碘

log Kow = 2.49

2.49

2.49

Sharp characteristic odor.

Irritating odor

Sharp, acrid

Taste threshold: 0.147-0.204 mg/l

Taste threshold: 1.60X10-1 mg/l in water

4.93 (NIOSH, 2024) - Denser than water; will sink

Sp gr = 4.93 (solid at 20 °C); density of the gas: 11.27 g/L

Density at 101.3 kPa: 3.96 at 120 °C (liquid)

Relative density (water = 1): 4.9

4.93

4.933 @25 °C

Bluish-black scales or plates; diatomic; violet vapor

Rhombic, violet-black crystals with metallic luster

Bluish-black, lustrous solid

Violet solid.

Heavy, grayish-black plates or granules having a metallic luster

0.01 % (NIOSH, 2024)

For more Solubility (Complete) data for IODINE, ELEMENTAL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Dissolves readily in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon disulfide to form purple solns.

2.719 g in cyclohexane; 23 g/100 cc in methanol at 25 °C; 20.5 g/100 cc in alcohol at 15 °C; 20.6 g/100 cc in ether at 17 °C

197 g/kg in carbon disulfide at 25 °C; 19.2 g/kg in carbon tetrachloride at 25 °C; 337.3 g/kg in ether at 25 °C; 164.0 g/kg in benzene at 25 °C; 27.1 g/kg in ethanol at 25 °C; 49.7 g/kg in chloroform at 25 °C; 49.7 g/kg in chloroform at 25 °C; 13.2 g/kg in n-hexane at 25 °C; 97 g/kg in butan-2-ol at 25 °C; 157 g/kg in ethyl acetate at 25 °C; 182.5 g/kg in toluene at 25 °C

14.6 g/100 g in bromoethane at 25 °C; 1.73 g/100 g in n-heptane at 25 °C; 9.7 g/100 g in glycerol at 25 °C; 33.7 g/100 g in diethyl ether at 25 °C; 19.7 g/100 g in carbon disulfide at 25 °C

Breast Feeding; Lactation; Milk, Human; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antibacterial Agents

Antiseptics

Warning

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

P261, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P321, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H302+H312+H332 (24.1%): Harmful if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Chemical: Iodine

List I Chemical: A chemical specified by regulation that, in addition to legitimate uses, is used in manufacturing a controlled substance in violation of the Act and is important to the manufacture of a controlled substance. (21 eCFR 1310.02)

Iodine is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Iodine are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 11-04-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15294

Iodine (solid): HSNO Approval: HSR001538 Approved with controls

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

· Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.

Not combustible but enhances combustion of other substances. Many reactions may cause fire or explosion. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Iodine:

· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.

Iodine is a naturally occurring element found in sea water and in certain rocks and sediments. There are non radioactive and radioactive forms of iodine. Iodine is used as a disinfectant for cleaning surfaces and storage containers and is used in skin soaps and bandages, and for purifying water. Iodine is also added to some table salt to ensure that all people in the United States have enough iodine in their diet. Most radioactive iodine is manmade. It is used in medical tests and to treat certain diseases. Most radioactive forms of iodine change very quickly (seconds to days) to stable elements that are not radioactive. However, 129I (read as iodine 129) changes very slowly (over millions of years).

Iodine vapor is an irritant that may cause pneumonitis and pulmonary edema. Strong iodine tincture containing 7% iodine and 5% potassium iodide in 83% ethanol is corrosive to tissue. USP iodine tincture, povidone-iodine, and iodoforms are generally not corrosive. Ingestion of iodine can cause hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. The mean lethal dose is about 2-4 grams of free iodine. [Olson, p. 274] TLV Basis = Thyroid and maternal reproductive effect; Also Fetal and neonatal damage; Several examples of iodine sensitivity have been reported in relation to iodine-containing radiopaque materials used in diagnostic X-ray procedures. There has also been an attempt to link these reactions to similar illnesses seen after eating various types of fish, and to ascribe these to an iodine allergy. It is now clear that the reactions to iodine-containing contrast media are not immune-mediated but instead represent idiosyncratic responses to the iodine present. The similar reactions from eating fish are now believed to be allergic reactions to proteins occurring naturally in the fish and not to iodine. [ACGIH TLVs and BEIs] Iodine vapor at 0.1 ppm caused no symptoms of irritation, while 0.3 ppm made work impossible. Excess intake of iodine can cause hypothyroidism. The upper limit is 1.1 mg/day, and 150 ug/day is recommended. [ACGIH] Iodide salts are not caustic like iodine. After ingestion, hypersensitivity reactions, e.g., angioedema and urticaria, may occur; Chronic ingestion of iodide salts may cause various skin diseases, goiter, hypothyroidism, and congenital thyroid effects; [HSDB] Causes lachrymation; [ICSC]

