Tin atom

7.28 (NIOSH, 2024) - Denser than water; will sink

7.265 (white); 5.769 (gray)

7.2 g/cm³

5.769 @25 °C

7.28

Cubic (gray); tetragonal (white); rhomboidal (tin brittle)

Almost silver-white, lustrous soft, very malleable & ductile metal; only slightly tenacious; easily powdered; when bent emits crackling "tin cry"; brittle @ 200 °C; brinell hardness 2.9; at -40 °C crumbles to gray amorphous powder (gray tin); slowly changes back above 20 °C to white tin

Insoluble (NIOSH, 2024)

SOL IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID, SULFURIC ACID, AQUA REGIA, ALKALI; SLIGHTLY SOL IN DIL NITRIC ACID; INSOL IN WATER

Solubility in water: none

Insoluble

4545 °F at 760 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)

2507 °C

2260 °C

2602 °C @760 [mm Hg]

4545 °F

449 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

231.9 °C

Transformation temp: (beta in equilibrium with alpha) 13.2 °C

231.9 °C

231.9 °C

449 °F

0 mmHg (approx) (NIOSH, 2024)

1 Pa @ 1224 °C

0 mmHg (approx)

White TIN is an almost silver-white, ductile, malleable, lustrous solid. mp 232 °C, bp: 2507 °C. Density: 7.3 g/cm3. Pure white tin becomes non-metallic powdery gray tin if held for a sustained period at temperatures less than 13 °C.

Dry Powder; Other Solid; Other Solid; Wet Solid; Dry Powder

WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER.

Gray to almost silver-white, ductile, malleable, lustrous solid.

STABLE IN AIR, BUT WHEN IN POWDER FORM IT OXIDIZES, ESP IN PRESENCE OF MOISTURE

stablilizes <18 °C

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 72.9% (695 of 953) of all reports.

Warning

H319 (24.2%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]；H335 (23.1%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P261, P264+P265, P271, P280, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P337+P317, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 953 reports by companies from 20 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.；Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 695 of 953 reports by companies.；There are 16 notifications provided by 258 of 953 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).；Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Chemical: Tin

Hazard Traits - Bioaccumulation; Environmental Persistence；Authoritative List - OSPAR Priority Action Part A；Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

Tin is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Tin are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 10-02-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15457

Tin: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Tin:；Exposure Routes: Inhalation, skin and/or eye contact；Symptoms: Irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; In Animals: vomiting, diarrhea, paralysis with muscle twitching；Target Organs: Eyes, skin, respiratory system (NIOSH, 2024)

TIN is a reducing agent. Stable in massive form in air, but oxidizes (corrodes) in air as a powder, especially in the presence of water. Dissolve slowly in dilute strong acids in the cold. Dissolves in hot aqueous KOH and other strongly basic solutions. Incompatible with acids and base. Incompatible with chlorine and turpentine.

Eye Irrit. 2 (24.2%)；STOT SE 3 (23.1%)

Not Classified

Specific target organ toxicity - Repeated exposure - Category 1 (lung)

Serious eye damage/eye irritation - Category 2；Specific target organ toxicity - Single exposure - Category 3 (Respiratory tract irritation)；Specific target organ toxicity - Repeated exposure - Category 1 (lung)

Flammable agents - 3rd degree

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Tin:；Eye: IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.；Skin: SOAP WASH IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.；Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.；Swallow: MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2024)

(General first aid procedures)；Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.；Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.；Breathing: Respiratory support；Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

If tin ... /is/ spilled or leaked, the following steps should be taken: 1. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 2. Collect spilled or leaked material in the most convenient and safe manner for reclamation or for disposal ... Liquid containing inorganic tin compounds should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Cough.

Redness. Pain.

irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; In Animals: vomiting, diarrhea, paralysis with muscle twitching

METALLIC TIN ... GENERALLY CONSIDERED OF LOW ORAL TOXICITY DUE TO ... POOR ALIMENTARY ABSORPTION.

Exposure to dust or fumes ... is known to cause a benign pneumoconiosis (stannosis). This form of pneumoconiosis produces distinctive progressive x-ray changes of the lung as long as exposure persists, but there is no distinctive fibrosis, no evidence of disability, and no special complicating factors.

... GUINEA PIGS SUBJECTED TO IP INJECTION OF SUSPENSION OF TIN DUST SHOWED THAT THE REACTION OF LUNG TISSUES WAS OF INERT TYPE. DUST WAS DEPOSITED IN PERITONEUM AS COLORED NODULES CONSISTING OF DARK PIGMENT MIXED WITH REFRINGENT CRYSTALS WHICH IN SOME CASES SEEM TO BE INCLUDED INSIDE MACROPHAGES, COMPARABLE TO "DUST CELLS" OF PULMONARY ANTHRACOSIS.

METALLIC TIN CAUSES NONSPECIFIC SMOOTH SURFACE CARCINOGENESIS IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS WHERE SMALL TIN DISKS ARE IMPLANTED SUBCUTANEOUSLY OR INTRAMUSCULARLY.

