Ferrous Chloride

Metals -> Metals, Inorganic Compounds

Corrosives

1.93 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

SP GR: 3.16 @ 25 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 3.2

3.16 @25 °C

WHITE RHOMBOHEDRAL CRYSTALS; MAY SOMETIMES HAVE A GREEN TINT.

HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS

FREELY SOL IN WATER, ALCOHOL ACETONE; SLIGHTLY SOL IN BENZENE; PRACTICALLY INSOL IN ETHER.

SOL IN 100 CC ALC: 64.4 G @ 10 °C, 105.7 G @ 100 °C.

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 62.5 (good)

1023 °C

1023 °C

1023 °C @760 [mm Hg]

[ACGIH] 674 °C

674 °C

674 °C

676 °C

10 MM HG @ 700 °C

10 [mm Hg] @700 °C

Ferrous chloride is a greenish white crystalline solid. It is soluble in water. It is noncombustible. It is used in sewage treatment, in dyeing of fabrics, and for many other uses.

Ferrous chloride, solution is the greenish-white crystalline solid dissolved in water. It is corrosive to metals and tissue. It is used in dyeing, in medicine, and sewage treatment.

Liquid

White to white-green crystals; [NIOSH] Highly hygroscopic white solid (may have a green tint); Soluble in water; [Merck Index] Light green odorless solid; [CHRIS] Off-white odorless powder; [Alfa Aesar MSDS]

WHITE-TO-LIGHT-GREEN HYGROSCOPIC CRYSTALS.

CAN BE SUBLIMED IN A STREAM OF HCL @ ABOUT 700 °C; VERY HYGROSCOPIC.

Readily oxidized; deliquescent

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 3.1% (10 of 318) of reports.

Danger

H290 (60.7%): May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]

P234, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P354+P338, P317, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P390, P406, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 318 reports by companies from 16 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Warning

Chemical: Iron chloride (FeCl2)

Iron chloride (FeCl2) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Iron chloride (FeCl2) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 13-02-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15494

Iron (II) chloride: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Corrosive

Corrosive

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Irritating hydrogen chloride fumes may form in fire. (USCG, 1999)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

· Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.

· Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.

Not combustible.

Inhalation of dust irritates nose and throat. Ingestion causes irritation of mouth and stomach. Dust irritates eyes and may cause skin irritation on prolonged contact. (USCG, 1999)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.

· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.

Toxic by ingestion: 10 tablets (0.3 g Fe/tablet) causes mild illness in children; 20 tablets cause severe intoxication; Mortality rate was 1% in 474 acute iron poisoning cases; [ACGIH] Corrosive to skin; [Quick CPC] An irritant that may cause liver injury; [Merck Index] A skin, eye, nose, and throat irritant; [CHRIS] Causes burns; Harmful by ingestion; [Alfa Aesar MSDS] See Iron salts, soluble.

1759 154

1760 154

Bottled water shall, when a composite of analytical units of equal volume from a sample is examined by the methods described in paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section, meet the standards of chemical quality and shall not contain chloride in excess of 250 mg/l. /Chloride/

Bottled water shall, when a composite of analytical units of equal volume from a sample is examined by the methods described in paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section, meet the standards of chemical quality and shall not contain iron in excess of 0.3 mg/l. /Iron/

Iron reduced used as a dietary supplement in food for human consumption is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice. /Iron reduced/

Iron reduced used as a nutrient and/or dietary supplement in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice. /Iron reduced/

Reducing Agents, Strong

Reducing Agents, Strong

Alkali metal hydroxides, acids, anhydrous chlorides of iron, tin, and aluminum, pure oxides of iron and aluminum, and metallic potassium are some of the catalysts that may cause ethylene oxide to rearrange and polymerize, liberating heat, [J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 68:179(1949)].

Inorganic reducing agents, such as FERROUS CHLORIDE, react with oxidizing agents to generate heat and products that may be flammable, combustible, or otherwise reactive. Their reactions with oxidizing agents may be violent.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

INHALATION: move to fresh air.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

General First Aid:

General First Aid:

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

IN GENERAL, MATERIALS ... TOXIC AS STORED OR WHICH CAN DECOMP INTO TOXIC COMPONENTS ... SHOULD BE STORED IN COOL ... VENTILATED PLACE, OUT OF ... SUN, AWAY FROM ... FIRE HAZARD ... BE PERIODICALLY INSPECTED & MONITORED. INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS SHOULD BE ISOLATED ... .

