Manganese(2+) dichloride

SOLUBILITY: 151 G/100 ML WATER AT 8 °C /TETRAHYDRATE/

SOLUBILITY: 656 G/100 ML WATER AT 100 °C /TETRAHYDRATE/

SOL IN ALCOHOL; INSOL IN ETHER /TETRAHYDRATE/

Soluble in pyridine, ethanol; insoluble in ether.

72.3 G/100 ML WATER @ 25 °C

123.8 G/100 ML WATER @ 100 °C

Reddish, slightly deliquesce, monoclinic crystals; density 2.01, MP 58 °C; sol in 0.7 part water; sol in alcohol; insol in ether; pH of 0.2 molar aq soln = 5.5 /Tetrahydrate/

LOSES 1 WATER AT 106 °C & 4 WATER AT 198 °C /TETRAHYDRATE/

Manganese chloride exists in anhydrous form and as hydrate with 6, 4, or 2 water molecules.

Unless precautions are taken thermal dehydration of the hydrates to the anhydrous form may result in some hydrolytic decomposition with formation of gaseous hydrochloric acid and manganese oxychloride.

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.9% (3 of 319) of reports.

Danger

H301 (56.1%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 319 reports by companies from 20 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Danger

Chemical: Manganese chloride (MnCl2)

Status: Active Update: 04-09-2020 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/10184

Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).

Manganese chloride in nutrients and/or dietary supplements is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practices.

Trace minerals added to animal feeds. These substances added to animal feeds as nutritional dietary supplements are generally recognized as safe when added at levels consistent with good feeding practice. Element: Manganese; Source compound: manganese chloride. (All substances listed may be in anhydrous or hydrated form.)

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Manganese chloride is included on this list.

... Substances for which a Federal Register notice has been published that included consideration of the serious health effects, including cancer, form ambient air exposure to the substance. Manganese (50 FR 32627; Aug. 13, 1985) is included on this list. /Manganese/

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 1 mg/cu m. /Manganese compounds and fume (as Mn)/

Recommended Exposure Limit: 15 Min Short-Term Exposure Limit: 3 mg/cu m. /Manganese compounds and fume (as Mn)/

Acute Tox. 3 (56.1%)

Acute toxicity - category 4

Acute toxicity (Oral) - Category 4

(IL) ILLINOIS 150 ug/l /Manganese/

(NC) NORTH CAROLINA 50 ug/l /Manganese/

(NY) NEW YORK 300 ug/l /Manganese/

(CT) CONNECTICUT 500 ug/l /Manganese/

(ME) MAINE 200 ug/l /Manganese/

(MN) MINNESOTA 300 ug/L /Manganese/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

0.02 [mg/m3], as Mn (respirable fraction), 0.1 mg/m3, as Mn (inhalable fraction)

8 hr Time Weighted Avg: 0.2 mg/cu m /Manganese and inorganic compounds, as Mn/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Manganese and inorganic compounds, as Mn/

The effects of cadmium (7440439) (Cd), lead (7439921) (Pb), & manganese (7439965) (Mn) on ATPase activity were studied in rat synaptic plasma membranes (SPMs) prepared from the forebrains of male Sprague-Dawley-rats. SPMs were incubated with 0 to 3 micromolar (microM) cadmium-chloride (10108642), 0 to 10microM lead-chloride (7758954), or 0 to 9,000microM manganese(II)-chloride (7773015) alone or in combination. The effects on sodium & potassium dependent ATPase (Na,KATPase), magnesium dependent MgATPase, & potassium dependent p-nitrophenylphosphatase (KpNPPase) activity were determined. Cd+2, Pb+2, & Mn+2 alone inhibited Na,KATPase & KpNPPase activity in a dose dependent manner. The concns causing 50% inhibition (IC50s) of Na,KATPase activity were: Cd+2, 0.6microM; Pb+2, 2.1microM; & Mn+2, approximately 3 millimolar. Dixon plots of the data showed that equilibrium binding of Cd+2, Pb+2, & Mn+2 to Na,KATPase occurred at the sites where the enzyme's activity was inhibited. Simultaneous treatment of SPMs with Cd+2 & Mn+2 or Pb+2 & Mn+2 caused a synergistic inhibition of Na,KATPase activity. Simultaneous treatment with Cd+2 & Pb+2, however, caused an additive inhibition of Na,KATPase activity. Simultaneous treatment of SPMs with Cd+2 + Pb+2 inhibited MgATPase activity antagonistically. Simultaneous treatment with Cd+2 plus Mn+2 or Pb+2 plus Mn+2 additively inhibited MgATPase activity at a Mn+2 concn of 10.0microM, but antagonistically inhibited MgATPase activity at 100.0microM Mn+2. The authors conclude that the mechanisms for Cd+2 & Pb+2 inhibition of Na,KATPase activity are similar. Cd+2 & Pb+2 appear to be competing for the same set of inhibitory binding sites. The observed effects of Cd+2 & Pb+2 on Na,KATPase activity are consistent with their toxicological properties.

