Halite (NaCl)

Herbicides

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Approved

ANTICAKING AGENT OR FREE-FLOW AGENT, ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT, COLOR OR COLORING ADJUNCT, EMULSIFIER OR EMULSIFIER SALT, FIRMING AGENT, FLAVORING AGENT OR ADJUVANT, FORMULATION AID, NUTRIENT SUPPLEMENT, SOLVENT OR VEHICLE, STABILIZER OR THICKENER -> FDA Substance added to food

2.17 at 25 °C/4 °C

Enthalpy of formation: -410.9 kJ/mol at 25 °C; Density of molten sodium chloride at 850 °C: 1.549 g/cu cm; latent heat of fusion: 0.52 kJ/g

Colorless, transparent crystals or white, crystalline powder

Colorless and transparent or translucent when in large crystals

Colorless cubic crystals

36.0 g/100 g of water at 25 °C

One gram dissolves in 2.8 mL water /3.57X10+5 mg/L/ at 25 °C

Slightly soluble in ethanol

0.065 g/100 g ethanol at 25 °C, 7.15 g/100 g ethylene glycol at 25 °C, 5.21 g/100 g formic acid at 25 °C, 10 g/100 g glycerol at 25 °C, 2.15 g /100 g liquid ammonia at -40 °C, 1.40 g/100g methanol at 25 °C, 1.86 g/100 g monoethanolamine at 25 °C /Table/

One gram dissolves in ... 2.6 mL boiling water, in 10 mL glycerol

Danger

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P264+P265, P273, P280, P305+P354+P338, P317, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 89.2% (1840 of 2063) of all reports.

Warning

H319 (10.8%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

Chemical: Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Chemical: Halite (NaCl)

Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 (amended)

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Sodium chloride (NaCl) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

2004/129/EC, Reg. (EU) 2017/1529, Reg. (EU) 2021/556

Status: Active Update: 29-03-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15467

IMAP assessments - Sodium chloride (NaCl): Human health tier I assessment

IMAP assessments - Halite (NaCl): Human health tier I assessment

The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations identifies currently marketed prescription and over-the-counter drug products, including sodium chloride, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: sodium chloride is included in digestive aid drug products.

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: sodium chloride is included in weight control drug products.

USEPA/Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Inorganic Halides (September 1993). The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the U.S.[Available from, as of February 18, 2014: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]

MacGregor GA; Salt and Hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 21 (Suppl 2): 123S-8S (1986). The effectiveness of short term salt restriction in lowering blood pressure in adults appears to be related to the severity of the high blood pressure and, probably more directly, to the suppression of the renin system that occurs as blood pressure rises.

Unless specifically excluded, residues resulting from the use of the following substances as either an inert or an active ingredient in a pesticide chemical formulation, including antimicrobial pesticide chemicals, are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance under FFDCA section 408, if such use is in accordance with good agricultural or manufacturing practices. Sodium chloride is included on this list.

The Agency has determined that ... sodium chloride products, labeled and used as specified in this Reregistration Eligibility Decision document will not pose unreasonable risks or adverse effects to humans or the environment. Although the Agency has found that all uses of ... sodium chloride are eligible for reregistration, it should be understood that the Agency amy take appropriate regulatory action, and/or require the submission of additional data to support the registration of products containing sodium bromide and sodium chloride, if new information comes to the Agency's attention of if the data requirements for registration (or the guidelines for generating such data) change.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer saftey standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List C, and with List C containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List D. Sodium chloride is found on List D. Case No: 4051; Pesticide type: Insecticide (molluscicide), fungicide, herbicide, and antimicrobiol; Case Status: RED Approved 09/93; OPP has made a decision that some/all uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Sodium chloride; AI Status: OPP has completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document for the case/AI.

Eye Irrit. 2 (10.8%)

Eye Dam. 1

Bacteriostatic sodium chloride injections should be protected from freezing.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

Control of environmental exposure: Do not let product enter drains.

Unless specifically excluded, residues resulting from the use of the following substances as either an inert or an active ingredient in a pesticide chemical formulation, including antimicrobial pesticide chemicals, are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance under FFDCA section 408, if such use is in accordance with good agricultural or manufacturing practices. Sodium chloride is included on this list.

