反应步骤
In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form described herein (e.g., for use in a steroidal, such as testosterone undecanoate, therapy) is formulated such that a single administration of the pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form provides a mean plasma Cmax of testosterone that is about 19 ng/mL or less, about 18 ng/mL or less, about 17 ng/mL or less, about 16 ng/mL or less, about 15 ng/mL or less, about 14 ng/mL or less, about 5 ng/mL to about 19 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 18 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 17 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 16 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 15 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 14 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL to about 19 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL to about 18 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL, to about 17 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL to about 16 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL to about 15 ng/mL, about 7 ng/mL to about 14 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL to about 19 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL to about 18 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL to about 17 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL to about 16 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL to about 15 ng/mL, or about 10 ng/mL to about 14 ng/mL. In specific embodiments, an oral dosage form described herein is formulated such that a single administration of the oral dosage form provides a mean plasma Cmax of testosterone that is about 15 ng/mL or less, about 19 ng/mL or less, about 5 ng/mL to about 19 ng/mL, or about 5 ng/mL to about 15 ng/mL. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form described herein is formulated such that a single administration of the pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form provides a mean plasma Cmax of dihydrotestosterone that is about 4.5 ng/mL or less, about 4.3 ng/mL or less, about 4.2 ng/mL or less, about 4.1 ng/mL or less, about 4 ng/mL or less, about 3.9 ng/mL or less, about 3.8 ng/mL or less, about 3.7 ng/mL or less, about 3.6 ng/mL or less, about 3.5 ng/mL or less, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 4.5 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 3.9 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 3.8 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 3.7 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 3.6 ng/mL, about 1.5 ng/mL to about 3.5 ng/mL, about 2.0 ng/mL to about 4.5 ng/mL, about 2.0 ng/mL to about 3.9 ng/mL, about 2.0 ng/mL to about 3.8 ng/mL, about 2.0 ng/mL to about 3.7 ng/mL, about 2.0 ng/mL to about 3.6 ng/mL, about 2.0 ng/mL to about 3.5 ng/mL, about 2.5 ng/mL to about 3.9 ng/mL, about 2.5 ng/mL to about 3.8 ng/mL, about 2.5 ng/mL to about 3.7 ng/mL, about 2.5 ng/mL to about 3.6 ng/mL, or about 2.5 ng/mL to about 3.5 ng/mL. In specific embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form described herein is formulated such that a single administration of the pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form provides a mean plasma Cmax of dihydrotestosterone that is about 3.6 ng/mL or less upon oral administration. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form described herein is formulated such that a single administration of the pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form provides a mean plasma Cmax of testosterone alkyl ester (e.g., testosterone undecanoate) that is about 400 ng/mL or less, about 380 ng/mL or less, about 360 ng/mL or less, about 340 ng/mL or less, about 320 ng/mL or less, about 300 ng/mL or less, or about 280 ng/mL or less, about 100 ng/mL to about 400 ng/mL, about 100 ng/mL to about 380 ng/mL, about 100 ng/mL to about 360 ng/mL, about 100 ng/mL to about 340 ng/mL, about 100 ng/mL to about 320 ng/mL, about 100 ng/mL to about 300 ng/mL, about 100 ng/mL to about 280 ng/mL, about 150 ng/mL to about 400 ng/mL, about 150 ng/mL to about 380 ng/mL, about 150 ng/mL to about 360 ng/mL, about 150 ng/mL to about 340 ng/mL, about 150 ng/mL to about 320 ng/mL, about 150 ng/mL to about 300 ng/mL, about 150 ng/mL to about 280 ng/mL, about 200 ng/mL to about 400 ng/mL, about 200 ng/mL to about 380 ng/mL, about 200 ng/mL to about 360 ng/mL, about 200 ng/mL to about 340 ng/mL, about 200 ng/mL to about 320 ng/mL, about 200 ng/in L to about 300 ng/mL, or about 200 ng/mL to about 280 ng/mL. In specific embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form described herein is formulated such that a single administration of the pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form provides a mean plasma Cmax of testosterone undecanoate that is about 380 ng/mL or less upon oral administration. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form described herein (e.g., for use in a steroidal, such as testosterone undecanoate, therapy) is formulated such that a single administration of the pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form provides a mean plasma Cmax of testosterone that is about 5 ng/mL to about 15 ng/mL, a mean plasma Cmax of dihydrotestosterone that is about 1.5 ng/mL to about 3.8 ng/mL, and a mean plasma Cmax of testosterone alkyl ester (e.g., testosterone undecanoate) that is about 100 ng/mL to about 380 ng/mL. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form described herein (e.g., for use in a steroidal, such as testosterone undecanoate, therapy) is formulated such that a single administration of the pharmaceutical composition or oral dosage form provides a mean plasma Cmax of testosterone that is about 5 ng/mL to about 19 ng/mL, a mean plasma Cmax of dihydrotestosterone that is about 1.5 ng/mL to about 4.5 ng/mL, and a mean plasma Cmax of testosterone alkyl ester (e.g., testosterone undecanoate) that is about 100 ng/mL to about 380 ng/mL.