Dillon HK; Methods Development for Sampling and Analysis of Chlorine, Chlorine Dioxide, Bromine, and Iodine; NTIS Report PB83-246363 (SORI-EAS-82-828): 30 (1983). Sampling & analysis methods developed for the detection of toxic oxidants such as bromine, chlorine, chlorine dioxide & iodine in air.

Iodine-detergent complex; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance. The aqueous solution of hydriodic acid and elemental iodine, including one or both of the surfactants (a) polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene glycol nomionic block polymers (minimum average molecular weight 1,900) and (b) a-(p- nonylphenyl)-omega- hydroxypoly (oxyethylene) having a maximum average molecular weight of 748 and in which the nonyl group is a propylene trimer isomer, is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance for residues in eggs and poultry when used as a sanitizer in poultry drinking water. /Iodine-detergent complex/

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Iodine is found on List C. Case No: 3080; Pesticide type: fungicide, herbicide, antimicrobial; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): iodine; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 09/30/93; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Iodine:

General First Aid:

(General first aid procedures)

Materials which are toxic as stored or which can decompose into toxic components ... Should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated place, out of the direct rays of the sun, away from areas of high fire hazard, and should be periodically inspected. Incompatible materials should be isolated ... .

1. Ventilate area of spill. 2. Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill. Liquid containing iodine should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or similar material.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

React with large volumes of reducing agent (hypo- or bisulfites or ferrous salts) solution, neutralize. Alternatively, iodine may be recovered from various process waste streams.

Personal protection: filter respirator for inorganic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Substitution of less irritating substances ... prevent contact, provision of a ... physical barrier against contact, proper washing facilities, work clothing, and storage facilities ... medical control is essential ... .

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for IODINE, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Endocrine (Glands and Hormones)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system

Exposure to high levels of nonradioactive and radioactive iodine can damage the thyroid. Damage to the thyroid gland can result in effects in other parts of your body, such as your skin, lung, and reproductive organs. Concentrated iodine is very corrosive and can damage the mucous membrane if swallowed. (L1844, L1848)

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L1844) ; inhalation (L1844) ; dermal (L1844)