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Eye/face protection: Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Respiratory protection: Respiratory protection is not required. Where protection from nuisance levels of dusts are desired, use type N95 (US) or type P1 (EN 143) dust masks. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Body Protection: Choose body protection in relation to its type, to the concentration and amount of dangerous substances, and to the specific work-place., The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

The excretion of lithium appears to be proportional to the intake of sodium chloride. Patients on salt-restricted diets who receive lithium carbonate are prone to the development of lithium toxicity. Increasing sodium intake has been associated with reduced therapeutic response to lithium as well as a decrease in side effects. Large doses of sodium chloride increase lithium excretion and have been recommended by some for the treatment of lithium intoxication.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Effects were studied of sodium chloride on production of gastric carcinomas by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide in male Wistar rats. NaCl given alone had no apparent carcinogenicity but when admin with 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide it enhanced carcinogenic effects in stomach.

Effects were studied of sodium chloride on production of gastric carcinomas by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide in male Wistar rats. NaCl given alone had no apparent carcinogenicity but when admin with 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide it enhanced carcinogenic effects in stomach.

IV administration of terbutaline at a rate of 5-20 microgram/minute (ug/min) has been reported to inhibit uterine activity initiated by intra-amniotic instillation of 20% sodium chloride. Indomethacin, in doses of 25 mg orally every 6 hours for 8 doses beginning 4-6 hours after intra-amniotic instillation of sodium chloride, has been reported to increase the time interval between intra-amniotic administration of hypertonic sodium chloride and abortion.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Too much or too little salt in the diet can lead to muscle cramps, dizziness, or electrolyte disturbance, which can cause neurological problems, or eveb death. Death can occur by ingestion of large amounts of salt in a short time (about 1 g per kg of body weight). Deaths have also resulted from attempted use of salt solutions as emetics, forced salt intake, and accidental confusion of salt with sugar in child food. Long term or chronically excessive intake of salt can lead to stroke, high blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy and stomach cancer.

LC50; Species: Ceriodaphnia dubia (Water flea); Conditions: freshwater, renewal, temp 25.6-26.8 °C, pH 8.4 (8.3-8.5), hardness 102 mg/L CaCO3 (94-104 mg/L), salinity <1 ppt, alkalinity 80 mg/L CaCO3 (75-87 mg/L), conductivity 493 umhos/cm (460-550 umhos/cm), dissolved oxygen 8.6 mg/L (8.3-9.6 mg/L); Concentration: ~ 2000 mg/L for 192 hr /total/

EC50; Species: Ceriodaphnia dubia (Water flea); Conditions: freshwater; Concentration: 2122.55 mg/L (95% confidence limit: 1493 to 2644 mg/L) for 48 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization /total/

LC50; Species: Ceriodaphnia dubia (Water flea); Conditions: freshwater, renewal; Concentration: 280000 ug/L for 7 day /total/

LC50; Species: Ceriodaphnia dubia (Water flea); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 1960000 ug/L (95% confidence limit: 1770000 to 2330000 ug/L) for 48 hr /total/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORIDE (45 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The use of normal saline can contribute to iatrogenic fluid overload. This complication is particularly concerning in patients with impaired kidney function, such as acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. In these populations, IV fluids should be administered judiciously.

Signs and Symptoms of Overdose

A high salt diet disrupts the natural sodium balance in the body. This causes fluid retention which increases the pressure exerted by the blood against blood vessel walls leading to high blood pressure or hypertension. It has been estimated that a reduction in salt intake from 10g a day to 6g could reduce blood pressure sufficiently that it would lead to a 16% reduction in deaths from strokes and a 12% reduction in deaths from coronary heart disease.

Most of the world's population chooses to consume approximately 6,000 to 11,000 mg of sodium chloride a day. The average daily sodium intake form all sources is 3,450 mg (8,770 mg sodium chloride). The GRAS review of the FDA publishes the amount of naturally occurring sodium in the American diet as 1,000 to 1,500 mg/day, equivalent to the amount of sodium in approximately 2,500 to 3,800 mg sodium chloride. The average daily intake of sodium chloride from food-grade salt used in food processing and from salt added to cooking and at the table is from 4,960 to 6,230 mg sodium chloride. Salt is a requirement in the diet. The safe and adequate intake for adults is reported as 1,875 to 5,625 mg. The National Academies recommends that Americans consume a minimum of 500 mg/day of sodium to maintain good health(1).

