Nerol

Fragrance Ingredient (3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol) -> IFRA transparency List

Fragrance Ingredient (Nerol) -> IFRA transparency List

log Kow = 3.47

3.47

Sweet rose

The odor of pure nerol is sweet, rosy refreshing and "wet" seashore

Bitter flavor

Fresh, citrus, floral, green, sweet, lemon/lime and waxy with a spicy depth

9.8756 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Density: 0.8813 at 15 °C

0.875-0.880

Colorless oily liquid

Liquid

In water, 1311 mg/L at 25 °C

In water, 531 mg/L at 25 °C

Very soluble in ethanol

Soluble in absolute alcohol

Soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether

0.531 mg/mL at 25 °C

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (2 of 2141) of reports.

Danger

H315 (97%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P272, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P317, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2141 reports by companies from 27 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Danger

Chemical: 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (Z)-

Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 (amended)

2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (2Z)- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (2Z)- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 07-04-2020 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/10345

Nerol: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

Causes respiratory depression in acute inhalation studies of mice; Causes general anesthesia in oral lethal-dose studies of rats; [RTECS] Mortality, stomach lesions, and cytoplasmic vacuolization (lipidosis) of the liver, kidney, and myocardium in 13-week oral study of mice (LOAEL of 2,000 mg/kg/day); [EPA ChAMP: Terpenoid Primary Alcohols and Related Esters - 2009] Safe when used as a flavoring agent in food; [JECFA] A maximization study of 25 volunteers showed no skin sensitization at 4% in petrolatum; [IUCLID] A skin and strong eye irritant; [Sigma-Aldrich MSDS] See Geraniol.

Nerol is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice, and b) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part.

Lapczynski A et al; Fragrance material review on nerol. Food Chem Toxicol 46(Suppl 11): S241-4 (2008). Fragrance material review on nerol.[Lapczynski A et al; Fragrance material review on nerol. Food Chem Toxicol 46(Suppl 11): S241-4 (2008).]

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture: Carbon oxides

Skin Irrit. 2 (97%)

Skin irritation - category 2

Nerol resulted in moderate skin irritation.

Skin irritation: Nerol applied full strength to intact or abraded rabbit skin for 24 hours produced moderate irritation.

A skin irritant.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Suitable extinguishing media Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Absorb on sand or vermiculite and place in closed containers for disposal. Ventilate area and wash spill site after material pickup is complete.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Eye/face protection: Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166 Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Impervious clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Oral carcinogenesis, a multistep process with multifaceted etiology, arises due to accumulation of heterogeneous genetic changes in the genes involved in the basic cellular functions including cell division, differentiation, and cell death. These genetic changes in the affected cell progressively increase the cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and inhibition of apoptosis. The present study investigated the modulating effect of geraniol on the expression pattern of cell proliferative (PCNA, cyclin D1, c-fos), inflammatory (NF-kappaB, COX-2), apoptotic (p53, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and -9), and angiogenic (VEGF) markers in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Topical application of 0.5 % DMBA in liquid paraffin, three times a week, for 14 weeks, developed well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the buccal pouch of golden Syrian hamsters. All the hamsters treated with DMBA alone (100 %) developed oral tumors in the buccal pouch after 14 weeks. Over-expression of mutant p53, PCNA, Bcl-2, and VEGF accompanied by decreased expression of Bax were noticed in hamsters treated with DMBA alone. Increased expression of c-fos, COX-2, NF-kappaB, and cyclin D1 and decreased activities of caspase-3 and -9 were also noticed in hamsters treated with DMBA alone. Oral administration of geraniol at a dose of 250 mg/kg bw (body weight) not only completely prevented the formation of oral tumors but also prevented the deregulation in the expression of above mentioned molecular markers in hamsters treated with DMBA. The present results thus suggest that geraniol has potent anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, anti-cell proliferative, and apoptosis-inducing properties in DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. /Geraniol/

