Antimontrichlorid

Acrid pugent odor

Sharp, unpleasant

3.14 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

3.14 g/cu cm

Yellow to reddish-brown, clear, somewhat oily, strongly caustic liquid. Density: 1.5 /Antimony trichloride solution/

3.14 g/cm³

3.14 @25 °C

Colorless orthorhombic crystals

Orhtorhombic, deliquescent needles from carbon disulfide or by sublimation at 100 °C

Colorless, transparent crystalline mass

Yellow semi-solid mass

In water, 987 g/100 g water at 25 °C

Soluble in acid, ethanol, benzene, acetone

Soluble in alcohol, chloroform (about 22%), benzene, acetone, carbon disulfide, dioxane, carbon tetrachloride (1.1 molar), ether

Insoluble in pyridine, quinoline, other organic bases

1 gram dissolves in 10.1 mL water at 25 °C. ... Considerably more soluble in HCl

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 10

433 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

220.3 °C

223.5 °C

220.3 °C @760 [mm Hg]

Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions. - Hydrogen chloride gas, Antimony oxide

When heated to decomp, it emits very toxic fumes of chlorine and antimony.

163 °F (USCG, 1999)

73.4 °C

73 °C

73.4 °C

1 mm Hg at 49.2 °C (sublimes)

Vapor pressure, Pa at 49 °C: 133

1 [mm Hg] @49.2 °C

Antimony trichloride is a colorless crystalline solid. It is shipped as a solid or liquid solution. It is decomposed slowly by water to hydrochloric acid and antimony oxychloride. Antimony oxychloride is soluble in hydrochloric acid but insoluble in water. It is corrosive to metals and tissue.

Colorless solid; Very hygroscopic; [Hawley] Solution: Yellow to reddish-brown liquid; [Merck Index] Off-white crystalline solid; [MSDSonline]

COLOURLESS HYGROSCOPIC CRYSTALS WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Danger

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]；H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P264, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P363, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

Chemical: Stibine, trichloro-

Status: Active Update: 29-09-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/12123；Status: Active Update: 28-09-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/25263

Antimony (III) chloride: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic and irritating antimony oxide and hydrogen chloride may form in fires. (USCG, 1999)

· Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.；· UN1802, UN2032, UN3084, UN3093, UN1796 (above 50%), UN1826 (above 50%), and UN2031 (above 65%) may act as oxidizers. Also consult GUIDE 140.；· Vapors may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars, etc.).；· Substance may react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases and runoff.；· Corrosives in contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.；· Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.

Not combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

Inhalation of small amounts may cause only irritation of the nose, throat and air passages; large exposures result in severe air-passage irritation. Ingestion causes vomiting, purging with bloody stools, slow pulse and low blood pressure; slow, shallow breathing; coma and convulsions sometimes followed by death. Contact with eyes causes severe eye burns or at least severe eye irritation. Contact of dry chemical with skin may result in deep chemical burns. (USCG, 1999)

· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death.；· Reaction with water or moist air may release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases.；· Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air.；· Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.；· Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause environmental contamination.

A corrosive substance that can cause injury to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract; Can cause pulmonary edema; May have adverse effects on the heart; [ICSC] Causes myocardial degeneration and death in feeding studies of rats for 10 days at 135 mg/kg; [HSDB] Reacts violently with water; A corrosive substance that can cause injury to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract; Inhalation may cause chemical pneumonitis; [MSDSonline] See Antimony and linked occupational diseases.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:；Note: Some foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.；SMALL FIRE: CO2 (except for Cyanides), dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.；LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.；FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.；· Keep unauthorized personnel away.；· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.；· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.；· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.；· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.；· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.；· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.；· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.；· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.；· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.；Small Spill；· Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.；· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

INHALATION: move victim at once to fresh air and keep him warm, but not hot; call a physician immediately; nasal passages may be irrigated from a gently flowing hose.；INGESTION: induce vomiting by giving large quantities of warm salt water; have a physician see the patient at once.；EYES: flush with copious amounts of water for at least 15 min.; call a physician at once.；SKIN: flush with large quantities of flowing water followed by washing of skin surfaces with soap and water; remove all contaminated clothing promptly. (USCG, 1999)