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ In the field the possibility of birds dying from salt intoxication depends to a large extent on the form in which the salt has been ingested ... Birds appear to be susceptible to relatively small doses in their drinking water, concentrations as low as 0.54% causing serious mortality in day old chicks. The maximum safe level is of the order of 0.25%.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The use of sodium chloride as a deicing agent on roads is believed to intoxicate passerine birds.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ This study presents a preliminary evaluation of the use of the Brazilian fish Cynopoecilus melanotaenia as a test organism in toxicity tests. The cryptobiotic stage presented by the eggs of fish C. melanotaenia can overcome the difficulty of continuously keeping cultures and recruiting healthy animals in sufficient numbers to be used in toxicity tests. In order to determine the applicability of this species as a test organism, three different reference substances were evaluated in 96-hr acute toxicity tests: Copper sulfate (CuSO4 x 5H2O), sodium dodecil sulfate (C12H25NaO4S), and sodium chloride (NaCl). Sensitivity ranged as follows: copper sulfate (0.05-0.13 mg/L), sodium dodecil sulfate (10.7-19.0 mg/L), and sodium chloride (1.44-1.96 g/L) ...

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the effects of road salt (NaCI) on stream macroinvertebrates. Field studies investigated leaf litter processing rates and functional feeding group composition at locations upstream and downstream from point source salt inputs in two Michigan, USA streams. Laboratory studies determined the effects of increasing NaCl concentrations on aquatic invertebrate drift, behavior, and survival. Field studies revealed that leaves were processed faster at upstream reference sites than at locations downstream from road salt point source inputs. However, it was sediment loading that resulted in partial or complete burial of leaf packs, that affected invertebrate activity and confounded normal leaf pack colonization. There were no significant differences that could be attributed to road salt between upstream and downstream locations in the diversity and composition of invertebrate functional feeding groups. Laboratory drift and acute exposure studies demonstrated that drift of Gammarus (Amphipoda) may be affected by NaCl at concentrations greater than 5000 mg/L for a 24-hr period. This amphipod and two species of limnephilid caddisflies exhibited a dose response to salt treatments with 96-hr LC50 values of 7700 and 3526 mg NaCl/L, respectively. Most other invertebrate species and individuals were unaffected by NaCl concentrations up to 10,000 mg/L for 24 and 96 hr, respectively.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from, as of February 18, 2014: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=7647-14-5]

Sodium chloride, commonly known as salt, table salt, and sea salt, is abundant in nature(1).

Ocean water: 2.6% concentration; deposits in central New York, southern Michigan, Gulf Coast, Great Salt Lake, Newfoundland.

Sodium chloride occurs in nature as the mineral halite.

In the Western hemisphere, there are 10 principal salt beds: (1) the Maritime provinces of eastern Canada; (2) Appalachian (New York, Ohio, and Ontario); (3) Michigan (Michigan and Ontario); (4) Williston (North and South Dakota, Montana, and Saskatchewan); (5) Alberta (northern and eastern Alberta); (6) Mackenzie (Northwest Territories); (7) Permian (west Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Kansas); (8) Paradox (southeast Utah and southwest Colorado); (9) Supai (New Mexico and Arizona); and (10) the Gulf region (southern United States, eastern Mexico, and Cuba... These bedded deposits are found with layers of halite separated by layers of anhydrite (calcium sulfate). Other mineral impurities that have been identified in salt formations include shale, iron pyrites, and silica.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The oral ingestion of larger quantities of sodium chloride, eg 1000 g in 600 mL of water, is harmful and can induce irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, vomiting, hypernatremia, respiratory distress, convulsions, and death.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The GI effects of oral salt administration include swollen tongue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and thirst. Neurologic effects include thirst, irritability,weakness, headache, convulsions, and coma. Cerebral edema may occur, and muscle tremors may be noted. Cardiovascular manifestations of acute hypernatremia include both hypertension and hypotension. Tachycardia, cardiac failure, and peripheral edema may develop. Pulmonary edema and respiratory arrest may occur.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Sodium chloride at concentrations much above that in tears causes a stinging sensation on contact with the eye. Solutions up to 10% do not alter the permeability of the corneal epithelium, but solutions more dilute than 0.9% sodium chloride cause increased permeability.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Hypertonic salt solutions can produce ... a distinctive microscopic lesion of the kidney ... parenchymatous dehydration produces a shrinking which is most conspicuous in the convoluted tubules of the renal cortex. Some experimental evidence suggests that similar hypernatremic syndromes may be produced with normal salt diets if water intake is restricted.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORIDE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations identifies currently marketed prescription and over-the-counter drug products, including sodium chloride, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: sodium chloride is included in digestive aid drug products.