Geraniol (GO) potent antitumor and chemopreventive effects are attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the current study, the potential efficacy of GO (250 mg/kg) in ameliorating metabolic syndrome (MetS) induced by fructose in drinking water was elucidated. Moreover, the effect of pioglitazone (5 and 10 mg/kg; PIO) and the possible interaction of the co-treatment of GO with PIO5 were studied in the MetS model. After 4 weeks of treatment, GO and/or PIO reduced the fasting blood glucose and the glycemic excursion in the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. GO and PIO5/10 restrained visceral adiposity and partly the body weight gain. The decreased level of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma transcriptional activity in the visceral adipose tissue of MetS rats was increased by single treatment regimens. Though GO did not affect MetS-induced hyperinsulinemia, PIO5/10 lowered it. Additionally, GO and PIO5/10 suppressed glycated hemoglobin and the receptor for advanced glycated end products (RAGE). These single regimens also ameliorated hyperuricemia, the disrupted lipid profile, and the elevated systolic blood pressure evoked by MetS. The rise in serum transaminases, interleukin-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-a, as well as hepatic lipid peroxides and nitric oxide (NO) was lowered by the single treatments to different extents. Moreover, hepatic non-protein thiols, as well as serum NO and adiponectin were enhanced by single regimens. Similar effects were reached by the combination of GO with PIO5; however, a potentiative interaction was noted on fasting serum insulin level, while synergistic effects were reflected as improved insulin sensitivity, as well as reduced RAGE and triglycerides. Therefore, GO via the transcriptional activation of PPAR-gamma reduces inflammation and free radical injury produced by MetS. Thereby, these effects provide novel mechanistic insights on GO management of MetS associated critical risk factors. Moreover, the co-administration of GO to PIO5 exalted the antidiabetic drug anti-MetS efficacy. /Geraniol/

In the recent past, several phytoconstituents are being explored for their potential neuromodulatory effects in neurological diseases. Repeated exposure of acrylamide (ACR) leads to varying degree of neuronal damage in experimental animals and humans. In view of this, the present study investigated the efficacy of geraniol (GE, a natural monoterpene) to mitigate acrylamide (ACR)-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neurotoxicity in a rat model and compared its efficacy to that of curcumin (CU, a spice active principle with multiple biological activities). ACR administration (50mg/kg bw, i.p. 3times/week) for 4weeks to growing rats caused typical symptoms of neuropathy. ACR rats provided with daily oral supplements of phytoconstituents (GE: 100mg/kg bw/d; CU: 50mg/kg bw/d, 4weeks) exhibited marked improvement in behavioral tests. Both phytoconstituents markedly attenuated ACR-induced oxidative stress as evidenced by the diminished levels of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide and restored the reduced glutathione levels in sciatic nerve (SN) and brain regions (cortex - Ct, cerebellum - Cb). Further, both phytoconstituents effectively diminished ACR-induced elevation in cytosolic calcium levels in SN and Cb. Furthermore, diminution in the levels of oxidative markers in the mitochondria was associated with elevation in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. While ACR mediated elevation in the acetylcholinesterase activity was reduced by both actives, the depletion in dopamine levels was restored only by CU in brain regions. Taken together our findings for the first time demonstrate that the neuromodulatory propensity of GE is indeed comparable to that of CU and may be exploited as a therapeutic adjuvant in the management of varied human neuropathy conditions. /Geraniol/

The present studies were performed to compare the differences between sensitization potency of fragrance mix and its ingredients (oak moss absolute, isoeugenol, eugenol, cinnamal, hydroxycitronellal, geraniol, cinnamic alcohol, alpha amyl cinnamal), by using ex vivo LLNA-BrdU ELISA. The SI and EC3 values were calculated and potency classification was found for the mixture and for each ingredients. TH1 cytokines (IL-2, IFN-?) and TH2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5) releases from lymph node cell culture were also investigated as contact sensitization endpoints. The EC3 values were calculated and the potency of contact sensitization were classified for fragrance mix, oak moss absolute, isoeugenol, eugenol, cinnamal, hydroxycitronellal, geraniol, cinnamic alcohol, alpha amyl cinnamal respectively: 4.4% (moderate), 3.4% (moderate), 0.88% (strong), 16.6% (weak), 1.91% (moderate), 9.77% (moderate), 13.1% (weak), 17.93% (weak), 7.74% (moderate). According to our results it should be concluded that exposure to fragrance mix does not constitute an evidently increased hazard compared to exposure to each of the eight fragrance ingredients separately. Cytokine analyses results indicate that both TH1 and TH2 cytokines are involved in the regulation of murine contact allergy and can be considered as useful endpoints. /Geraniol/