Levels of dopamine (DA), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), noradrenaline (NA), glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (AA), dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) & uric acid (UA) were determined in the striatum &/or in the brainstem of 3-month-old male Wistar rats after subchronic oral exposure to MnCl2 (20 mg kg-1 daily) alone or associated to buthionine (S,R)sulphoximine-ethyl ester (BSO-E), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis. The NA, DA, DOPAC, GSH & glutathione disulphide (GSSG) concentrations were also determined in PC12 cells incubated with Mn alone or associated with either BSO-E or AA. When PC12 cells were incubated with AA, cellular AA & DHAA concns were also determined. It was found that BSO-E: (a) decr GSH levels in the striatum & in the brainstem; (b) potentiated the Mn-induced incr in AA oxidation & uric acid formation in both brain regions; & (c) potentiated the Mn-induced DA & NA depletion in the brainstem. Moreover, the changes in striatal DA metab induced by the BSO-E association with Mn (decr in DA, DOPAC & HVA levels & in the DOPAC + HVA/DA ratio) are consistent with the hypothesis of a loss of dopaminergic neurons. In PC12 cells, BSO-E decr GSH & GSSG levels & potentiated the Mn-induced decr- in DA & NA concns. On the contrary, AA antagonized the Mn-induced DA & NA depletion. AA antagonized also the Mn- & MN+BSO-induced decr in PC12 cells viability. In conclusion, the impairment of neuronal antioxidant system activity plays a permissive role in the oxidative stress-mediated Mn neurotoxicity.

Manganese concentrates in the ventral mesencephalon of male Sprague-Dawley rats after intrathecal administration of MnCl2. We tested the hypothesis that Mn concn in the CNS, particularly in the ventral mesencephalon, is decreased by inhibiting dopamine reuptake using cocaine or by decreasing dopamine concns using reserpine. The intrathecal admin of Mn (250 mug Mn/rat as MnCl2) caused the Mn concn in the ventral mesencephalon to incr f ministration. Cocaine or reserpine decr the Mn concn in the ventral mesencephalon, occipital pole, frontal lobe & caudate putamen but did not change the Mn concn in the cerebellum. The results indicate that the mechanism(s) by which Mn is concentrated in many brain regions can be inhibited by cocaine, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, or by reserpine, a dopamine depleter, & suggest that the Mn concn in the CNS is related to dopamine reuptake &/or concn.

MANGANESE CHLORIDE DOSE DEPENDENT DEPRESSION OF PROLIFERATION WITH DECR MITOTIC RATE, INCR RELEASE OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE, DECR DNA SYNTH & COLONY FORMING ABILITY IN HELA & EMBRYONIC DIPLOID FIBROBLAST CELLS WERE OBSERVED.

... ONE DIABETIC MAN CONSISTENTLY DEVELOPED HYPOGLYCEMIA AFTER INGESTING ... 3 TO 5 MG OF MANGANESE CHLORIDE.