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

All ... /iron/ prepn should be kept in child-proof bottles. /Iron prepn/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

Immediate precautionary measure

Immediate precautionary measure

Rats were treated ip with ferrous chloride expired ethane which incr with increasing doses of iron. The same amt of ethane was expired by animals exposed to 20% or 100% oxygen. The mobilization by ferrous chloride of stored ethane from the body was excluded. Propane expiration was also stimulated by ferrous treatment, whereas n-pentane expiration could not be detected. The treatment of rats with ferrous chloride 30 min after giving carbon tetrachloride resulted in a 2-5-fold incr in ethane, propane, and n-pentane expiration, the total amounts depending on the oxygen concentration in the respired air. This incr was due, to a minor extent, to ferrous chloride initiated alkane formation. Thus, in vivo iron(2+), besides its ability to initiate lipid peroxidation, influences the carbon tetrachloride induced lipid peroxidation process.

The effect of di- and trivalent iron on the intestinal absorption of aluminum (Al) was studied in an in situ perfusion system of rat small intestine in combination with systemic and portal blood sampling. The small intestine of female Wistar rats (6 animals/group) was perfused with media containing 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, and 25.0 mmol/l Al as aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3.6H2O), with or without 5 mmol/l ferrous chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2.4H2O) or ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3.6H2O) for 60 min. The disappearance of Al or Fe from the perfusion medium, which is a measure for uptake from the intestinal lumen, was calculated. After perfusion, samples of small intestine were collected. Control tissue samples were taken from a rat perfused with saline for 60 min and from a nonperfused rat. In the rats perfused with Al and/or Fe there was no morphological damage to the intestinal wall compared with the saline and nonperfused controls. It was shown that Fe(II) enhanced the uptake of Al from about 30 min of perfusion onward, with all concentrations of Al perfusion media tested. /Ferrous chloride tetrahydrate/

The addition of iron as ferrous chloride or ferric chloride at 10 ppm (approximately 50% of endogenous concentrations) doubles the mutagenic activity of beef extracts. Iron, which can be released by denaturation of heme protein, therefore, can modulate the formation of mutagens in beef during cooking.

Sore throat. Burning sensation.

Redness.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Burns.

Sore throat. Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting. Diarrhoea.

Diagnosis of iron intraocular foreign body has usually been based on x-ray demonstration of an opaque foreign body by establishing that the foreign body can be made to move with a magnet, but in some instances either one or both of these diagnostic measures are inconclusive, yet clinical findings suggestive of siderosis indicate that there may be an intraocular iron foreign body. To help establish the diagnosis, analysis of the aqueous humor for iron, to detect an abnormally high content, has proven useful in a few cases. Also as a help in diagnosis, particularly in eyes where surgery for cataract is required, histologic staining of an excised piece of iris or analysis of the lens for iron has been helpful diagnostically. However, to make a definite diagnosis on the basis of histologic examination it is essential to rule out hemosiderosis, which can be produced by persistent intraocular hemorrhage, because the histologic findings and iron staining are indistinguishable in these two conditions. ... /Iron/

Inhalation of dust irritates nose & throat. Ingestion causes irritation of mouth & stomach. Dust irritates eyes & may cause skin irritation on prolonged contact.

A fatal case of iron toxicity developed in a worker who fell into a vat of ferrous chloride. Absorption has occurred through aspiration, ingestion, and burned skin.

LARGE CHRONIC DOSES OF IRON MAY SO INTERFERE WITH ASSIMILATION OF PHOSPHORUS AS TO CAUSE SEVERE RICKETS IN INFANTS. /IRON SALTS/

Large amounts of ferrous salts of iron are toxic but, in adults, fatalities are rare and almost exclusively suicidal. Most deaths occur in childhood and particularly between the age of 12 & 24 months ... . As little as 1 to 2 g of iron may cause death, but 2 to 10 g is usually ingested in fatal cases. /Iron & iron salts/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for FERROUS CHLORIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

DNA REPAIR-DEFICIENT BACTERIAL TESTS: NEGATIVE.

DAILY ADMIN OF ... 0.2 TO 0.8 G ... TO DOGS PRODUCED NO NOTEWORTHY PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES.

LONG TERM EFFECTS OF INTRACORTICAL IMPLANTATION OF FERROUS CHLORIDE ON ELECTROCORTICOGRAM WERE STUDIED IN CATS & GUINEA PIGS. FOCAL EPILEPTIFORM PAROXYSMAL DISCHARGES DEVELOPED AFTER IMPLANTATION. LESIONS WERE CHARACTERIZED BY VARYING DEGREES OF CELL LOSS, IRON DEPOSITION & GLIAL PROLIFERATION.

