be imported or manufactured for use in any:；- industrial surface coating or as a component of industrial surface coatings at concentrations greater than 0.1%*；- ink or as a component of inks at concentrations greater than 0.1%*, when intended for industrial uses；*calculated on the non-volatile component of the surface coating or ink；Specific Information Requirement: Obligations to provide information apply. You must tell us within 28 days if the circumstances of your importation or manufacture (introduction) are different to those in our assessment.

Nitric acid, lead(2+) salt (2:1) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Nitric acid, lead(2+) salt (2:1) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 13-03-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14897；Status: Cease Manufacture Update: 28-05-2018 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/25285

Restricted substance: Lead dinitrate；EC: 233-245-9；Restriction condition document: PDF link

Substance: Lead dinitrate；EC: 233-245-9；Date of inclusion: >19-Dec-2012；Reason for inclusion: Toxic for reproduction (Article 57c)

Nitric acid, lead(2+) salt: HSNO Approval: HSR001328 Approved with controls

D008; A solid waste containing lead may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Lead/

The Environmental Protection Agency is ... /promulgated/ regulations concerning ground-water monitoring with regard to screening suspected contamination at land based hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. ... /There are/ new requirements to analyze for a specified core list of chemicals plus those chemicals specified by the Regional Administrator on a site-specific basis. ... /Total lead (all species) is included on this list./ /Total lead (all species)/

National primary and secondary ambient air quality standards for lead and its compounds, measured as elemental lead by a reference method based on appendix G to this part, or by an equivalent method, are: 1.5 micrograms per cubic meter, maximum arithmetic mean averaged over a calendar quarter. /Lead and its compounds, as Pb/

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Lead compounds are included on this list. /Lead compounds/

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Lead nitrate is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Lead and compounds/

(AZ) ARIZONA 20 ug/L /Lead/

(ME) MAINE 10 ug/L /Lead/

Used in match and pyrotechnics manufacturing, dyeing and printing textiles, staining horn and mother-of-pearl, photography, engraving, refining lead, separating titanium from clay, delustering rayon, stabilizing nylon, coating paper for photothermography, catalyzing polyesters, coating nickel anodes, and recovering metals from cyanide solution; [HSDB]

Pulp and Paper Processing [Category: Industry]；Textiles (Fiber & Fabric Manufacturing) [Category: Industry]；Photographic Processing [Category: Other]；Textiles (Printing, Dyeing, or Finishing) [Category: Industry]

Manuf matches and special explosives; as mordant in dyeing and printing on textiles; mordant for staining horn, mother-of-pearl; oxidizer in dye industry; sensitizer in photography; process engraving.

In electrolytic refining of lead, a flotation agent in titanium removal from clays; in red lead manufacture; in matches, pyrotechnics and explosives; in rayon delustering, as a heat stabilizer in nylon, as a coating on paper for photothermography, as an esterification catalyst for polyesters, as a rodenticide, as an electroluminescent mixture with zinc sulfide, as a means of electrodepositing lead dioxide coatings on nickel anodes, and as a means of recovering precious metals from cyanide soln.

Explosives, tanning, and lithography.

Lead nitrate is used as a heat stabiliser in nylon and polyesters, as a coating for photothermographic paper, in rodenticides, and in gold cyanidation. (L411)

(1977) 1.59X10+8 G

(1982) 1.83X10+8 G

(1986) 9.12X10+5 lb

2023: 250,000 - <400,000 lb；2022: 550,000 - <700,000 lb；2021: 250,000 - <400,000 lb；2020: 50,000 - <250,000 lb

(1977) AT LEAST 5.59X10+8 G

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#1798]

Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: Nitric acid, lead(2+) salt (2:1). Aggreated National Production Volume: 1 to <10 million pounds.

By the action of nitric acid on lead.

Dissolve lead metal, lead monoxide, or lead carbonate in nitric acid, cool. Excess acid prevents formation of basic nitrates.

98+% /Grade of purity

ACS reagent, reagent, technical, solution, and crystals.

Explosives Manufacturing；Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable；Other (requires additional information)；All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing；Primary Metal Manufacturing；Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing

Nitric acid, lead(2+) salt (2:1): ACTIVE