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碘化钾
碘化钾 · 碘化钾作用 · 碘化钾厂家 · 无水碘化钾 · 食用碘化钾 · 超干碘化钾 · 高纯碘化钾 · 色谱碘化钾
标识与物理属性
| CAS No. | 7681-11-0 |
|---|---|
| 分子式 | IK |
| 平均分子量 | 166.0028 g/mol |
| 单同位素质量 | 165.86817968 g/mol |
| SMILES | [I-].[K+] |
| InChIKey | NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M |
| PubChem CID | 4875 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1141 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:8346 |
| EC No. | 231-659-4 |
| DTXSID | DTXSID7034836 |
| 中文名 | 碘化钾 |
化学与物理性质
| 极性表面积 | 0 |
|---|---|
| 氢键供体 | 0 |
| 氢键受体 | 1 |
| 可旋转键 | 0 |
| 重原子 | 2 |
| 形式电荷 | 0 |
| 复杂度 | 2 |
| 物质类别 | Other Classes -> Halogens, Inorganic Compounds |
| Polymers | Plastics -> N.a.Plastics -> Other stabilisers |
| 化妆品 | Antimicrobial |
| pH | Aqueous solution in neutral or usually alkaline, pH 7-96.0-9.0 (25℃, 1M in H2O) |
| SpringerMaterials Properties | pseudobinary system |
| 农药 | FungicidesActive substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved |
| 味道 | STRONG BITTER SALINE |
| 食品添加剂 | NUTRIENT SUPPLEMENT, TRACER -> FDA Substance added to food |
| 密度 | 3.13 at 59 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than waterwill sink3.12 g/cu cm3.13 @25 °C1.7 g/cm3 |
| Color/Form | Colorless or white, cubical crystals, white granules, or powderHEXAHEDRAL CRYSTALS, EITHER TRANSPARENT OR SOMEWHAT OPAQUE |
| 溶解性 | Slightly soluble in ethanol148 g/100 g water at 25 °C127.5 g sol in 100 cc water at 0 °C1.88 g sol in 100 cc alcohol at 25 °C1.31 g sol in 100 cc acetone at 25 °Csol in ether, ammonia1 gram dissolves in 0.7 mL water, 0.5 mL boiling water51 mL absolute ethanol22 mL alcohol8 mL methanol75 mL acetone2 mL glycerolabout 2.5 mL glycolH2O: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless1.43 kg/L |
| Human Drugs | FDA approved drugs -> Active ingredientAntifungal medicines |
| 熔点 | 681 °C (lit.) |
| 沸点 | 184 °C(lit.) |
| 堆积密度 | 1500kg/m3 |
| 蒸气密度 | 9 (vs air) |
| 蒸气压 | 0.31 mm Hg ( 25 °C) |
| 折射率 | 1.677 |
| 闪点 | 1330°C |
| 储存条件 | 2-8°C |
| 形态 | particles (round) |
| pKa（酸度系数） | 0.06[at 20 ℃] |
| 比重 | 3.13 |
| 颜色 | Yellow |
| Flame Color | Violet or light purple |
| 气味 | odorless |
| 生物来源 | rabbit |
| 热导率 | 2.887 W/(m·K) |
| 比热容 | Cp(crystal): 0.32 J/(g·K), at 25℃ |
| 敏感性 | Hygroscopic |
| Merck | 14,7643 |
| 介电常数 | 5.1200000000000001 |
| BCS Class | 1 |
| 稳定性 | Stable. Protect from light and moisture. Incompatible with strong reducing agents, strong acids, steel, aluminium, alkali metals, brass, magnesium, zinc, cadmium, copper, tin, nickel and their alloys. |
| 化妆品成分功效 | ANTIMICROBIAL |
| InChI | 1S/HI.K/h1H/q+1/p-1 |
| InChIKey | NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M |
| SMILES | [K+].[I-] |
| LogP（油水分配系数） | -0.958 at 25℃ |
| CAS 数据库 | 7681-11-0(CAS DataBase Reference) |
| NIST化学物质信息 | Potassium iodide(7681-11-0) |
| EPA化学物质信息 | Potassium iodide (7681-11-0) |
| Absorption | cut-off at 273nm in H2O at 1M |
化学性质
碘化钾俗称灰碘。化学式 KI。分子量166.00。无色或白色立方晶体。味咸而苦。湿空气中稍有潮解，露于空气中易被氧化，析出碘而逐渐泛黄，光和湿气能加速其分解。比重3.13。熔点 681℃。沸点1,330℃。易溶于水，溶于乙醇、甲醇、丙酮、甘油和液氨，微溶于乙醚。其水溶液呈中性或微碱性，水溶液能使碘溶解，生成三碘离子(I3-)。其水溶液亦易氧化变黄，酸性时更容易，加碱则可阻止。由氢碘酸与碳酸氢钾作用而得。用作分析试剂和制碘化物、染料的原料，也用作照相感光乳化剂、食品添加剂等。医学上用来防治甲状腺肿 (大脖子病)，也用于甲状腺机能亢进的手术前准备，此外尚可用作祛痰、利尿药等。
安全与法规
| GHS 分类 | This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 13% (94 of 721) of reports.DangerH302 (16.2%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]P233, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P391, P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)Aggregated GHS information provided per 721 reports by companies from 53 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies. |
|---|---|
| 法规信息 | Chemical: Potassium iodide (KI)Commission Regulation (EU) No 188/2011Potassium iodide (KI) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Potassium iodide (KI) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)05/751/EC, Reg. (EU) No 116/2014Status: Active Update: 20-02-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/13207Potassium iodide: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard |
| 其他安全信息 | IMAP assessments - Potassium iodide (KI): Environment tier I assessment |
| 健康危害 | May irritate eyes or open cuts. (USCG, 1999) |
| 危害概述 | A skin and eye irritant[CAMEO] Emergency treatment: IodidesAfter ingestion, hypersensitivity reactions, e.g., angioedema and urticaria, may occurChronic ingestion may cause various skin diseases, goiter, hypothyroidism, and congenital thyroid effects[HSDB] May cause sensitization by skin contact[Quick CPC] See Iodine for the TLV of Iodides. |
| FDA 要求 | The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations List identifies currently marketed over-the-counter drug products, incl potassium iodide, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.Potassium iodide is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption, as long as 1) the quantity of the substance added to food does not exceed the amount reasonably required to accomplish its intended physical, nutritive, or other technical effect in food, and 2) any substance intended for use in or on food is of appropriate food grade and is prepared and handled as a food ingredient.Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).Potassium iodide used as a nutrient and/or dietary supplement in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in table salt as a source of dietary iodine in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.For more FDA Requirements (Complete) data for POTASSIUM IODIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| 反应性基团 | Salts, Basic |
| Special Reports | FDA, Center for Drug Evaluation and ResearchGuidance Document: Potassium Iodide as a Thyroid Blocking Agent in Radiation EmergenciesDecember 2001. Available at http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/4825fnl.htm as of March 12, 2006 |
| FIFRA 要求 | Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. (a) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-contact surfaces in public eating places, dairy-processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine.Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (b) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Dairy processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine.Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (c) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine.As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Potassium Iodide is found on List C. Case No: 3080Pesticide type: fungicide, herbicide, antimicrobialCase Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the RED document.Active ingredient (AI): potassium iodideAI Status: The producers of the pesticide have made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner. |
| Reactivity Profile | Potassium iodide is a weak reducing agent, and may react with strong or weak oxidizing agents. |
| Air and Water Reactions | Water soluble. |
| Hazard Classes and Categories | Acute Tox. 4 (16.2%)Serious eye damage/eye irritation - Category 2B |
| 州饮用水指南 | (ME) MAINE 340 ug/L /Iodide ion/ |
| 急救 | Flush all affected areas with water. (USCG, 1999) |
| 储存条件 | Store below 40 °C (104 °F), preferably between 15 and 30 °C (59 and 86 °F), unless otherwise specified by manufacturer. Store in a tight container. |
| 处置方法 | SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air qualitypotential migration in soil or watereffects on animal, aquatic, and plant lifeand conformance with environmental and public health regulations. |