General First Aid:；· Call 911 or emergency medical service.；· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.；· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.；· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.；· If victim is not breathing:；-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.；-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).；-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.；· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.；· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.；· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.；· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.；· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.；· Keep victim calm and warm.；· Keep victim under observation.；· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.；· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.；Specific First Aid:；· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).；· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.；· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES; Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:；ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.；SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Dissolve in minimum hydrochloric acid percent concentrated reagent. Filter if necessary. Dilute with water until white precipitates form. ... Add just enough 6 M HCl to redissolve. Saturate with hydrogen sulfide. Filter, wash the precipitate, dry, package, and ship to the supplier.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Following oral exposure to antimony, administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Following inhalation exposure, move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. In case of eye exposure, irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. Following dermal exposure, remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. A physician may need to examine the area if irritation or pain persists. (T36)

Dermal exposure to antimony can cause antimony spots (papules and pustules around sweat and sebaceous glands). Antimony poisoning can also lead to pneumoconiosis. Alterations in pulmonary function and other effects including chronic bronchitis, chronic emphysema, inactive tuberculosis, pleural adhesions, and irritation can result from inhalation of antimony. Increased blood pressure can also result from antimony poisoning. Myocardial depression, vasodilation and fluid loss may cause shock with hypotension, electrolyte disturbances and acute renal failure. Cerebral oedema, coma, convulsions, and death are possible. (L741)

LC50; Species: Macrobrachium nipponense (Oriental River Shrimp) age 17 wk adult, total length 1.2 cm; Conditions: freshwater, renewal, 24 °C, pH 7.4-8.1, hardness 38-45 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 7.0-7.7 mg/L; Concentration: 6748 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 5278-7950 ug/L) /> or =99% purity/

LC50; Species: Macrobrachium nipponense (Oriental River Shrimp) age 17 wk adult, total length 1.2 cm; Conditions: freshwater, renewal, 24 °C, pH 7.4-8.1, hardness 38-45 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 7.0-7.7 mg/L; Concentration: 10083 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 8736-11378 ug/L) /> or =99% purity/

LC50; Species: Macrobrachium nipponense (Oriental River Shrimp) age 4 wk juvenile, total length 0.42 cm; Conditions: freshwater, renewal, 24 °C, pH 7.4-8.1, hardness 38-45 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 7.0-7.7 mg/L; Concentration: 2240 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 1649-3046 ug/L) /> or =99% purity/

LC50; Species: Macrobrachium nipponense (Oriental River Shrimp) age 4 wk juvenile, total length 0.42 cm; Conditions: freshwater, renewal, 24 °C, pH 7.4-8.1, hardness 38-45 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 7.0-7.7 mg/L; Concentration: 1635 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 1271-2103 ug/L) /> or =99% purity/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Antimony trichloride (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.；Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.；Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.；IARC Carcinogen - Class 2: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

Inhalation (L741) ;oral (L741) ; dermal (L741)

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Antimony trichloride (SbCl3) is a colorless, a yellow solid, or a semi-solid mass. Antimony trichloride is used in matches, as a catalyst or as a component of catalysts to effect polymerization of hydrocarbons and to chlorinate olefins. It is also used in hydrocracking of coal and heavy hydrocarbons, as an analytical reagent for chloral, aromatic hydrocarbons and vitamin A, and in the microscopic identification of drugs. Liquid SbCl3 is used as a nonaqueous solvent. It is used as a veterinary medication. HUMAN STUDIES: Severe burns of cornea caused by exposure to high concentration of vapor, and destruction of cornea and conjunctiva has resulted from contact with solution of antimony trichloride in hydrochloric acid. Acute respiratory exposure to antimony trichloride (76 mg/cu m) produced irritation and soreness of the upper respiratory tract in several workers. Large exposures result in severe air-passage irritation. Ingestion causes vomiting, purging with bloody stools, slow pulse, and low blood pressure, slow, shallow breathing, coma, and convulsions sometimes followed by death. Contact of dry chemical with skin may result in deep chemical burns. Apoptosis and DNA fragmentation was not found in human cells immediately following a 4-hr SbCl3 treatment, however, an increase in calcium accumulation appeared after treatment. Treatment with antimony trichloride caused autophagy in A549 cells. ANIMAL STUDIES: In rats given orally 135 mg/kg for 10 days toxic symptoms included myocardial degeneration from which two rats died during treatment. Treatment of mice ip with 40 mg/kg of antimony trioxide daily for 28 days led to liver damage. Prenatal and/or postnatal exposure to antimony trichloride interfered with vasomotor reactivity development in rats. DNA fragmentation was detected in CHO-K1 cells after a 4-hr SbCl3 treatment. In mice, chromosomal aberrations were principally breaks and damaged cells observed from bone marrow preparations.

