폴리[6-[4-(4-시아노페닐)페녹시]헥실

Because groundwater contamination is an important environmental concern, we examined the hepatic and renal effects of repeated exposure to a mixture of 25 chemicals frequently found in groundwater near hazardous-waste disposal sites and the effect of such exposure on carbon tetrachloride (CCI4) toxicity. Adult male F-344 rats received ad libitum deionized water and feed (Ad Lib Water) or ad libitum 10% MIX (referring to 10% of a technically achievable stock mixture) and feed for 14 d. Because exposure to the 25-chemical mixture via the drinking water resulted in decreased water and feed consumption, restricted deionized water and feed controls (Restricted Water) were included. On d 14, rats were gavaged with 0, 0.0375, 0.05, 0.075 or 0.15 mL CCl4/kg, and hepatic and renal toxicity assessed 24 hr later. Little or no hepatic and renal toxicity was observed in rats exposed to 10% MIX alone. No hepatic or renal lesions occurred that could be attributed to 10% MIX alone. Slight but statistically significant alterations, of uncertain biological significance, resulted from the water treatments: 10% MIX increased alanine aminotransferase, urea nitrogen (BUN), and BUN/creatinine ratio; Restricted Water increased 5'-nucleotidase and decreased alkaline phosphatase. Relative kidney weight was increased by both 10% MIX and Restricted Water. CCI4 resulted in significant dosage-dependent hepatotoxicity in all three water treatment groups but had little or no effect on renal indicators of toxicity. Relative to Ad Lib Water, significantly greater hepatotoxicity occurred in both 10% MIX and Restricted Water rats. The response to CCI4 in the Restricted Water rats was similar to that of 10% MIX rats, indicating that a substantial portion of the effect of 10% MIX on CCI4 hepatotoxicity is due to decreased water and feed intake.

Water which evaporates from the surface of oceans, fresh watercourses, and vegetation is carried in the air to be precipitated as rainfall or snow. The molecules of water vapor in air are pure water; falling raindrops formed by their condensation are saturated with nitrogen, oxygen and other atmospheric gases. During precipitation, raindrops entrain dust, smoke particles and fumes. Rain which falls on land surfaces runs over the ground to the nearest watercourse, carrying with it eroded soil, decaying vegetation, microorganisms and colloidal and suspended matter. The remainder of the rain seeps into soil and flows underground. Except in areas where groundwater is over-pumped, this water eventually flows out into an open watercourse. In its transit through topsoil, this water dissolves carbon dioxide which makes it more acid. With passage through ground and rocks, it dissolves many minerals such as calcium, magnesium, iron and manganese; also sulfates, silicates and chlorides(1).

Natural water systems contain numerous minerals and often a gas phase ... The distribution of chemical species in waters is strongly influenced by an interaction of mixing cycles and biological cycles. ... The maintenance of life in aquatic ecosystems results directly or indirectly from the steady impact of solar energy. Photosynthesis is carried out mostly by algae and water plants; it may be conceived as a disproportionation of water into an oxygen reservoir and hydrogen which forms high energy bonds with carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus compounds that are incorporated as organic matter in the biomass. ... The composition of natural waters is strongly influenced by the growth, distribution, and decay of algae and other organisms. Organisms regulate the oceanic and lacustrine composition and its variation with depth. Dissolved constituents are taken up by organisms. Their remains sink under the influence of gravity and are gradually destroyed by oxidation. The superposition of this particular cycle upon the ordinary mixing cycle in the ocean or in lakes accounts for the variation in depth and distribution of chemical properties.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from, as of February 5, 2014: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=7732-18-5]

Stormwater runoff carries urban pollution into rivers and lakes(1,2). Stormwater runoff is generated when rain and snowmelt do not soak into the ground but flow over land or impervious surfaces such as streets, parking lots, and building rooftops, accumulating debris, chemicals, sediment or other pollutants that could adversely affect water quality if the runoff is discharged untreated(1). Agriculture is the leading source of impairment to freshwater sources in the US. When excess fertilizer washes into rivers and lakes it causes algal blooms that lead to taste and health problems. Nitrogen-laden waters can also damage aquatic life leading to the formation of "dead zones"(2).