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: sodium chloride is included in weight control drug products.

Unless specifically excluded, residues resulting from the use of the following substances as either an inert or an active ingredient in a pesticide chemical formulation, including antimicrobial pesticide chemicals, are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance under FFDCA section 408, if such use is in accordance with good agricultural or manufacturing practices. Sodium chloride is included on this list.

The Agency has determined that ... sodium chloride products, labeled and used as specified in this Reregistration Eligibility Decision document will not pose unreasonable risks or adverse effects to humans or the environment. Although the Agency has found that all uses of ... sodium chloride are eligible for reregistration, it should be understood that the Agency amy take appropriate regulatory action, and/or require the submission of additional data to support the registration of products containing sodium bromide and sodium chloride, if new information comes to the Agency's attention of if the data requirements for registration (or the guidelines for generating such data) change.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer saftey standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List C, and with List C containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List D. Sodium chloride is found on List D. Case No: 4051; Pesticide type: Insecticide (molluscicide), fungicide, herbicide, and antimicrobiol; Case Status: RED Approved 09/93; OPP has made a decision that some/all uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Sodium chloride; AI Status: OPP has completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document for the case/AI.

S - Sensory organs

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism

B - Blood and blood forming organs

B - Blood and blood forming organs

QA - Alimentary tract and metabolism

QB - Blood and blood forming organs

Solutions of sodium chloride closely approximate the composition of the extracellular fluid of the body. A 0.9% solution of sodium chloride (i.e., isotonic) has approximately the same osmotic pressure as body fluids. Sodium chloride provides electrolyte supplementation. Sodium is the major cation of extracellular fluid and functions principally in the control of water distribution, fluid and electrolyte balance, and osmotic pressure of body fluids. Sodium is also associated with chloride and bicarbonate in the regulation of acid-base balance. Chloride, the major extracellular anion, closely follows the physiologic disposition of sodium, and changes in the acid-base balance of the body are reflected by changes in serum chloride concentration.

/VET:/ Horses are most likely to develop signs of salt (NaCl) deficiency when worked hard in hot weather. Sweat and urinary losses are appreciable. Horses deprived of salt tire easily, stop sweating, and exhibit muscle spasms if exercised strenuously. Hemoconcentration and acidosis may be expected. Anorexia and pica may be evident in chronic deprivation, although these are not specific signs of salt deficiency. In lactating mares, milk production seriously declines. Polyuria and polydipsia secondary to renal medullary washout may be seen in prolonged deficits.

Essential in diet to maintain chloride balance in body.

/VET:/ Pigs fed diets low in salt (NaCl) grow poorly and inefficiently, due largely to a marked reduction in feed intake. Though not specific for salt deficiency, poor hair and skin condition may also develop. There have been reports of salt-deficient pigs attempting to consume urine of other pigs.

/VET:/ Sodium is the main cation and chloride is the main anion in the regulation of osmotic balance in the extracellular fluid (ECF) of the body. Serum sodium concentration and serum osmalarity are normally maintained under precise control by homeostatic mechanisms involving thirst, antidiuretic hormone and renal reabsorption of filtered sodium. Normal reference ranges for serum sodium in adult animals (given in mmol/L) include porcine 135-150, bovine 132-152, canine 141-152 and equine 132-146.

Sodium, the major cation of the extracellular fluid, functions primarily in the control of water distribution, fluid balance, and osmotic pressure of body fluids. Sodium is also associated with chloride and bicarbonate in the regulation of the acid-base equilibrium of body fluid. Chloride, the major extracellular anion, closely follows the metabolism of sodium, and changes in the acid-base balance of the body are reflected by changes in the chloride concentration.