IDENTIFICATION: Iodine is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant product. Iodine is blue greyish-black solid plates or small crystals with a metallic crystalline sheen with a characteristic acrid odor. It is soluble in water, of alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, ether, of glycerol. Very readily soluble in strong aqueous solutions of iodides. A solution in alcohol, ether, or aqueous solutions of iodides is reddish-brown. In chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon disulfide it is violet-colored. Indications: In many countries culinary salt is iodized to prevent the development of goitre. In the pre-operative treatment of thyrotoxicosis to produce a thyroid gland of firm texture suitable for operation, it avoids the increased vascularity and friability of the gland with increased risk of hemorrhage. In the immediate treatment of thyrotoxic crisis. Its powerful bactericidal action is used for disinfecting unbroken skin before operation. Iodine may also be employed as a weak solution for the first-aid treatment of small wounds and abrasions, but it is rapidly inactivated by combining with tissue substances, and so delays healing. It has been applied topically in the treatment of herpes simplex. Iodine has been used in the treatment of dendritic keratitis. Iodine has been used in the purification of drinking water in case of emergencies. Strong iodine solution: (Lugol's solution) used in the treatment of many conditions in which the action of iodine ion is desired such as thyrotoxicosis, keratoscleritis, keratitis associated with excessive keratin. Iodine containing solutions are used as contrast media in radio diagnosis. Potassium iodide has been used as a mucolytic agent. Radioisotopes: radioactive iodine finds its widest use in the treatment of hyperthyroidism and in the diagnosis of disorders of thyroid function. The greatest use has been made of sodium iodide iodine-131. Sodium iodide I-123 is available for scanning purposes. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Main risks and target organs: Concentrated iodine is corrosive. Main risks in acute exposure to high iodine concentrations are largely due to the highly corrosive effect of iodine on the entire gastrointestinal tract and resultant shock. If rupture occurs mediastinitis or peritonitis develop. Target organs are mucous membranes of pharynx, larynx and oesophagus for the concentrated iodine, and thyroid for the diluted form as a systemic effect. Iodine is not a frequent cause of toxicity in the amounts available in the household. Summary of clinical effects: Ingestion of iodine may cause corrosive effects such as edema of the glottis, with asphyxia, aspiration pneumonia, pulmonary edema and shock, as well as vomiting and bloody diarrhea. The CNS, cardiovascular and renal toxicity following acute iodine ingestion appear to be due to the corrosive gastroenteritis and resultant shock. Vomiting, hypotension and circulatory collapse may be noted following severe intoxication. Eye: Eye exposure may result in severe ocular burns. Cardiovascular: Tachycardia, hypotension and circulatory collapse may be due to the ingestion of concentrated corrosive iodine solutions. Respiratory: Inhalation of iodine vapour may result in severe pulmonary irritation leading to pulmonary edema. Edema of the glottis and pulmonary edema have also resulted from oral ingestion. Neurological: Headache, dizziness, delirium and stupor may be noted following severe intoxication. Gastrointestinal: A severe corrosive esophagitis and gastroenteritis characterized by vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea may be noted following ingestion. The vomitus is blue if starch is present in the stomach. A metallic taste may be noted. Dermatological: Dermal application of strong iodine solutions may result in burns. Chronic ingestion may result in iodism characterized from acne form skin lesions and other skin eruptions. Cutaneous absorption may be significant and result in systemic symptoms and death. Endocrine: Hypothyroidism, as well as hyperthyroidism, has been reported. Immunological: Hypersensitivity reactions including angioedema and/ or serum sickness-like reactions may be noted. Contraindications: Iodine preparations should not be taken regularly during pregnancy and lactation. Because iodine may cause burns on occluded skin, an iodine-treated wound should be covered with a light bandage. As iodine and iodides can affect the thyroid gland, the administration of such preparations may interfere with tests of thyroid functions. Potassium iodide should not be used in adolescent patients because of its potential to induce acne and its effects on the thyroid gland. Iodine or iodides should not be administered to patients with a history of hypersensitivity to such compounds. Routes of entry Oral: Toxic effects in humans can occur via accidental or suicidal poisonings. Toxic effects of iodine compounds resulting from ingestion of seaweed, mucolytic expectorants or X-ray contrast are reported. Inhalation: With industrial exposure to vapor of iodine, it will be absorbed from the lungs and converted in the body to iodide. Dermal: Topical iodine (especially with multiple applications) can be absorbed, causing toxic effects. Eye: Eye