| Allowable Tolerances | Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. (a) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-contact surfaces in public eating places, dairy-processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine.Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (b) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Dairy processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine.Residues of the following chemical substances are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation, provided that the substance is applied on a semi-permanent or permanent food-contact surface (other than being applied on food packaging) with adequate draining before contact with food. ... (c) The following chemical substances when used as ingredients in an antimicrobial pesticide formulation may be applied to: Food-processing equipment and utensils. Potassium iodide is included on this list. Limit: When ready for use, the total end-use concentration of all iodide-producing chemicals in the solution is not to exceed 25 ppm of titratable iodine. |
| Threshold Limit Values (TLV) | 0.01 [ppm], inhalable fraction and vapor (iodides) |
| Protective Action Criteria (PAC) | 9.4 [mg/m3]100 [mg/m3]620 [mg/m3] |
| Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) | Goggles or face shield. (USCG, 1999) |
| 相互作用 | Potassium iodide increased the toxic effect in selenium poisoning.Concurrent use of captopril, enalapril, or lisinopril with potassium iodide may result in hyperkalemiaserum potassium concentrations should be monitored , however usual doses of potassium iodide used for radiation protection (i.e. up to 130 mg) contain negligible amounts of potassium and should not constitute a problem with ACE inhibitors. |
| 不良影响 | Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.Adverse effects are unlikely when KI is used at low doses and for a short time (less than two weeks). The most common side effects are on the digestive system, predominantly gastrointestinal intolerance and its bitter (metallic) tastethus, the recommendation is to take it with juice or milk to protect against gastrointestinal irritation. However, significant side effects may occur when high doses are administered, especially for treating infectious skin disorders. |
| Milk Concentrations | Potassium iodide is distributed into /human/ breast milk ... |
| 毒性概述 | If iodide-induced hypothyroidism is detected, these changes are reversible by discontinuing the administration of KI. A study of 7 patients with iodide-induced hypothyroidism showed serum T4, T3, and TSH concentrations returned to normal within one month of iodide withdrawal. |
| Human Toxicity Excerpts | /SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Iodism (chronic iodine poisoning) may follow prolonged usesymptoms include metallic taste, sore mouth, swollen eyelids sneezing, skin eruptions, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, and diarrhea. ... angioedema, laryngeal edema, and cutaneous hemorrhages may occur./SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Serum-sickness type of hypersensitivity, such as fever, arthralgia, lymph node enlargement, and eosinophilia, may appear. Thromobotic thrombocytopenic purpura and fatal periarteritis nodosa attributed to hypersensitivity to iodide ... described. /Iodide preparations//SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ In a small proportion of individuals given large doses of iodide for long periods ... thyroid gland shows hyperplasia & is depleted of stores of iodine. Thyroid hormone corrects hypothyroidism and causes goiter to subside ... /Iodide preparation//SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Hypersensitivity reactions to iodides may occur and may be manifested by angioedema, cutaneous and mucosal hemorrhage, and signs and symptoms resembling serum sickness, such as fever, arthralgia, lymph node enlargement, and eosinophilia. Urticaria, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and fatal periarteritis have also been attributed to iodide hypersensitivity. Hypocomplementemic vasculitis in some patients with chronic urticaria or systemic lupus erythematosus has been associated with iodide sensitivity, and some clinicians caution