MnCl2 induced manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) expression (mRNA, immunoreactive protein, & enzyme activity) in human breast cancer Hs578T cells. The induction of MnSOD immunoreactive protein in Hs578T cells was inhibited by tiron (a metal chelator and superoxide scavenger), pyruvate (a hydrogen peroxide scavenger), or 2-deoxy-D-glucose (DG, an inhibitor of glycolysis & the hexose monophosphate shunt), but not by 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide (a superoxide scavenger), N-ac demonstrate that Mn can induce MnSOD expression in cultured human breast cancer cells. Mn also induced apoptosis & necrosis in these cells. Since inhibitors of Mn-induced MnSOD induction did not affect cell viability, MnSOD induction is probably not the cause of the Mn-induced cell killing.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcription is an error-prone process with an overall mutation rate of approximately 3.4 x 10(-5)/base /replication cycle. This rate can be modulated by changes in different components of the retrotranscription reaction. In particular, in vitro substitution of magnesium cations (Mg2+) by manganese cations (Mn2+) has been shown to incr misincorporation of deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) & to alter substrate specificity. Here, it is shown that Mn2+ also incr the HIV mutation rate ex vivo. Treatment of permissive cells with Mn2+ & subsequent HIV infection resulted in at least 6-fold & 10-fold incr in the mutant & mutation frequencies respectively, thus illustrating a further example of how to influence HIV genetic variation.

... EVIDENCE OF INJURY /TO NERVOUS SYSTEM WAS FOUND/ FROM SC INJECTIONS OF MANGANESE CHLORIDE TO DOGS /WHICH REVEALED/ DAMAGE OF GANGLIONIC CELLS AND PROLIFERATION OF CELLS OF VASCULAR WALLS.

... PRINCIPAL INJURY TO RABBITS GIVEN 3.5 MG AS MANGANESE CHLORIDE IV DAILY FOR 32 DAYS WAS OBSERVED IN LIVER /INCLUDED/ CONGESTION OF BLOOD VESSELS, THROMBOSIS OF CENTRAL VEIN & FATTY DEGENERATION. A FEW ANIMALS ALSO SHOWED FOCI OF NECROSIS AND INFILTRATION WITH LEUKOCYTES AND LYMPHOCYTES.

REPEATED IP INJECTIONS OF MANGANESE CHLORIDE INTO MONKEYS FOR 18 MONTHS RESULTED IN CHARACTERISTIC /MANGANESE/ LESIONS OF BASAL ... /GANGLION/; ANIMALS EXHIBITED CHOREIFORM MOVEMENTS & LATER, RIGIDITY OF MUSCLES, DISTURBANCES IN MOTILITY, TREMORS, AND CONTRACTIONS OF HANDS. HISTOLOGICAL EXAM REVEALED MARKED CHANGES IN CORPUS STRIATUM & IN GLOBUS PALLIDUS OF LENTICULAR NUCLEUS, DEGENERATIVE CHANGES IN CAUDATE AND STRIATE NUCLEI, & CHANGES IN LARGE GANGLION CELLS OF CORTEX AND BASAL GANGLIA, IN ADDITION TO ACUTE HEPATITIS AND LIVER NECROSIS.

... /MARKED CHANGES IN CORPUS STRIATUM & GLOBUS PALLIDUS OF LENTICULAR NUCLEUS, DEGENERATIVE CHANGES IN CAUDATE & STRIATE NUCLEI, LARGE CORTICAL GANGLION CELLS & BASAL GANGLIA AS SEEN IN MONKEYS/ HAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN BRAINS OF DOGS FOLLOWING REPEATED SC INJECTIONS & IN RABBITS AFTER REPEATED, LARGE ORAL DOSES.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for MANGANESE CHLORIDE (47 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Manganese and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in severe respiratory distress. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors for hypotension with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Manganese and related compounds/

LD50 Guinea pig oral 400-810 mg/kg /From table/

LD50 Mouse oral 275-450 mg/kg /From table/

LD50 Rat oral 250-275 mg/kg /From table/

LD50 Mouse oral 275-450 mg/kg /from table/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for MANGANESE CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).

Manganese chloride in nutrients and/or dietary supplements is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practices.

Trace minerals added to animal feeds. These substances added to animal feeds as nutritional dietary supplements are generally recognized as safe when added at levels consistent with good feeding practice. Element: Manganese; Source compound: manganese chloride. (All substances listed may be in anhydrous or hydrated form.)

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Manganese chloride is included on this list.