drops can cause systemic toxic effects. Parenteral: Contrast media. Absorption by route of exposure: Oral: Iodine appears to be inactivated by combination with gastrointestinal contents. Absorption is poor due to rapid conversion of iodine to iodide. Inhalation: Iodine is absorbed from the lungs, converted to iodide in the body. Pulmonary absorption of vapour may result in systemic poisoning. Dermal: Only very small quantities of iodine are absorbed through an intact skin. Iodine can be absorbed by wounds and abrasions. Enhanced absorption occurs through denuded skin, decubitus ulcers, mucosal surfaces with high absorptive capacity (vagina), or large areas of intact skin. Distribution by route of exposure: Oral: When taken by mouth iodine is rapidly converted to iodide and is stored in the thyroid as thyroglobulin. Iodine reaches the blood stream mainly in form of iodide, and it is incorporated into the thyroglobulin form in the thyroid gland. Inhalation: Iodine is readily distributed into the lungs. Dermal: Distribution is poor due to low absorption through intact skin. Enhanced distribution occurs through denuded skin. Metabolism: Iodine is an easily oxidizable substance. Food that is present in the digestive tract, will oxidize iodine to iodide which is not corrosive to the gastrointestinal tract. Elimination, by route of exposure: Iodine is excreted mainly in the urine and in smaller quantities in saliva, milk, sweat, bile and other secretions. Renal iodine clearance is related to glomerular filtration rate. Mode of action: Toxicodynamics: Local: Iodine precipitates proteins. The affected cells may be killed. The effect is similar to that of a corrosive acid. Systemic: Acute inhibition of the synthesis of iodotyrosine and iodothyronine. Pharmacodynamics: Topical: Iodine has bactericidal activity, a 1% tincture will kill 90% of bacteria in 90 seconds, a 5% tincture in 60 seconds and a 7% tincture in 15 seconds. Oral: The primary function of iodine is to control the rate of cellular oxidation through its presence in the biosynthesis of iodated thyroid hormone. Carcinogenicity: There is no evidence as to whether iodine is carcinogenic or not. However, connections have been established with deliberate or inadvertent intake of radioactive elements or their compounds that concentrate in certain organs or tissues. Thus intake of labelled iodine and derivatives concentrating in the thyroid gland, have been known to give rise to cancer in that organ. Teratogenicity: Iodides diffuse across the placenta. Infant and neonatal death from respiratory distress secondary to goitre has been reported in mothers taking iodides. Chronic topical maternal use of povidone-iodine during pregnancy has been associated with clinical and biochemical hypothyroidism in the infant. Exposure to iodine-131 can damage or ablate the developing thyroid of the human fetus. Hypothyroidism, either congenital or of late onset, has been reported in at least 5 children whose mothers were exposed to iodine-131 during pregnancy. Main adverse effects: Endocrine system effects: Iodine and iodides produce goiter, hypothyroidism as well as hyperthyroidism. These effects have also been reported in infants born to mothers who had taken iodides during pregnancy. Side effects of iodine given for radioprotection: In iodine induced goiter and iodine induced hypothyroidism, special risk groups are fetus and neonates. Iodine induced hyperthyroidism special risk group are people living in iodine deficient areas and people with a history of hyperthyroidism. Extrathyroidal side effects are gastrointestinal complaints (nausea, pain), taste abnormalities, cutaneous and mucous membrane such as irritation, rash, edema (including face and glottis), allergic like reactions such as fever, eosinophilia, serum sickness like symptoms, vasculitis. Special risk groups are patients with hypocomplementemic vasculitis. Allergic effects: Whether iodine is administered topically or systematically, iodine and iodides can give rise to allergic reactions: urticaria, angioedema, cutaneous hemorrhage or purpuras, fever, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy and eosinophila, acne form or severe eruptions. Iodism effects: A mild toxic syndrome called iodism results from repeated administration of small amount of iodine. Iodism is characterised by hyper salivation, coryza, sneezing, conjunctivitis, headache, laryngitis, bronchitis, stomatitis, parotitis, enlargement of the submaxillary glands, skin rashes and gastric upsets. In rare cases jaundice, bleeding from mucous membranes and bronchospasm may occur. Inflammatory states may be aggravated by these adverse reactions. Gastrointestinal effects: Acute effects due to ingestion of iodine are mainly due to its corrosive effects or action which arises at least in part from oxidizing potential of this element on the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms include a metallic taste, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Esophageal stricture may occur if the patient survives the acute stage. Cardiovascular and respiratory effects: Death may occur due to circulatory failure, edema of the glottis resulting in asphyxia, aspiration pneumonia, or pulmonary edema. Kidney effect: Anuria may occur 1 to 3 days after exposure.