that potassium iodide may precipitate severe systemic illness in such patients. Jodbasedow or iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis may occur with low doses of iodides (i.e., less than 25 mg of iodine daily)this effect is uncommon in the US but more frequent in areas with endemic iodine deficiency.For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for POTASSIUM IODIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts | /LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Testing of potassium iodide on rabbit eyes by injection of 3% solution into cornea has caused only slight reaction, graded 17 on a scale of 0-100. /KI solution//LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ In female minks fed a basal diet supplemented with either 0, 10, 100, or 1000 ppm KI, gestational periods were shorter than controls. Only 2.1 kits/female mated were whelped by mink fed 100 ppm KI and none of females that received 1000 ppm KI whelped./GENOTOXICITY/ Oral administration of KI to pregnant rats produced significant chromosomal aberrations in embryonic liver cells, especially during days 7-14 of pregnancy. |
| Environmental Water Concentrations | While data specific to potassium iodide were not located(SRC, 2006), the literature suggests that some pharmaceutically active compounds originating from human and veterinary therapy are not eliminated completely in municipal sewage treatment plants and are therefore discharged into receiving waters(1). Wastewater treatment processes often were not designed to remove them from the effluent(2). Selected organic waste compounds may be degrading to new and more persistent compounds that may be released instead of or in addition to the parent compound(2). Studies have indicated that several polar pharmaceutically active compounds can leach through subsoils into aquifers(1). |
| Antidote and Emergency Treatment | Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poison A and B/Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poison A and B/ |
| Non-Human Toxicity Values | LD50 Rats iv 285 mg/kg (approx.) |
| F | 10 |
| 水危害等级（WGK） | 1 |
| TSCA 清单状态 | TSCA listed |
| 毒性 | Approx LD i.v. in rats: 285 mg/kg (Hildebrandt) |
| RTECS 号 | TT2975000 |
| 储存类别 | 6.1D - Non-combustible acute toxic Cat.3toxic hazardous materials or hazardous materials causing chronic effects |
| 安全说明（S） | 22-36/38 |
| 海关编码 | 28276000 |
| 危险品标志 | Xn |
| 危险类别 | STOT RE 1 Oral |
| 危险类别码（R） | 26 |
| 毒害物质数据 | 7681-11-0(Hazardous Substances Data) |
用途与应用
用途
用作分析试剂、色层分析及点滴分析，也用于照相用感光乳化剂的配制、制药工业、肥皂、石版印刷、有机合成、医药、食品添加剂等。
用途
碘化钾是允许使用的食品碘强化剂，我国规定可用于婴幼儿食品，使用量为0.3-0.6mg/kg。也可用于食盐，使用量为30-70mL/kg。碘作为甲状腺素的组成部分，参与畜禽所有物质的代谢和维持体内热平衡是畜禽生长、繁殖的泌乳必不可少的激素，能提高畜禽的生长性能，促进机体健康。若畜禽机体缺碘，会导致新陈代谢紊乱、机体发生障碍、甲状腺肿大，影响神经功能和皮毛色质及饲料的消化吸收，最终导致生长发育缓慢。
用途
碘化钾是制造碘化物和染料的原料。用作照相感光乳化剂。在医药上用作祛痰剂、利尿剂、甲状腺肿防治剂和甲状腺机能亢进手术前用药物，也用于制造具有止痛活血作用的风湿止痛膏。是碘及某些难溶金属碘化物的助溶剂。用作家畜饲料添加剂。
用途
在食品工业用作营养增补剂(碘质强化剂)。
制备与合成方法
生产方法
甲酸还原法参见碘化钾，所不同的是，要加入除砷剂和除重金属剂进行溶液净化。铁屑还原法将理论量的100％～103％苛性钾加入盛有蒸馏水的反应器中，在搅拌下分次加人定量碘，于80～90℃保温搅拌反应约1h，反应液为棕色，Ph值为6～7时，出现碘酸钾结晶。将反应液降温至30℃以下，加人铁屑使碘酸钾还原成碘化钾。开始反应剧烈，待反应缓和后，加热煮沸，继续搅拌反应1～2h，然后用10％苛性钾溶液调节Ph值为8，加入除砷剂和除重金属剂进行溶液净化，静置，过滤，除去砷和重金属等杂质，将滤液蒸发浓缩析出结晶，再经冷却结晶，离心分离，干燥，制得食用碘化钾成品，其3I2+6KOH→5KI+K1O3+3H2OKIO3+3Fe+3H2O→KI+3Fe(OH)2
生产方法
甲酸还原法将工业级碘片加入带搅拌的反应器，加入水，在搅拌下缓慢加入相对密度1.3左右的氢氧化钾溶液使其反应完全。反应溶液呈紫褐色，Ph值为5～6时，容器中出现部分碘酸钾结晶。在溶液中缓慢地加人甲酸，还原碘酸钾。经甲酸还原后的溶液再加入苛性钾，调节Ph值9～10。通入蒸汽，保温1～2 h。静置、过滤除去不溶物，得到清亮滤液，经蒸发浓缩至大部分结晶析出，再经冷却结晶、离心分离，将结晶在110℃干燥，制得碘化钾成品。其6KOH+3I2→5KI+KIO3+3H2OK103+3HCOOH→KI+3H2O+3CO2↑
生产方法
由碘与氢氧化钾作用成碘酸钾后，用甲酸或木炭还原而得。
生产方法
目前国内大多采用甲酸还原法生产碘化钾。即以碘与氢氧化钾作用生成碘化钾和碘酸钾，再用甲酸或木炭还原碘酸钾而得。但此法中有碘酸盐生成，产品不宜作为食品添加剂。食品级碘化钾可采用铁屑法生产。铁屑法即以碘和铁屑为原料。将一份铁屑置于反应器中，加入7份(质量)的水，在65~cT(温度过高碘容易升华)分批加入3.3份的碘。加入碘片后溶液呈深红棕色，待溶液呈淡绿色后方可加入第二批碘片。然后滤去铁屑，得到碘化亚铁溶液，将此溶液加入10：3(质量)的碳酸钾水溶液，生成碳酸铁沉淀和碘化钾溶液。静置溶液，待澄清后析出上层清液，加热浓缩至相对密度1.75～1.81后再过滤；滤液继续蒸发至相对密度1.93～1.98时，趁热过滤。冷却至60～70℃静置结晶，分离后在70～90℃下干燥得无水碘化钾产品。Fe+I2→FeI2Fe I2+K2CO3—2KI+FeCO3↓