... Substances for which a Federal Register notice has been published that included consideration of the serious health effects, including cancer, form ambient air exposure to the substance. Manganese (50 FR 32627; Aug. 13, 1985) is included on this list. /Manganese/

(IL) ILLINOIS 150 ug/l /Manganese/

(NC) NORTH CAROLINA 50 ug/l /Manganese/

(NY) NEW YORK 300 ug/l /Manganese/

(CT) CONNECTICUT 500 ug/l /Manganese/

(ME) MAINE 200 ug/l /Manganese/

(MN) MINNESOTA 300 ug/L /Manganese/

Significant incr in activity of L-tyrosine hydroxylase in neostriatum, midbrain & hypocampus of rats 1 mo after chronic oral doses of manganese chloride. Augmentated enzymatic activity persisted in neostriatum, midbrain & hypothalamus on 3rd mo & remained elevated only in neostriatum on 6th mo.

A study was carried out to investigate whether metallothionein can be induced in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes by heavy metals and organic chemicals. The cells were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley-rats after a single pass perfusion of the liver with collagenase-II. The metallothionein concentration was determined by a cadmium/hemoglobin radioassay procedure. The following compounds were tested: cadmium chloride; mercuric chloride; nickel chloride; cobalt chloride; lead acetate; manganese chloride; zinc chloride; sodium vanadate; ethanol; urethane; L-2-oxothiozolidine-4-carboxylate (L-OTCA); and dexamethasone. The cells were incubated for 48 hours with the chemical compounds in concentrations of less than 1.5 percent of the volume of the culture medium. In addition to monitoring the levels of metallothionein, the viability of the cells was assessed by measuring the protein synthesis activity and the cellular potassium ion concentration. ZnCl2 caused a 22 fold increase in the concentration of metallothionein, the mercury compound a 6.4 fold increase, and cadmium, cobalt and nickel compounds as well as dexamethasone caused two to four fold increases. The other compounds caused no changes. The authors conclude that those chemicals which cause metallothionein increases in-vitro should be classified as direct acting inducers while those that cause increases in-vivo should be classified as indirect acting inducers.

ONLY 28% OF ORAL DOSE /OF 1 MG OF MANGANESE CHLORIDE CONTAINING 0.1 MICROCURIE OF (54)MANGANESE/MG OF MANGANESE ADMIN TO RAT/ WAS DISTRIBUTED TO TISSUES ... LIVER IS PREFERENTIAL SITE OF ACCUMULATION.

... IN 17 HUMANS EXPOSED TO A NEBULIZED SOLN OF MANGANESE CHLORIDE ... 40-70% OF DEPOSITED AMT WAS RECOVERED IN FECES.

... /IT WAS/ FOUND THAT 11 NORMAL INDIVIDUALS ... ABSORBED AN AVG OF 3% OF A DOSE OF 200 UG MANGANESE CHLORIDE LABELLED WITH (54)-MN. /FROM OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE/ IN 6 HEALTHY MINERS, 6 WORKERS WITH SIGNS OF MANGANESE POISONING & 13 ANEMIC SUBJECTS ABSORPTION WAS 3, 4 & 7.5%, RESPECTIVELY.

DAILY IP INJECTIONS OF MANGANESE CHLORIDE (2.2 MG/KG) FOR 120 DAYS TO RATS RESULTED IN INCR IN MANGANESE CONTENT OF CEREBRUM, CEREBELLUM & REST OF BRAIN BY 37, 55 & 135%, RESPECTIVELY.

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for MANGANESE CHLORIDE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Use in dyeing, disinfecting, purifying natural gas, and drying linseed oil and paints; Also used in electric batteries, catalysts, pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, feed additives, dietary supplements, and corrosion-resistant magnesium alloys; [HSDB]

Battery Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

In dyeing (manganese bister); disinfecting; purifying natural gas; linseed oil drier; in electric batteries

Catalyst in the chlorination of organic compounds, paint drier, pharmaceutical preparation, fertilizer compositions, feed additive, dietary supplement.

Use in magnesium purification.

Dry cell manufacture, preparation of hard and corrosion-resistant magnesium alloys, synthesis of methylcyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl and brick coloring.

Manganese metal or ferromanganese is chlorinated at 700-1000 °C to make anhydrous manganese chloride.

Industrial preparation of manganese chloride is based either on the reaction of aqueous hydrochloric acid with manganese(IV) oxide ore, manganese(II) oxide, manganese carbonate, or on direct chlorination of manganese metal or ferromanganese...

Grades: chemically pure; anhydrous

Manganese chloride: 43% Mn, water soluble, flakes.