For more Interactions (Complete) data for Nerol (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 94(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that nerol is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of nerol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.2X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its extrapolated vapor pressure, 0.03 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 531 mg/L(3). Even though the vapor pressure is low environmentally at standard temperature and pressure, there is a detectable odor; therefore, nerol may volatilize from dry soil(SRC). Utilizing the OECD 301D test (closed bottle), 80% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(5) indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process. Two screening tests found mixtures of nerol and geraniol to be readily biodegradable based on 100% degradation after 28 and 15 days(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 94(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that nerol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.2X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its extrapolated vapor pressure, 0.03 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 531 mg/L(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4.1 and 34 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 90(SRC), from its log Kow of 3.47(6) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). Utilizing the OECD 301D test (closed bottle) and a river water inoculum, 80% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(7) indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process. Two screening tests found mixtures of nerol and geraniol to be readily biodegradable based on 100% degradation after 28 and 15 days(8). Nerol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Nerol is an olefin and olefins in surface waters exposed to sunlight react with photo-oxidants (such as hydroxyl radicals, peroxy radicals and singlet oxygen) with a half-life on the order of 25 days(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), nerol, which has an extrapolated vapor pressure of 0.03 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase nerol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.1 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.8X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(2). Vapor-phase nerol is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 19 minutes(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 8.6X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(2). Vapor-phase nerol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with nitrate radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 minutes(SRC), calculated from a rate constant of 1.66X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 24 °C for the analogous compound geraniol(3). The nitrate radical (NO3) is the dominant atmospheric oxidant during the night-time in most atmospheric environments(4), therefore, night-time degradation appears to be a major fate process for nerol(SRC).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Nerol is a colorless oily fluid. Nerol is reported to be found in neroli oil (with geraniol) and in many essential oils. It used as a base for the manufacture of perfumes and in fragrances. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: A single sensitization test was carried out on 25 volunteers. The material was tested at a concentration of 4% in petrolatum and produced no sensitization reactions. In other study, nerol was utilized in a closed patch test on the back or forearm of 314 subjects for 24-48 hr. Slight erythema was demonstrated in 10 (3.19%) subjects. In an in vitro chromosome aberration test in cultured human lymphocytes nerol was not clastogenic with and without metabolic activation. ANIMAL STUDIES: Eye irritant effects were observed in rabbits. Slight skin irritation was observed in guinea pigs and rabbits. Respiratory irritation was assessed in mice by recording their respiratory rate when exposed to nerol. Mice were exposed to the test material for 1 min using a nebulizer for aerosolization in a 2600 mL chamber. Mild to moderate decrease in the respiratory rate was observed, and the ED25 (dose at which there is a 25% reduction in the respiratory rate) was calculated to be 591 ug /L. Rats (10 males/dose) were administered the test substance at 2560 - 9800 mg/kg and observed for 14 days. The numbers of deaths per dose were 1, 4, 7 and 10 at 2560, 4000, 6250 and 9800 mg/kg-bw, respectively. All deaths occurred within two days of dose administration. Clinical signs in rats included exophthalmia, hyperflexiveness, restlessness, lethargy and loss of righting reflex. Nerol was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium (TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102) with or without activation. In an in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test with mouse lymphoma cells nerol was not mutagenic at the hprt locus of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, in the presence and absence of metabolic activation.