Iodide inhibits adenylate cyclase in thyroid gland follicle cells and decreases the TSH-induced rise in intracellular cAMP. This results in decreased iodination of thyroglobulin and inhibited production and release of T4 and T3, causing hypothyroidism. (L1844)

Cough. Wheezing. Laboured breathing. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness. Pain.

Watering of the eyes. Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Diarrhoea. Nausea. Vomiting.

irritation eyes, skin, nose; lacrimation (discharge of tears); headache; chest tightness; skin burns, rash; cutaneous hypersensitivity

Ingestion of iodine may cause corrosive effects such as oedema of the glottis, with asphyxia, aspiration pneumonia, pulmonary oedema and shock, as well as vomiting and bloody diarrhea. The CNS, cardiovascular and renal toxicity following acute iodine ingestion appear to be due to the corrosive gastroenteritis and resultant shock. Vomiting, hypotension and circulatory collapse may be noted following severe intoxication. (L1848)

Diagnosis is based on a history of exposure and evidence of corrosive injury. Mucous membranes are usually stained brown, and vomitus may be blue. Blood levels are not clinically useful but may confirm exposure. Other useful laboratory studies include, for serious corrosive injury, CBC, electrolytes, BUN, and creatinine. For serious inhalation, arterial blood gases or oximetry and chest X-ray are useful. /Iodine/

If symptoms develop or overexposure is suspected, the following may be useful: thyroid function tests, liver function tests, consider chest x-ray after acute overexposure.

Hyperthyroidism. Diagnosis. Comprehensive history and physical examination including: weight and blood pressure; pulse rate and cardiac rhythm; thyroid palpation and auscultation (to determine thyroid size, nodularity, and vascularity); neuromuscular examination; eye examination (to detect evidence of exophthalmos or ophthalmopathy); dermatologic examination; cardiovascular examination; lymphatic examination (nodes and spleen). Laboratory evaluation including the sensitive thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) assay, measurement of serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) radioimmunoassay, free T3 and T4 levels, measurement of thyroid autoantibodies, including TSH receptor antibodies of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins, radioactive iodine uptake, and thyroid scan Orbital ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and serial exophthalmometry in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy Local mechanical therapies (e.g., sunglasses, artificial tears) and corticosteroids or retro-orbital irradiation in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy

Hypothyroidism. Diagnosis. Laboratory evaluation including sensitive TSH assays, free thyroxine estimate, measurement of thyroid autoantibodies, thyroid scan, and ultrasonography.

Iodine-detergent complex; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance. The aqueous solution of hydriodic acid and elemental iodine, including one or both of the surfactants (a) polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene glycol nomionic block polymers (minimum average molecular weight 1,900) and (b) a-(p- nonylphenyl)-omega- hydroxypoly (oxyethylene) having a maximum average molecular weight of 748 and in which the nonyl group is a propylene trimer isomer, is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance for residues in eggs and poultry when used as a sanitizer in poultry drinking water. /Iodine-detergent complex/

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Iodine is found on List C. Case No: 3080; Pesticide type: fungicide, herbicide, antimicrobial; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): iodine; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 09/30/93; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

D - Dermatologicals

QD - Dermatologicals

H03CA

State of deficiency: pups born of iodine-deficient mothers have enlarged thyroids and sometimes enlarged thymus and spleen. Adult dogs ... show poor hair coats, anemia, and ... deficient calcification of the bone. ... Feeding of minute amount of ... sodium or potassium iodide to pregnant mother will avoid these conditions.

Minimum iodine requirement of various species of animals is unknown, but the daily amount ... required in the ration to prevent goiter ... is 0.001 mg/lb body weight. ... Deficiency in domestic animals is associated with pregnancy ... minimal daily level ... increased to 0.002 mg/lb of body weight during pregnancy.

Iodine is integral part of thyroid hormones, tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine) and triiodothyronine. Deficiency results in compensatory hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the thyroid gland (endemic goiter). Endemic goiter occurs in areas where soil is deficient in iodine.

State of deficiency: There have been limited epidemics of teratogenesis caused by ... iodine deficiency ... .

Neonates suffer more from consequences of iodine deficiency than adults. Hypothyroidism may be relevant to delayed skeletal maturation of children in endemic goiter areas.