The inhalation data suggest that the myocardium is a target of antimony toxicity. It is possible that antimony affects circulating glucose by interfering with enzymes of the glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways. The mechanism of action of antimony remains unclear. However, some studies suggest that antimony combines with sulfhydryl groups including those in several enzymes important for tissue respiration. The antidotal action of BAL depends on its ability to prevent or break the union between antimony and vital enzymes. Moreover, the The cause of death is believed to be essentially the same as that in acute arsenic poisoning. (T18, L741, A238)

Sore throat. Cough. Burning sensation. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing. Abdominal pain.

Pain. Redness. Serious skin burns.

Pain. Redness. Severe deep burns.

Burning sensation. Abdominal cramps. Nausea. Vomiting. Shock or collapse.

Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea can result from inhalation of antimony. Dyspnea, headache, vomiting,cough, conjunctivitis, and bloody purulent discharge from nose can result from inhalation exposure. Skin or eye contact can cause pain and redness of the exposed surface. (T64, L741)

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of March 27, 2018: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

Antimony chloride (CAS # 10025-91-9) was evaluated for genotoxicity in Swiss mice (5-14/group, sex ratio unspecified) administered doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg, by oral gavage as 50% solution in DMSO. Control mice were untreated. Mice were sacrificed at 24, 48, and 72 hours post-treatment for splenectomy with respective 3,000,000 cell/ml aliquot tissue samples (suspensions in phosphate-buffered saline) dispensed for determination of splenic antimony content (mg/g spleen tissue), and rates of treatment-related DNA damage and repair. Nucleoid sedimentation, and replicative DNA-synthesis and repair incorporation of (3)H-thymidine into DNA after irradiation were evaluated. Upon neutron-activation analysis, levels of antimony chloride present in spleens of orally treated mice were found to reflect dose level. Analysis of irradiated cells disclosed an antimony-122 energy of 564 keV and a half-life of 2.7 days and antimony concentrations were found to diminish over the 3-day observation period at all treatment levels. Oral antimony chloride was associated with dose-related incidence of DNA-strand breaks. Additionally, nucleoid sedimentation illustrated more frequent fragmentation among early (24-hour) sacrifices due to declining levels of antimony in the 48- and 72-hour sacrifice groups. The degree of fragmentation was notably dose-related. Gamma-irradiation could not further enhance DNA damage to the small fragments remaining after treatment at 1.5 g/mg as it did in cells from control, low-dose and mid-dose mice. Further, the spontaneous repair of damage from gamma-irradiation noted among control, low-, and mid-dose groups was inhibited in cells from high-dose, 24-hour sacrificed mice to nearly imperceptible by nucleoid sedimentation analysis. Inhibited DNA repair following gamma-irradiation also reflected higher relative antimony levels in early (24-hour) sacrifices among the other dosage groups. Slowed incorporation of labelled thymidine confirmed slowed DNA repair in

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Acute respiratory exposure to antimony trichloride (76 mg/cu m) produced irritation and soreness of the upper respiratory tract in several workers.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Severe burns of cornea are said to have been caused by exposure to high concn of vapor, and destruction of cornea and conjunctiva has resulted from contact with soln of antimony trichloride in hydrochloric acid.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Inhalation of small amounts may cause only irritation of the nose, throat, and air passages; large exposures result in severe air-passage irritation. Ingestion causes vomiting, purging with bloody stools, slow pulse, and low blood pressure; slow, shallow breathing; coma, and convulsions sometimes followed by death. Contact with eyes causes severe eye burns or at least severe eye irritation. Contact of dry chemical with skin may result in deep chemical burns.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Occupational exposures are usually by inhalation of dust containing ... antimony trichloride ... . Effects may be acute, particularly from ... trichloride exposures, producing a rhinitis and even acute pulmonary edema.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Antimony trichloride (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Chemical: Stibine, trichloro-