Water is absolutely essential to all life. The protoplasm of most living cells contains about 80% water. Most of the earth's surface is covered with water(1). The most striking feature of the earth is the extensive hydrosphere, lacking from neighboring planets. 97.22% of earth's water is captured in oceans, with approximately 2% of water locked up in polar icecaps and glaciers. Water found in land, including surface and groundwater, makes up <1% of the earth's water resources. Groundwater represents more than 97% of the usable freshwater resources and is a major source of replenishment for surface water. Water resources are renewable but finite and scarce. Only freshwater flowing through the solar-powered hydrological cycle is renewable(2).

The most abundant gas typically released into the atmosphere from volcanic systems is water vapor, followed by cabon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Locally sulfur dioxide gas can lead to acid rain and air pollution downwind from a volcano(1).

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Human systemic effects by ingestion of very large amounts: body temperature increase, convulsions, diarrhea, fever, hypermotility, muscle contraction or spasticity, mydriasis, nausea or vomiting, tremors.

/CASE REPORTS/ Dilutional hyponatremia is a serious adverse effect of desmopressin, a vasopressin analog that is widely prescribed to manage monosymptomatic enuresis. The presentation of hyponatremia, largely related to cerebral dysfunction, can include severe signs like altered mental status and seizures. /The authors/ reviewed the literature dealing with altered mental status or seizures in enuretic subjects on desmopressin. The retained publications included patients who were described individually, revealing data on mode of administration, further identifiable factors predisposing to hyponatremia, presentation and clinical course. /It was/ found 54 cases of hyponatremia secondary to desmopressin treatment presenting with altered mental status or seizures. In most cases the complication developed 14 days or less after starting desmopressin. An intranasal formulation had been used in 47 patients. Excess fluid intake was documented as a contributing factor in at least 22 cases. In 6 cases severe signs of hyponatremia developed in the context of intercurrent illnesses. Altered mental status or seizures are very rare but recognized complications of desmopressin in enuresis. This complication mostly develops in subjects managed with the intranasal formulation 14 days or less after starting the medication, following excess fluid intake and during intercurrent illnesses.

/CASE REPORTS/ A 62-year-old man with no major comorbidities became acutely hyponatremic on the second postoperative day following a routine carotid endarterectomy. He developed a headache, became hypertensive and confused, and then had a seizure and required intubation and admission to the intensive care unit. A CT angiogram of his head and carotid arteries was normal, as was a subsequent MRI head. His serum and urine osmolality were low. He was treated by fluid restriction and his hyponatraemia resolved over 3 days. On discontinuation of sedation the patient woke up appropriately. The cause of his hyponatremia was initially a mystery but when questioned by the medical team he admitted that he drank about 5 liters of water in the afternoon on the second postoperative day. At this point the diagnosis of dilutional hypervolemic hyponatremia secondary to water intoxication could be made.

/CASE REPORTS/ A syndrome of hyponatremia associated with excessive beer drinking was first recognised in 1971. This syndrome has been referred to as beer potomania. Dilutional hyponatremia occurs due to excessive consumption of an exclusive beer diet which is poor in salt and protein. /The authors/ report a case of beer potomania who improved dramatically with introduction of solute load, with no subsequent neurological sequelae.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Water (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Wetlands are part of the foundation of water resources and are vital to the health of waterways and communities downstream. Wetlands feed downstream waters, trap floodwaters, recharge groundwater supplies, filter pollution, and provide fish and wildlife habitat. Wetlands include swamps, marshes and bogs. Wetlands also reduce flood risks(1). Forests, grasslands, wetlands, and flood plains stabilize water flow into rivers, lakes, and groundwater(2).