Molecular iodine is known to inhibit the induction and promotion of N-methyl-n-nitrosourea-induced mammary carcinogenesis, to regress 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced breast tumors in rats.It has also been shown to have beneficial effects in fibrocystic human breast disease.

An acute iodide excess (above the preexisting dietary intake) transiently decreases the production of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland; this is referred to as the acute Wolff-Chaikoff effect. In normal people, this is followed by a return to normal levels of hormone synthesis, referred to as escape from the acute Wolff-Chaikoff effect, without a significant change in circulating hormone levels. Escape is thought to be the result of down regulation of the sodium-iodide symport (NIS), the iodide transporter in the thyroid gland, resulting in a decrease in the intrathyroidal iodine and the resumption of normal hormone synthesis. An acute or chronic excess of iodide can also decrease circulating T4 and T3 levels and induce a hypothyroid state in some people who have underlying thyroid disorders. These effects are the result of a failure to escape from the acute Wolff-Chaikoff effect. Most people who experience iodine-induced hypothyroidism recover when the excess iodine intake is discontinued.

Food present in the digestive tract rapidly inactivates iodine by converting it to comparatively harmless iodide.

Inhaled methyl iodide and molecular iodine (I2) are rapidly converted to iodide. /Methyl iodide and iodine/

Ingested molecular iodine (I2) is converted to iodide.

Iodine can enter the body following ingestion, inhalation, or dermal exposure. In the body, iodine and iodide accumulates in the thyroid gland, where it is used for producing the thyroid hormones T4 and T3. Iodide in the thyroid gland is incorporated into a protein, thyroglobulin, as covalent complexes with tyrosine residues. The iodination of thyroglobulin is catalyzed by the enzyme thyroid peroxidase. The iodination reactions occur at the follicular cell-lumen interface and consist of the oxidation of iodide to form a reactive intermediate, the formation of monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine residues in thyroglobulin, and the coupling of theiodinated tyrosine residues to form T4 (coupling of two diiodotyrosine residues) or T3 (coupling of a monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine residue) in thyroglobulin. The major pathways of metabolism of iodine that occur outside of the thyroid gland involve the catabolism of T4 and T3, and include deiodination reactions, ether bond cleavage of thyronine, oxidative deamination and decarboxylation of the side chain of thyronine, and conjugation of the phenolic hydroxyl group on thyronine with glucuronic acid and sulfate. Absorbed iodine is excreted primarily in the urine and feces, but is also excreted in breast milk, exhaled air, sweat, and tears. (L1844)

Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects.

A group of chemical elements that are needed in minute quantities for the proper growth, development, and physiology of an organism. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Little information is available on the gastrointestinal absorption of forms of iodine other than iodide. Iodine compounds, such as I2 and iodates (e.g., NaIO3), may undergo reduction to iodide before being absorbed in the small intestine, and absorption may not be complete.

Orally administered iodine is rapidly excreted in the urine and in smaller quantities in saliva, milk, sweat, bile, and other secretions. The storage of iodine in the thyroid depends upon the functional state of the gland.

Iodine is absorbed from the lung, converted to iodide in the body, and then excreted, mainly in urine.

Iodine is removed from the blood & incorporated into the organic form in the thyroid gland. Free iodine is negligible in the body.

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for IODINE, ELEMENTAL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Used as an antiseptic to kill bacteria, spores, viruses, and protozoa; Products that release iodine include iodoform, and povidone-iodine; Lugol's solution containing 5% iodine and 10% iodide in water; Amiodarone is a cardiac drug that releases iodine and may cause thyrotoxicosis or hypothyroidism. Iodine is used in the production of dyes and photographic chemicals. [Olson, p. 274] Iodides are used in animal supplements, catalysts, inks, radiopaque dyes, drugs, disinfectants, and photography; Also used to make batteries, high-purity metals, engine fuels, iodized salt, and lubricants; [ACGIH] Today, iodised salt is used by more than 88 per cent of the world's population. [A National Evil Jonah Goodman on the curse of the goitre in Switzerland: https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v45/n23/jonah-goodman/a-national-evil]

Battery Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Applying metallic patinas [Category: Hobbies]

Anti-Infective Agents, Local

Manufacture of organic and inorganic chemicals, pharmaceuticals, radiopaque contrast agents, animal feed supplements, disinfectants, stabilizers, inks, colorants, photographic chemicals. Catalyst in the alkylation and condensation of aromatic amines; in sulfations and sulfonations; for production of synthetic rubber. Microbiocide for drinking water and swimming pools. Reagent in analytical chemistry.