WHEN INJECTED INTO RAT ISOCORTEX IN 5 UL VOL AS AQ SOLN WITH CONCN OF 100 MMOL, BURSTS OF EPILEPTIFORM DISCHARGES WERE SUSTAINED THROUGHOUT 6 WK OBSERVATION. NISSL & GOLGI-COX STAINS SHOWED GLIOSIS & NEURONAL LOSS WITHIN INJECTION SITE. NEURONS ADJACENT TO CAVITORY LESION SHOWED DEFORMITY OF DENDRITES, DENDRITIC NODULARITY, LOSS OF SPINES, & STRING-OF-BEADS DEFORMITY. THESE CHANGES ARE IDENTICAL TO THOSE FOUND IN HUMAN EPILEPTOGENIC FOCI.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for FERROUS CHLORIDE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Desferrioxamine is a hydroxylamine isolated as the iron chelate of Streptomyces pilosus and is used clinically in the metal-free form. It has a remarkable affinity for ferric iron and a low affinity for calcium and competes effectively for iron in ferritin and hemosiderin but not transferrin, or the iron in hemoglobin or heme-containing enzymes. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract so it must be given parenterally. Clinical usefulness is limited by a variety of toxic effects including hypotension, skin rashes, and possibly cataract formation. It seems to be more effective in hemosiderosis due to blood transfusion but is less effective in treatment of hemochromatosis. /Iron/

Thalassemia patients have received deferoxamine, 425 mg/kg intravenously over 24 hours (ie, 16 g), without complications. Intravenous doses of 125 mg/kg each day for a number of days might /cause/ blindness and visual field defects which improved on withdrawal. Long-term deferoxamine therapy may cause cataracts, cone and rod dysfunction, and dyschromatopsia, particularly in patients with renal dysfunction. Rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with deferoxamine doses as low as 15 g over a week have developed retinal damage. Flushing, urticaria, and rarely cases of anaphylactic reactions may occur possibly because of histamine release. The most common toxic reactions include gastrointestinal distress and hypotension. Doses of 0.75 mg/kg/min produce hypotension which usually responds to reduced infusion rates and fluid challenges. Vasopressors may be necessary. Rapid desensitization protocols have been developed for sensitized patients with serious iron toxicity. Since the ferrioxamine complex is renally excreted, deferoxamine should be used cautiously in patients with compromised renal function. Deferoxamine has been administered to pregnant women without adverse effects to the developing child, and, conversely, a pregnant mother died of iron poisoning (serum iron, 1700 mg/dl) after deferoxamine was withheld. /Iron/

The standard bicarbonate solution (1 ml (mEq/ml)/kg administered after lavage or emesis) may be the only oral solution necessary in most cases. Whether this solution significantly decreases iron absorption remains controversial; conventional antacids may be an equally safe alternative. However, in severe ingestions the addition of 5 to 10 g of deferoxamine may be theoretically helpful at the end of lavage. All potentially serious iron ingestions should receive an abdominal x-ray, and the decontamination procedures should be replaced if the upright abdominal film shows retained tablets. The use of undiluted sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution (Fleets Phosphasoda Enema) has caused severe hypernatremia and hypocalcemia. This solution appears less efficacious in vitro than bicarbonate in complexing free iron. Even after lavage with either phosphate or bicarbonate, large amounts of iron remain free in solution based on in vitro studies. /Iron/

Bottled water shall, when a composite of analytical units of equal volume from a sample is examined by the methods described in paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section, meet the standards of chemical quality and shall not contain chloride in excess of 250 mg/l. /Chloride/

Bottled water shall, when a composite of analytical units of equal volume from a sample is examined by the methods described in paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section, meet the standards of chemical quality and shall not contain iron in excess of 0.3 mg/l. /Iron/

Iron reduced used as a dietary supplement in food for human consumption is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice. /Iron reduced/

Iron reduced used as a nutrient and/or dietary supplement in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice. /Iron reduced/

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

(IL) ILLINOIS 1000 ug/l /Iron/

(NC) NORTH CAROLINA 300 ug/l /Iron/

B - Blood and blood forming organs

QB - Blood and blood forming organs

IRON IS AN ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT FOR MAMMALS, SINCE IRON IS INVOLVED IN A NUMBER OF PHYSIOLOGIC REACTIONS. /IRON SALTS/

STATE OF DEFICIENCY: IRON DEFICIENCY IS CHARACTERIZED BY ANEMIA, STUNTED GROWTH, FATIGUE, LOWERED RESISTANCE TO INFECTION, ANOREXIA & DEATH. /IRON SALTS/

IN CELL FE++ ... CONVERTED TO FE+++ IN FERRITIN. NO IRON ABSORPTION AS FERRITIN OCCURS UNTIL CELL IS PHYSIOLOGICALLY "DEPLETED." FE, HOWEVER, IS WITHDRAWN FROM FERRITIN AS FE++ AS NEED ARISES. FE RELEASED DIRECTLY INTO BLOOD STREAM ... QUICKLY OXIDIZED BY DISSOLVED O2 TO FE+++ WHICH COMPLEXES WITH SPECIFIC FE-TRANSPORT B1-GLOBULIN ... . /IRON IONS/

