Dichlofenthion (ISO)

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. /Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, NOS/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical. /Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, NOS/

Rooms used for storage only should be soundly constructed & fitted with secure locks. Floors should be kept clear & pesticides clearly identified. If repacking is carried out in storage rooms, adequate light should be available; floors should be impervious & sound ... . /Pesticides/

Pesticides containers must be provided with labels indicating the degree of toxicity of the product they contain. The labels must not only give a short description of how to use the prepn, but also state basic precautions to be taken when applying it. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

Pesticides of any degree of toxicity should be transported in containers which are clearly labelled, leak-proof, and not easily damaged. They should never be transported /or stored/ beside, or above any type of food, and all spillages should be immediately reported. /Pesticides/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

It is stable to hydrolysis except under strongly alkaline conditions. On heating @ 175 °C for 8 hr, 42% is converted into the O,S-diethyl isomer. Recommendable method: Incineration. Peer review: Incinerate @ high temp in a unit with effluent gas scrubbing. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

All organic pesticides, whether of botanical or synthetic origin, can be destroyed by incineration. /Organic pesticides/

Manufacturers or formulators of very large amounts of pesticides may find it advantageous to build incinerators adequate to destroy all organic pesticides and equipped with scrubbers to remove acid wastes. /Organic pesticides/

/IT IS/ NECESSARY TO PREVENT INHALATION & SKIN CONTAMINATION. /PARATHION/

Avoid contact with...eyes...

In some situations where personnel may become accidently contaminated ... it is necessary to provide shower bath in addition to the usual washing facilities. Special arrangements for cleaning clothing & overalls may be necessary ... /Pesticides/

Special aircraft should preferably be used for spraying or dusting toxic organophosphorus pesticides. ... aerial spraying or dusting gives rise to clouds which spread over larger surfaces than clouds produced by ground application. Aerial spraying should therefore be carried out on windless days only. Residential areas, water supply sources, etc must be avoided. ... When aircraft approaches, signalmen /guiding the aircraft/ should leave the windward side. ... The local population should be informed about the site & time of aerial pesticide treatment. Access of unauthorized persons & especially children to the area to be treated must be ... forbidden. Warning signs should be placed at the limits of the area. Ground spraying must be carried out with compressed-air spraying equipment towed by tractors with closed cabs. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for DICHLOFENTHION (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Respiratory protection (supplied-air respirator with full facepiece or self-contained breathing apparatus) should be available where these compounds are manufactured or used and should be worn in case of emergency and overexposure. /Phosphorus compounds/

WORKERS HANDLING AND APPLYING ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDES (OPP) MUST ... BE GIVEN PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT COMPRISING OVERALLS MADE OF A TIGHT FABRIC OR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, GLOVES, AND RUBBER BOOTS. THEY MUST WEAR A RESPIRATOR WITH AN ACTIVATED-CARBON GAS FILTER CARTRIDGE AFFORDING PROTECTION FOR A DETERMINED NUMBER OF WORKING HOURS. THE EYES SHOULD BE PROTECTED BY GOGGLES. THE SIGNALMEN FOR AERIAL DUSTING OPERATIONS SHOULD BE EQUIPPED WITH A HAT AND CAPE MADE OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE OR A FABRIC IMPREGNATED WITH A WATER REPELLENT. /PESTICIDES, ORGANOPHOSPHORUS/

Some phenothiazines may antagonize & some may potentiate the toxic anticholinesterase effects of ... /organophosphorus insecticides/. /Organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors/

In long term therapy, adrenocorticoids antagonize the antiglaucoma effects of anticholinesterases (incr ocular pressure). ... Anticholinergics antagonize the miotic (antiglaucoma) & other muscarinic effects of anticholinesterases on the autonomic & central nervous systems. Tricyclic antidepressants (anticholinergic effects) antagonize the antiglaucoma (miotic) effects of anticholinesterases in glaucoma. ... Antihistamines with anticholinergic effects antagonize the miotic (antiglaucoma) & CNS effects of anticholinesterases. Anticholinesterases potentiate tranquilizing & behavioral changes induced by antihistamines. The actions of anticholinesterase agents on autonomic effector cells, & to some extent those on CNS, are antagonized by atropine, an antidote of choice. Barbiturates are potentiated by anticholinesterases. ... Dexpanthenol potentiates the effects of anticholinesterases. Fluorophosphate insecticides potentiate the effects of other anticholinesterases. /Anticholinesterases/

BARBITURATES ARE POTENTIATED BY ANTICHOLINESTERASES. ALTHOUGH BARBITURATES MAY BE USED CAUTIOUSLY IN TREATING CONVULSIONS, EXTREME CARE IS ESSENTIAL IN HANDLING POISONINGS DUE TO ANTICHOLINESTERASES, PARTICULARLY ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES. ECHOTHIOPHATE, A CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR USED AS MIOTIC, POTENTIATES OTHER SUCH INHIBITORS ... USED FOR OTHER PURPOSES (ADDITIVE EFFECTS) OR POSSIBLY SYNERGISTIC. THOSE EXPOSED TO ORGANOPHOSPHATE INSECTICIDES MUST TAKE STRICT PRECAUTIONS. ... ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES: ADDITIVE ANTICHOLINESTERASE EFFECTS. HAZARDOUS. PATIENTS ON ANTICHOLINESTERASES (EVEN TOPICAL, SUCH AS EYE DROPS) SHOULD AVOID AREAS WHERE ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES ... RECENTLY ... USED. /ANTICHOLINESTERASE/