Nerol and geraniol are widespread in nature and occur in plants such as Monarda fistulosa, palmarosa (Cymbopogon martini), citronella (Cymbopogon nardus, C. winterianus), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), and geranium(1); nerol concentration is highest in rose, palmarosa, citronella, and davana(1). Nerol occurs in small quantities in many essential oils(2). Nerol has been detected in tobacco(3). Nerol was detected in the essential oil of three Thymus species (Thymus glabrescens, T. praecox and T. pulegoides)(4). The essential oil of rose water (Rosa damascena Mill.) from northern India contained nerol at concentrations of 4.0-9.6%(5). Nerol was identified in the volatile components of kiwi fruit flowers(6).

Nerol detections in plants(1).[Table#8243]

EPA has released the first beta version (version 0.5) of the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The beta version of the iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays; Click on the "Chemical Explorer" button on the tool bar to see the data./[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of April 22, 2015: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of nerol can be estimated to be 94(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that nerol is expected to have high mobility in soil.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In a multicenter study, a total of 218 patients with proven sensitization to fragrance materials were patch tested with 5% nerol in petrolatum. The reactions were read at 2-3 days and in most cases, again at 2-5 days after the first reading. Positive reactions were produced in 6% of the patients (13/218).

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A total of 314 patients were patch tested on the back, forearm and inside of the upper arm for 24-48 hr with 0.05-0.5% of nerol in either 99% ethanol (EtOH) or a base cream. Positive reactions were observed; (+) erythema in 2/314 and slight (+/-) erythema in 8/314.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A maximization test was carried out with 4% (2760 ug/sq cm) nerol in petrolatum on 25 healthy male volunteers. Nerol was applied under occlusion to the same site on the forearms of all subjects for five alternate-days 48-hour periods. Patch sites were pretreated for 24 hr with 5% aqueous sodium lauryl solution (SLS) under occlusion. Following a 10-day rest period, a challenge patch was applied to a fresh site for 48 hr under occlusion. Challenge test sites were pre-tested using 10% aqueous SLS under occlusion. The challenge sites were read at patch removal and 24 hr after patch removal. No sensitization reactions were observed.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In a pre-test for a human maximization study, no irritation was observed after a 48 hr closed patch test with 4% nerol in petrolatum on the backs of 5 healthy males.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Nerol (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Nerol's production and use as a fragrance ingredient, as an intermediate in the synthesis of other fragrance chemicals(1) and as a flavoring compound in foods(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its use as a fragrance ingredient in perfumes and household products(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC). Nerol has been identified as a component of tobacco smoke(3).

Nerol is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice, and b) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part.

Biotransformation of nerol by larvae of the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura) was investigated. The resulting major metabolites were (2Z,6E)-1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-8-oic acid and 8-hydroxynerol, and the minor metabolites were 9-hydroxynerol and (2Z,6E)-1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-8-al. (2Z,6E)-1-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-8-oic acid is a novel compound. The results indicate that biotransformation of nerol by S. litura larvae involved 2 pathways; the main pathway involved oxidation at the methyl group of the geminal dimethyl at C-8 position followed by carboxylation, and the minor pathway involved oxidation at the methyl group of the geminal dimethyl at C-9 position.

The biotransformation of geraniol, nerol and citral by Aspergillus niger was studied. A comparison was made between submerged liquid, sporulated surface cultures and spore suspensions. This bioconversion was also carried out with surface cultures of Penicillium sp. The main bioconversion products obtained from geraniol and nerol by liquid cultures of A. niger were linalool and alpha-terpineol. Linalool, alpha-terpineol and limonene were the main products obtained from nerol and citral by sporulated surface cultures, whereas geraniol was converted predominantly to linalool, also resulting in higher yields. Bioconversion of nerol with Penicillium chrysogenum yielded mainly alpha-terpineol and some unidentified compounds. With P. rugulosum the major bioconversion product from nerol and citral was linalool. The bioconversion of nerol to alpha-terpineol and linalool by spore suspensions of A. niger was also investigated. Finally the biotransformation with sporulated surface cultures was also monitored by solid phase microextraction (SPME). It was found that SPME is a very fast and efficient screening technique for biotransformation experiments.