ORAL ABSORPTION OF IRON IS VERY COMPLICATED & INTESTINAL MUCOSA IS PRINCIPAL SITE FOR LIMITING ABSORPTION ... IN THIS HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISM DIVALENT FORM IS ABSORBED INTO GI MUCOSA & CONVERTED TO TRIVALENT FORM & ATTACHED TO FERRITIN. ... /WHICH/ PASSES INTO BLOODSTREAM & IS THEN CONVERTED TO TRANSFERRIN WHERE THE IRON REMAINS IN THE TRIVALENT FORM OR IS TRANSPORTED TO THE LIVER OR SPLEEN FOR STORAGE AS FERRITIN OR HEMOSIDERIN. IRON HAS BEEN SHOWN TO CROSS PLACENTA & CONCENTRATE IN FETUS. ... WITH INCREASES IN IRON BEYOND PHYSIOLOGIC LIMITS, MOST IS EXCRETED IN FECES, BUT SMALL AMT MAY ACCUM. SOME IRON MAY BE EXCRETED VIA THE BILE. IN CASES OF OVERLOAD, IRON IS EXCRETED IN THE URINE, & THE PRESENCE OF HIGH URINARY IRON CONCN IS INDICATIVE OF EXCESSIVE IRON. /IRON SALTS/

The body store of iron is divided between iron-containing cmpd that are essential and those in which excess iron is held in storage. ... Hemoglobin dominates the essential fraction. ... The two predominant sites of iron storage are the reticuloendothelial system and the hepatocytes, although some storage also occurs in muscle ... . Internal exchange of iron is accomplished by the plasma protein transferrin. ... About 80% of the iron in plasma goes to the erythroid marrow to be packaged into new erythrocytes; these normally circulate for about 120 days before being catabolized by the reticuloendothelium. At that time a portion of the iron is immediately returned to the plasma bound to transferrin, while another portion is incorporated into the ferritin stores of the reticuloendothelial cell and is returned to the circulation more gradually. /Iron & iron salts/

The most remarkable feature of iron metabolism in man is the degree to which the body store is conserved. Only 10% of the total is lost per year from normal men, that is, about 1 mg per day ... . Two thirds of this iron is excreted from the GI tract as extravasated red cells, iron in bile, and iron in exfoliated mucosal cells. The other third is accounted for by small amounts of iron in desquamated skin and in the urine. ... The biochemical nature of the absorptive process is understood only in general terms ... . After acidification and partial digestion of food in the stomach, its content of iron is presented to the intestinal mucosa as either inorganic or heme iron. These fractions are taken up by the absorptive cells of the duodenum and upper small intestine, and the iron is either transported directly into the plasma or is stored as mucosal ferritin. ... Normal absorption is about 1 mg per day in the adult male and 1.4 mg per day in the adult female. /Iron & iron salts/

Substantial amounts of many metals are excreted in the sweat, including ... iron. ... The potential exists, depending on sweat rates and acclimatization, for substantial losses of these metals in sweat. /Iron salts/

Used as a reducing agent, a mordant in textile dyeing, a sludge dewatering agent in sewage treatment, in metallurgy, as a hot bath in iron plating, and to make pharmaceuticals and ferric chloride; [HSDB] Found in nature as the mineral lawrencite; [Merck Index]

Painting (Pigments, Binders, and Biocides) [Category: Paint]

IN METALLURGY; REDUCING AGENT; IN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPNS; MORDANT IN DYEING.

MANUFACTURE OF FERRIC CHLORIDE; SEWAGE TREATMENT.

USED AS A HOT BATH IN IRON PLATING BATHS TO YIELD A MORE DUCTILE DEPOSIT.

Coagulants like ferric and ferrous chloride ... are added /to sludge/, chemically react in the sludge and improve dewatering /which is critical to cost control/. ... Typical dosages of ... ferrous chloride for primary dry sludge are 1-2% for fresh solids and 1.5-3.5% for digested solids.

Grades or purity: Technical; 35% soln in water. /Ferrous chloride tetrahydrate/

99.5 AND 99.99% PURITY GRADES AVAILABLE

All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing

Iron chloride (FeCl2): ACTIVE

SUGAR, GLYCERIN, & MANY ORG HYDROXY ACIDS HINDER PPT. IN NEUTRAL SOLN, SOL CARBONATES, PHOSPHATES, & OXALATES PRODUCE PPT. /FERROUS SALTS/