Status: Active Update: 29-09-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/12123；Status: Active Update: 28-09-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/25263

Antimony (III) chloride: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Antimony compounds are included on this list. /Antimony Componds/

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Antimony trichloride is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Antimony and compounds/

Antimony is widely distributed throughout the body. The hair and skin contain the highest levels of antimony. The adrenal glands, lung, large intestine, trachea, cerebellum, and kidneys also contain relatively high levels of antimony. Blood is the main vehicle for the transport of absorbed antimony to various tissue compartments of the body. Antimony is a metal and, therefore, does not undergo catabolism. Antimony can covalently interact with sulfhydryl groups and phosphate, as well as numerous reversible binding interactions with endogenous ligands (e.g., proteins). It is not known if these interactions are toxicologically significant. Antimony is excreted via the urine and feces. Some of the fecal antimony may represent unabsorbed antimony that is cleared from the lung via mucociliary action into the esophagus to the gastrointestinal tract. (L741)

In rats exposed to antimony trichloride by inhalation, a large proportion of the body burden of antimony was recovered in blood. A couple of weeks after exposure about 10% of the body burden of antimony was found in blood, and this was a higher proportion than in any other organ. ... Rabbits and dogs intratracheally exposed to antimony trichloride had less than 1% of the blood antimony concentrations found in rats.

Inhalation exposure of rats to trivalent (124)antimony chloride showed atypical, rapid loss from lung with somewhat longer biologic half-life (100 days) in that organ after dAY 20. ... Primary sites of antimony deposition other than lung ... /were/ whole blood, spleen, heart, and other highly vascularized organs.

Used as a reagent for molecular weight determinations and identification of drugs and as a mordant, chlorinating agent, polymerization catalyst, hydrocracking agent (coal and heavy hydrocarbons), veterinary dehorning agent, and intermediate; [HSDB] Used to make antimony salts, pharmaceuticals, and fireproof textiles; [Hawley] Used for bronzing iron (especially gun barrels) and coloring zinc black, as a mordant for dyeing cloth and patent leather, and in manufacturing lakes and furniture polishes; [Merck Index]

Petroleum Production and Refining [Category: Industry]；Semiconductor Manufacturing [Category: Industry]；Leather Tanning and Processing [Category: Industry]；Textiles (Printing, Dyeing, or Finishing) [Category: Industry]

Lewis acid catalyst in organic synthesis; in making other antimony salts. As mordant; in bronzing iron.

Manufacturing lakes, ... pharmaceuticals, fireproofing textiles, analytical reagent.

Large quantities are consumed in rendering textiles, plastics, and other combustible substances flame retardant or self-extinguishing.

Used as a catalyst or as a component of catalysts to effect polymerization of hydrocarbons and to chlorinate olefins. It is also used in hydrocracking of coal and heavy hydrocarbons, as an analytical reagent for chloral, aromatic hydrocarbons and vitamin A, and in the microscopic identification of drugs. Liquid SbCl3 is used an a nonaqueous solvent.

Prepared from the elements ... .

Interaction of chlorine and antimony or by dissolving antimony sulfide in hydrochloric acid.

Antimony trichloride may be prepared by chlorination of antimony metal, Sb2O3, or Sb2S3, or by reaction of Sb2O3 with concentrated HCl.

Although manufacture from antimony metal and chlorine is expensive, it is feasible on a small scale. The best procedure is to react chlorine with antimony metal in liquid antimony trichloride or concentrated hydrochloric acid. In the first case the temperature can be as high as 200 °C. Equally good results are obtained by dissolving antimony oxides in hot, concentrated hydrochloric acid. Distillation of the crude product or its solution in strong hydrochloric acid in the presence of some metallic antimony or iron (to reduce antimony (V) and iron(III) compounds) then yields pure antimony trichloride.

Stibine, trichloro-: ACTIVE

Antimony can be trivalent or pentavalent in compounds. Both exist in antimony(IV) oxide, Sb2O4, and presumably in the deep violet haloantimonates (IV), such as Cs2(SbCl6). The pentavalent compounds, as well as most of the trivalent ones, are hydrolyzed by water to form antimony salts, e.g., SbOCl, and hydrated oxides. The only halides of antimony that have any industrial significance are the chlorides and fluorides. /Antimony compounds/