Therap cat (VET): Internally for goiter, hyperthyroidism in iodine deficiency. Topically as antiseptic, disinfectant, counter irritant to promote absorption.

(2000) 886 thousand kilograms

(2001) 1,460 thousand kilograms

(2002) 1,430 thousand kilograms

(2003) 1,600 thousand kilograms

For more U.S. Exports (Complete) data for IODINE, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2,615 tons in 1986

(2000) 4,790 thousand kilograms

(2001) 5,030 thousand kilograms

(2002) 6,200 thousand kilograms

For more U.S. Imports (Complete) data for IODINE, ELEMENTAL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2023: 5,500,000 - <7,000,000 lb

(1964) 1.42X10+9 G (CONSUMPTION)

(1984) 5.0X10+11 /CRUDE OR RESUBLIMED-100% IODIDE/

Total world production equaled 12,849 tons in 1986.

(2000) 1,470 thousand kilograms

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for IODINE, ELEMENTAL (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

42.7% as an intermediate for potassium iodide; 31.7% as an intermediate for inorganic iodine compound; and 25.7% as an intermediate for organic iodine compounds (1964)

Derivative: catalysts, 22%; pharmaceutical, 20%; animal feed supplements, 18%; sanitary or industrial disinfectants, 12%; stabilizers, 11%; inks & colorants, 6%; photographic, 5%; misc, 6% (1984)

3,537 tons in 1985

(2000) 5,420 thousand kilograms (apparent); 3,990 thousand kilograms (reported)

For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for IODINE, ELEMENTAL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Extraction from natural brine by acidification with sulfuric acid and treatment with chlorine

Oxidation of iodide by chlorine, followed by removal of the volatile iodine from solution with an air stream. From Chilean nitrate deposit, solutions containing the iodates are reduced with sodium bisulfite to precipitate the iodine, which is then purified by sublimation.

The primary production process for recovery of iodine from brines is the blow-out process. The blow-out process for brines can be divided into brine clean-up, iodide oxidation followed by air blowing and recovery, and iodine finishing.

... An adsorption process ... is used with brines from oil field disposal plants. The brines are skimmed in holding tanks to remove suspended oil. Oil and suspended matter are removed by filtration through sand. Hydrochloric acid is added to the brine and chlorine gas to oxidize the iodide to iodine. The brine is then passed through the absorber, where iodine is absorbed, and the waste brine is neutralized and sent to a disposal well. The adsorbent is treated with sodium hydroxide solution that elutes the iodine as sodium iodide. The iodide-rich eluate is sent to a refinery that uses a process similar to the blowing-out process.

/Iodine/ is used most frequently as the official USP tincture (2% iodine and 2% sodium iodide in 50% alcohol), but it is also available as strong iodine solution, also known as Lugol's solution (5% iodine and 10% potassium iodide in aqueous solution). The strong iodine tincture (7%) and iodine ointment (4%) have been virtually eliminated.

Grades: crude, chemically pure, USP

(Vet): Hypodermin injection, Haver-Lockhart; io dyne spray, Tevco; iodine wound spray, Med Tech; Lugol's soln, Med-Tech; stronger iodine tincture, Med-Tech

Minimum purity of 99.8%. U.S. Pharmacopoeia specifies an iodine content not less than 99.8%, a maximum nonvolatile residue of 0.01% and chlorine-bromine of 0.005% (ACS) and 0.028% (USP), respectively.

Chemical Classes -> Inorganic substances, Metals/Elements (the simplest forms of matter), Radionuclides (radioactive materials)

Food Contaminant -> CONTAMINANT -> JECFA Functional Classes