Allylic alcohols, such as geraniol 1, are easily oxidized by varying mechanisms, including the formation of both 2,3-epoxides and/or aldehydes. These epoxides, aldehydes, and epoxy-aldehydes can be interconverted to each other, and the reactivity of them all must be considered when considering the sensitization potential of the parent allylic alcohol. An in-depth study of the possible metabolites and autoxidation products of allylic alcohols is described, covering the formation, interconversion, reactivity, and sensitizing potential thereof, using a combination of in vivo, in vitro, in chemico, and in silico methods. This multimodal study, using the integration of diverse techniques to investigate the sensitization potential of a molecule, allows the identification of potential candidate(s) for the true culprit(s) in allergic responses to allylic alcohols. Overall, the sensitization potential of the investigated epoxyalcohols and unsaturated alcohols was found to derive from metabolic oxidation to the more potent aldehyde where possible. Where this is less likely, the compound remains weakly or nonsensitizing. Metabolic activation of a double bond to form a nonconjugated, nonterminal epoxide moiety is not enough to turn a nonsensitizing alcohol into a sensitizer, as such epoxides have low reactivity and low sensitizing potency. In addition, even an allylic 2,3-epoxide moiety is not necessarily a potent sensitizer, as shown for 2, where formation of the epoxide weakens the sensitization potential. /Geraniol/

As a part of corresponding study on the effects of test material on the motility of mice (groups of four 4- to 6-week old and 6-month-old female outbred Swiss mice), concentrations of test material in blood samples were determined after inhalation exposure. Air was passed into the cage through a glass tube containing 1.5 mL of test material for a total test material volume of 20-50 mg. Blood samples were taken from the animals after 0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes of inhalation exposure. The concentration of nerol in blood sample 1 hr following inhalation was 5.7 ng/mL.

Permitted for use as an inert ingredient in non-food pesticide products; [EPA] Present in many essential oils; Used as a base for perfume manufacture; [Merck Index] Also used as a flavoring agent; [CAMEO] The cis-isomer of geraniol; [Merck Index]

Uses: In public use since the 1920's. Use in fragrances in the USA amounts to approximately 20,000 lbs per year.

Base for manufacture of perfumes.

Reported uses (ppm):

A wide variety of nerol esters are in use as fragrance ingredients. A considerable amount of nerol is used internally by the producers as intermediates for manufacture of other terpene products, particularly citral, ionones, methylionones, citronellol, citronellal, hydroxycitronellal, menthol, and carotenoids.

For more Uses (Complete) data for Nerol (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2023: 1,000,000 - <2,500,000 lb

2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (2Z)- is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (2Z)-. National Production Volume: Withheld.

Pyrolysis of beta-pinene yields myrcene, which is converted into a mixture of predominantly geranyl, neryl, and linalyl chloride by addition of hydrogen chloride in the presence of small amounts of catalyst, e.g., copper(I) chloride and an organic quaternary ammonium salt. After removal of the catalyst, the mixture is reacted with sodium acetate in the presence of a nitrogen base (e.g., triethylamine) and converted to geranyl acetate, neryl acetate, and a small amount of linalyl acetate. After saponification and fractional distillation of the resulting alcohols, a fraction is obtained that contains ca. 98% geraniol. ... Nerol is produced along with geraniol from myrcene ... It can be separated from geraniol by fractional distillation.

Preparation by careful fractional distillation of crude nerol obtained from myrcene.

Fragrance Ingredients

Fragrance Ingredients

Flavoring Agents -> JECFA Flavorings Index

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing

2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (2Z)-: ACTIVE

Occurrence: Reported to be found in neroli oil (with geraniol) and in the essential oils of lemongrass, Ceylon citronella, ylang-ylang, champaca, cajenne bois-de-bois and bergamot, also in lemon, sweet orange, petitgrain bergamot, celery sage, lavandin, lavender, Mexican linaloe, myrrh, jasminem and Paraguay petitgrain. It has also been reported among the volatile constituents of curant aroma. Helichrysum augustifolium contains up to 30-50% nerol.