RESULTS OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS INDICATE THAT ... INGESTION OF CONSIDERABLE QUANTITIES OF POWDERED TIN MAY CAUSE VOMITING BUT NOT PERMANENT INJURY.

Tin implanted as a particle of metal in the vitreous body of rabbits has been well tolerated for at least a year.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for TIN (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

0.6

HEAST Current

0.3

ATSDR Final

0.3

ATSDR Final

4.70e+04

7.00e+05

1.20e+04

2.00e+00

3.00e+03

6.00e-01

1.40e+05

2.10e+06

3.60e+04

2.00e+00

6.00e-01

Volatile

Chemical: Tin

Hazard Traits - Bioaccumulation; Environmental Persistence；Authoritative List - OSPAR Priority Action Part A；Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

Tin is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Tin are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 10-02-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15457

Tin: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Tin plate, terneplate, Babbitt metal, pewter, bronze, corrosion-resistant coatings, collapsible tubes, anodes for electron plating, hot-dipped coatings, cladding, solders, low-melting alloys for fire control, organ pipes, dental amalgam, diecasting. White, type, and casting metal. Manufacture of chemicals, tinned wire (all copper wire that is to be rubber covered). Block tin is used to coat copper cooking utensils and lead sheet, or to line lead pipe for distilled water, beer, carbonated beverages, and some chemicals.

Cast and wrought forms. tinplate, tin coatings, solder, bronze, bearing metals (includes babbitt metal), pewter, type metal, iron alloy, special alloys.

Chiefly for tin plating, soldering alloys, babbitt and type metals, manufacture of tin salts, collapsible tubes.

Substance listed with specific concentration in tattoo ink and/or permanent make up according to EU Commission Regulation 2020/2081. The concentration limit (by weight) is 0.00005%.

(1986) 1.60x10+9 g

1999 (estimated): Refined tin: 6,000 metric tons.

1998: Refined tin: 5,020 metric tons.

(1986) 4.09x10+10 g

1999 (estimated): Refined tin for consumption: 45,000 metric tons.

1998: Refined tin for consumption: 44,000 metric tons.

2023: 40,000,000 - <55,000,000 lb；2022: 40,000,000 - <55,000,000 lb；2021: 40,000,000 - <55,000,000 lb；2020: 70,000,000 - <85,000,000 lb

(1986) 1.40x10+10 g

(1998): Mine Production: 0; Secondary (old scrap): 8,390 metric tons; Secondary (new scrap): 7,710 metric tons.

(1999): Mine Production: 0; Secondary (old scrap): 8,600 metric tons; Secondary (new scrap): 7,700 metric tons.

(2000, estimated): Mine Production: 0; Secondary (old scrap): 8,900 metric tons; Secondary (new scrap): 8,000 metric tons.

Cans and containers, 18%; electrical, 20%; construction, 15%; transportation, 14%; and other, 33% (1986)

(1999): Solder, 39.5%; Tinplate, 19.3%; Chemicals, 17.4%; Bronze and brass, 7.2%; Babbitt metal, 3.4%; White metal, 1.9%; Tinning, 1.8%; Bar tin 1.5%.

Dye；Adhesion/cohesion promoter；Intermediate；Stabilizing agent；Catalyst；Ion exchange agent；Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable；Corrosion inhibitor；Flux agent；Plating agent；Abrasives；Processing aids not otherwise specified；Binder；Other；Alloys；Solvent

RECOVERY FROM MINED ORE (CASSITERITE, STANNITE, AND TEALITE) BY MEANS OF GRAVITY CONCENTRATION OR MAGNETIC SEPARATION, FOLLOWED BY SMELTING (PRIMARY); RECOVERY FROM COPPER, LEAD, & TIN-BASED SCRAP, AND TIN COMPOUNDS

By roasting ore (cassiterite) to oxidize sulfates and to remove arsine, then reducing with coal in a reverberatory furnace, or by smelting in an electric furnace; secondary recovery from tin plate.

... ORE IS EXTRACTED WITH SODIUM CARBONATE SOLN & TREATED ORE CONTAINING 60-70% OF TIN, AS OXIDE, IS REDUCED IN A REVERBERATORY FURNACE WITH LIMESTONE. BARS OF IMPURE TIN ARE THEN MELTED, REMAINING IMPURITIES FUSED WHEN METAL OF 99% PURITY IS OBTAINED. ELECTROLYTIC REFINING IS ALSO EMPLOYED.

Prepn of high purity tin: Baralis, Marone, Met Ital 59, 494 (1967), C.A. 67, 119613a (1967).

Metal of commerce is about 99.8% pure. ... avail in form of bars, foil, powder, shot, etc.

Grade: by % purity; spectrographic grade is 99.9999%; block tin is common designation for pure tin.

ASTM Classification: ultrapure, 99.95%; A standard, 99.85%; Grade A template 99.85%

Tin alloys are of two classes, the bronzes, copper based alloys containing tin, and white metals, alloys of tin with antimony, lead, bismuth, copper, and other metals.