Drug Induced Liver Injury Rank (DILIrank 2.0)

Sterile water

vNo-DILI-concern

0

No match

DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2016.02.015

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ The Sprague Dawley rat was used to assess the reproductive and teratologic effects of the highly treated reclaimed water derived from secondary wastewater by the Denver Water Department. A two-generation reproduction study with teratology phase was conducted using test groups receiving a 500x concentration of reclaimed wastewater or a 500x concentration of wastewater processed by an ultrafiltration process and control groups receiving commercially obtained distilled water or a 500x concentration of Denver's present high quality water. Fifty rats per sex in the first generation (F0) received the specified dosing regimen. From the offspring of this generation, 35 rats/sex/group (F1) received the appropriate drinking water through growth and maturation and during three breeding (F2a, b and c) and gestation periods... The evaluation of data from two generations of growth, breeding, gestation and lactation indicated no adverse reproductive effects from exposure to any of the dose-water regimens.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Increasing usage of the energy generated by nuclear fission and fusion plants leads to release a large quantity of tritiated water (HTO) into the environment. From the point of radiation hazard, it is urgent needs to evaluate biological effect of HTO. In particular, it appears of interest to assess the effects on the development of fetuses exposed continuously by HTO throughout pregnancy. To determine the radiation effect of tritiated water on fetal development, BC3F1 female mice were provided various doses (50-500 uCi/mL) of HTO throughout pregnancy. The litter size decreased gradually as the doses became higher. The number of stillbirth per litter increased in turn. For lower doses of HTO, pre-implantation death would be a major factor for the reduction of the litter size. Fetal body weight, brain weight, head size and protein contents of the brain were examined in the fetuses irradiated. At relatively low dose (50 uCi/mL), no observable effect was found. But for higher doses, HTO had detrimental effect on the embryonal development. /Tritiated water/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Objective: To determine the impact of new types of drinking water on health. Methods: Parents mice were fed with magnetized mineral water, activated water, purified water, mineral water, alkaline ionized water and natural water respectively for 3 months, and of offspring mice for 3 months. Results: To compare with natural water, activated water and magnetized mineral water could significantly increase the body weight of paternal mice (P < 0 .05), while mineral water and alkaline ionized water could significantly decrease the body weight of offspring male mice (P < 0.05), magnetized mineral water could significantly decrease the body weight of offspring mice (P < 0.05). Purified water could significantly decrease the neonatal mice weight (P < 0.05). Activated water and magnetized mineral water could significantly increase the neonatal mice number (P < 0.05). All the 5 new types of water had no effect on mice, pregnancy rate, gestation rate and birth livability. In offspring mice, SOD /superoxide dismutase/ activity could be increased significantly (P < 0.05) by treating with magnetized mineral water, activated water, purified water, mineral water, while alkaline ionized water could decrease the activity of SOD significantly (P < 0.05) . Conclusion: Five new types of drinking water could affect the body weight of mice, but had no effect on pregnancy rate, gestation rate and birth livability of mice. Magnetized mineral water, activated water, purified water and mineral water could increase SOD activity.

Exercise Associated Hyponatremia (EAH) is an occurrence of endurance sports that can cause severe clinical manifestations such as cerebral edema or respiratory failure. EAH is a dilutional hyponatremia, variant of SIADH, characterized by a plasma concentration of sodium lower than 135 mEq/L. Female gender and the duration of the competitions are associated with higher risk of hyponatremia. The incidence of hyponatremia, in fact, increases with duration, especially 4-8 hours after the start of the race. Women seem to be at greater risk than men. The pathophysiological mechanisms include increased loss of sodium through sweating and excessive intake of hypotonic fluids during and after the sporting event. In the genesis of EAH seems to have a decisive role the inadequate secretion of AVP by non osmotic stimuli, including IL-6. Indications for the prevention of hyponatremia include education of athletes for adequate consumption of fluids and monitoring of changes in body weight. Following the identification of electrolyte imbalance, the treatment requires a water restriction and infusion of hypertonic solutions 3%, especially in cases of severe hyponatremia.

Dilutional hyponatremia, although not uncommon, is an underestimated problem in the pediatric population. In most cases, it results from excessive hydration or water retention, also described as the so-called water intoxication. One of the most known causes is the use of desmopressin in enuretic children. This drug enhances the free water reabsorption in the renal collecting ducts.