Sodium and chloride — major electrolytes of the fluid compartment outside of cells (i.e., extracellular) — work together to control extracellular volume and blood pressure. Disturbances in sodium concentrations in the extracellular fluid are associated with disorders of water balance.

Intra-amniotic instillation of 20% sodium chloride injection induces abortion and fetal death. Although the mechanism has not been conclusively determined, some studies indicate that the drug's abortifacient activity may be mediated by prostaglandins released from decidual cells damaged by hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride. Hypertonic sodium chloride-induced uterine contractions are usually sufficient to cause evacuation of both the fetus and placenta; however, abortion may be incomplete in 25-40% of patients. /20% injection/

The salt that is taken in to gastro intestinal tract remains for the most part unabsorbed as the liquid contents pass through the stomach and small bowel. On reaching the colon this salt, together with the water is taken in to the blood. As excesses are absorbed the kidney is constantly excreting sodium chloride, so that the chloride level in the blood and tissues remains fairly constant.Further more, if the chloride intake ceases, the kidney ceases to excrete chlorides. Body maintains an equilibrium retaining the 300gm of salt dissolved in the blood and fluid elements of the tissue dissociated into sodium ions and chloride ions.

0.9% SODIUM CHLORIDE

Osmotic Activity [MoA]; Inhibition Large Intestine Fluid/Electrolyte Absorption [PE]; Osmotic Laxative [EPC]; Increased Large Intestinal Motility [PE]

3% SODIUM CHLORIDE

Osmotic Activity [MoA]; Inhibition Large Intestine Fluid/Electrolyte Absorption [PE]; Osmotic Laxative [EPC]; Increased Large Intestinal Motility [PE]

HEAD LICE TREATMENT

Increased Large Intestinal Motility [PE]; Osmotic Laxative [EPC]; Osmotic Activity [MoA]; Inhibition Large Intestine Fluid/Electrolyte Absorption [PE]

Absorption of sodium in the small intestine plays an important role in the absorption of chloride, amino acids, glucose, and water. Chloride, in the form of hydrochloric acid (HCl), is also an important component of gastric juice, which aids the digestion and absorption of many nutrients.

Substantially excreted by the kidneys.

The volume of distribution is 0.64 L/kg.

The primary route of sodium excretion is the urine; additional excretion occurs in sweat and feces. The kidney filters sodium a the glomerulus, but 60% to 70% is reabsorbed in the proximal tubules along with bicarbonate and water. Another 25% to 30% is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle, along with chloride and water. In the distal tubules, aldosterone modulates the reabsorption of sodium and, indirectly, chloride. The renal threshold for sodium is 110 to 130 mEq/L. Less than 1% of the filtered sodium is excreted in the urine.

Sodium is rapidly absorbed from the GI tract; it is also absorbed from rectal enemas. Intestinal wall absorption occurs via the Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase system that is augmented by aldosterone and desoxycorticosterone acetate. Sodium is not bound by plasma proteins. The volume of distribution is 0.64 L/kg.

In one study using radiolabeled 20% sodium chloride injection, most of the drug concentrated in the decidua and the fetal part of the placenta following intra-amniotic injection. Following intra-amniotic administration of 20% sodium chloride injection, some of the drug diffuses into the maternal blood.

Sodium chloride (NaCl). A colorless, cubic crystal or white, crystalline powder, found widely distributed over the earth, in sea water, etc., which is a necessary constituent of the body and consequently of the diet. It makes up over 90 percent of the inorganic constituents of the blood serum and is the principal salt involved in maintaining osmotic tension of the blood and tissues. (From Dorland, 27th ed) [ChemIDplus] Used in the hide preservation and pickling stages of leather production; [PMID 21938525]

Leather Tanning and Processing [Category: Industry]

For sodium chloride (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 013905) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Over 14,000 different uses for salt have been identified ...the salt industry generally classifies salt uses by 5 principal categories: 1) chemical; 2) highway deicing and stabilization; 3) food use and processing; 4) agriculture; 5) water conditioning. Remaining uses are categorized as miscellaneous.

