硝酸根(硝酸盐)标准溶液

Hazard Traits - Hematotoxicity；Authoritative List - CA MCLs; CWA 303(d)；Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 (amended)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:；CAUTION: Ammonium nitrate products may explode if involved in fire or contaminated with hydrocarbons (fuels), organic matter, other contaminants or when hot molten and contained. Treat as an explosive (ERG Guide 112). These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire. Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire. May explode from heat or contamination. Some will react explosively with hydrocarbons (fuels). May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:；Inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination. (ERG, 2024)

Mixtures of metal/nonmetal nitrates with alkyl esters may explode, owing to the formation of alkyl nitrates; mixtures of a nitrate with phosphorus, tin (II) chloride, or other reducing agents may react explosively [Bretherick 1979 p. 108-109].

Nitrates, inorganic, aqueous solution, n.o.s.

UN3218

Div 5.1 Oxidizer (49 eCFR § 173.127)

PG II: the degree of danger presented by the material is medium；PG III: the degree of danger presented by the material is minor；For more information about the packing group assignment, please visit 49 eCFR § 173

Nitrates, inorganic, n.o.s.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:；SMALL FIRE: Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2 or Halon® may provide limited control.；LARGE FIRE: Flood fire area with water from a distance. Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.；FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: For ammonium nitrate products: Do not fight cargo fire. Withdraw, evacuate and isolate area for at least 1600 meters (1 mile). Treat as an explosive (ERG Guide 112). Do not enter area for 24 hours or until expert advice has been provided. Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:；Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not get water inside containers.；SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.；SMALL LIQUID SPILL: Use a non-combustible material like vermiculite or sand to soak up the product and place into a container for later disposal.；LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:；IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.；LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).；FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. If ammonium nitrate products are in a tank, rail car or truck and involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, initiate evacuation including emergency responders for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

0.16 [ppm]

24 [ppm]

92 [ppm]

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:；Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Methemoglobinemia can be treated with supplemental oxygen and methylene blue 1% solution administered intravenously slowly over five minutes followed by IV flush with normal saline. Methylene blue restores the iron in hemoglobin to its normal (reduced) oxygen-carrying state. (L1613)

Main adverse effects from nitrate use come from dilation of the venous blood vessels. Other side effects can be reflexes from the activation of the sympathetic nervous system or re-exposure after withdrawal. These side effects include:；* Headaches (greater than 10%)；* Hypotension (0.1 to 10%)；* Cutaneous flushing (0.1 to 10%)；* Syncope (0.1 to 10%)；* Reflex tachycardia (0.1 to 10%)；* Methemoglobinemia (rare)；* Monday disease (tachycardia, headache, and dizziness during re-exposure)

There is currently no evidence of the teratogenicity or carcinogenicity potential of nitrate.；Methemoglobinemia can be caused by nitrate toxicity in rare cases. Generally, supportive care and cessation of nitrate should be sufficient for most cases of methemoglobinemia. Methylene blue is an effective antidote if needed.

Nitrate's toxicity is a result of it's conversion to nitrite once in the body. Nitrite causes the autocatalytic oxidation of oxyhemoglobin to hydrogen peroxide and methemoglobin. This elevation of methemoglobin levels is a condition known as methemoglobinemia, and is characterized by tissue hypoxia, as methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen. (A2450, L1613)

Nitrate and nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Symptoms include cyanosis, cardiac dysrhythmias and circulatory failure, and progressive central nervous system (CNS) effects. CNS effects can range from mild dizziness and lethargy to coma and convulsions. (L1137)

Nitrate

Hematologic

1.6 mg/kg-day

4

ATSDR Final

1.6

IRIS Current

4

ATSDR Final

Nitrogen, Nitrate

00618

Nutrient

10000

Nitrate (as N)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Hazard Traits - Hematotoxicity；Authoritative List - CA MCLs; CWA 303(d)；Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 (amended)

Intake of some amount of nitrates and nitrites is a normal part of the nitrogen cycle in humans. In vivo conversion of nitrates to nitrites can occur in the gastrointestional tract under the right conditions, significantly enhancing nitrates' toxic potency. The major metabolic pathway for nitrate is conversion to nitrite, and then to ammonia. Nitrites, nitrates, and their metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L1137)