The major industries that use salt include in descending order of quantity consumed oil and gas exploration, textiles, dyeing, pulp and paper, metal processing, tanning and leather treatment, and rubber manufacture

Chemical (sodium hydroxide, soda ash, hydrogen chloride, chlorine, metallic sodium), ceramic glazes, metallurgy, curing of hides, food preservative, mineral waters, soap manufacture (salting out), home water softeners, highway deicing, regeneration of ion-exchange resins, photography, food seasoning, herbicide, fire extinguishing, nuclear reactors, mouthwash, medicine (heat exhaustion), salting out dyestuffs, supercooled solutions. Single crystals are used for spectroscopy, UV, and infrared transmissions.

2023: 1,000,000,000 - <5,000,000,000 lb

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule.[Table#5929]

Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: Sodium chloride. Aggregated National Production Volume: 100 to < 500 million pounds.

Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: Sodium chloride. National Production Volume: 830,279,683 lb/yr.

An underground salt deposit may be solution-mined by drilling wells into halite veins, injecting fresh or recycled water through the well casings to dissolve the salt, and leaving a residence time long enough for the brine solution to reach saturation with sodium chloride. ... The resulting brine is extracted through other wells in the same brine field or gallery. Insoluble impurities, such as anhydrite (calcium sulfate) settle out in the underground gallery, while the saturated sodium chloride brine, called green brine (untreated or refined), is pumped to holding tanks on the surface. ... Green brine is pumped from the underground cavern and transported via pipeline to the nearby salt refinery for processing into evaporated-granulated salt or is used as a feedstock for chloralkali production. ... Nearly all food-grade salt sold or used in the United States is currently produced by vacuum pan evaporation of saturated brine.

Conventional Underground Mining: Rock salt is mined from underground deposits by drilling and blasting. ... Since the late 1950s the use of continuous mining machines has increased in salt mines. These ''continuous miners'' have movable, rotating heads with carbide-tipped cutting bits. The mining machines bore into the salt, eliminating the need for undercutting, drilling, and blasting steps ... The crushed salt is transported from the primary crusher via conveyor belt to secondand third-stage crushers, and then to screening stations for separation into standard product grades established for specific end uses.

Commercial solar salt is produced by natural evaporation of seawater or brine in large, diked, earthen ponds called condensers. Evaporation is carried out by solar radiation and wind action, producing concentrated brine containing dissolved mineral salts. The process for separation of crystal types is known as fractional crystallization. ... Solar salt production begins as the brine source, usually seawater, enters the solar pond system and moves in turn from one pond to the next either by pumping or by gravity. ... Sodium chloride precipitates with continuing evaporation, forming a salt layer 10-25-cm thick. ... It takes up to two years to produce salt from the time seawater is introduced into the salt pond system. ... The harvested salt is loaded into trucks and transported to a wash plant, where the salt is washed with clean, nearly saturated brine to remove particulate matter and to replace magnesium-laden brine clinging to the salt crystals.

Method of purification: Recrystallization.

Sodium chloride, or rock salt, is obtained from underground room and pillar mining or solution mining (in which water is pumped into a rock salt deposit, brought back to the surface, and evaporated).

Impregnated material (10% sodium chloride); soluble concentrate/solid (1.5% sodium with 20.4% potassium peroxymonosulfate)

Intra-amniotic: Injection 20%

Highest purity medicinal, crystals; highest purity, dried; highest purity, fine powder; highest purity, fused; reagent; reagent, fused; sea evaporated; ground; microsized; powdered; table salt; rock salt; chemically pure; United States Pharmacopeia; "Food Chemicals Codex"; single pure crystals.

... Some rock salt deposits contain pure, crystallized salt. ... This salt is extremely clear and free from defects. It is about 99.8% pure sodium chloride.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for SODIUM CHLORIDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Processing Aids and Additives

Safer Chemical Classes -> Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern

Animal Drugs -> FDA Approved Animal Drug Products (Green Book) -> Active Ingredients

Fragrance Ingredients

Food Additives -> FOOD_ADDITIVE -> JECFA Functional Classes

Cosmetics -> Viscosity controlling; Bulking

Utilities

Sodium chloride (NaCl): ACTIVE

The article of commerce is also known as table salt, rock salt, or sea salt. ... Blusalt, a brand of sodium chloride containing trace amounts of cobalt, iodine, iron, copper, manganese, zinc is used in farm animals

Sodium chloride can be added in controlled release by encapsulation, a process that coats salt crystals with partially hydrogenated vegetable oil. Encapsulated salt is used primarily in food processing applications.

... Migrates to food from packaging materials.