ANTICHOLINESTERASE (ORGANOPHOSPHORUS) INSECTICIDES ANTAGONIZE POLARIZING MUSCLE RELAXANTS. PHENOTHIAZINES /AND THIOXANTHENES/: ... MAY ENHANCE TOXIC EFFECTS OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES. /INSECTICIDES, ORGANOPHOSPHORUS/

LC50 Gammarus fasciatus 110 ug/L/96 hr at 15 °C, mature (95% confidence limit 80-150 ug/L). Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 100%/

LC50 Gammarus lacustris 56 ug/L/96 hr at 15 °C, mature (95% confidence limit 40-78 ug/L). Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 100%/

LC50 Pteronarcys californica 4.1 ug/L/96 hr at 15 °C, second yr class (95% confidence limit 3.4-5.0 ug/L). Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 100%/

LC50 Salmo clarki (cutthroat trout) 640 ug/L/96 hr at 13 °C, wt 1.0 g (95% confidence limit 550-740 ug/L). Static bioassay without aeration, pH 7.2-7.5, water hardness 40-50 mg/l as calcium carbonate and alkalinity of 30-35 mg/l. /Technical material, 100%/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for DICHLOFENTHION (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 15,000(SRC), determined from a measured log Kow(2) and a recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that dichlofenthion will be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of dichlofenthion may be important from moist soil surfaces(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.5X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), calculated from experimental values for vapor pressure(4) and water solubility(5). Volatilization from dry soil surfaces(SRC) is not expected, based on dichlofenthion's measured vapor pressure(4).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 15,000(SRC), determined from a measured log Kow(2) and a recommended regression-derived equation(1), indicates that dichlofenthion should adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water(SRC). Dichlofenthion may volatilize from water surfaces based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.5X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), calculated from experimental values for vapor pressure(3) and water solubility(4). Estimated half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7 hours and 8 days, respectively(1,SRC). An estimated BCF value of 4700(1,SRC), from a measured log Kow(2), suggests that dichlofenthion will bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms(SRC), according to a recommended classification scheme(5).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), dichlofenthion, which has a measured vapor pressure of 5.6X10-4 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), will exist both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase dichlofenthion is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 4 hours(3,SRC). Particulate phase dichlofenthion may be physically removed from air by dry deposition(SRC).

Workers handling & applying pesticides must undergo an annual medical examination at the beginning of each agricultural season. Contraindications for work with /organophosphorus pesticides/ are organic diseases of the central nervous system, mental disorders & epilepsy, pronounced endocrine & vegetative disorders, pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases & circulatory disorders, gastrointestinal diseases (peptic ulcer), gastroenterocolitis, diseases of liver & kidneys, eye diseases (chronic conjunctivitis & keratitis). The blood cholinesterase activity must be determined before work starts. In the event of prolonged work periods, this activity should be determined at intervals of 3-4 days. Persons exhibiting a fall in cholinesterase activity of 25% or more must be transferred to other work where they are not exposed to organophosphorus pesticides until this activity is completely restored. Persons with initial signs of indisposition should cease work with pesticides. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

A final diagnosis of mild to moderate acute organophosphate pesticide poisoning is rarely justified unless all of the following five conditions are present: 1. A definite history of exposure to an organophosphate pesticide. 2. A latent interval of not more than a few hours between that last exposure and the onset of illness. 3. A clinical picture in which most or all of the following signs or symptoms are present: headache, blurred vision, weakness, tightness in chest, and constricted pupils. 4. Reduction of plasma and RBC cholinesterase activity to a level substantially below 50% of baseline values. Because of the wide normal range of RBC cholinesterase in the population, symptoms may be present with reported "normal" levels. 5. An acute illness that is not substantially longer than 48 hours. The classic presentation for acute organophosphate toxicity includes history, evidence of exposure to organophosphate (garlic odor), signs/symptoms of cholinergic excess, improvement with atropine or pralidoxime, and inhibition of cholinesterase in blood. /Organophosphate pesticide poisoning/

... Surveillance of workers could be carried out through measurement of blood or urinary levels of the cmpd to which they are exposed, or through measurement of a metabolite. /Organic phosphorus pesticides/

The Koc of dichlofenthion is estimated as approximately 15,000(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 5.14(1) and a regression-derived equation(2,SRC). According to a recommended classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that dichlofenthion will be immobile in soil(SRC).

.../SINCE TOXICITY IS INDIRECT RESULT OF CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION,/ A POISONED TISSUE IS UNABLE TO PREVENT LOCAL ACCUMULATION OF ACETYLCHOLINE, WHICH ACTS AS EXCITATORY SUBSTANCE IN LOW CONCN & PARALYTIC SUBSTANCE IN HIGH CONCN. /PARATHION/

...IN 5 CASES OF ATTEMPTED SUICIDE BY INGESTION OF DICHLOFENTHION, SEVERE CHOLINERGIC CRISES DID NOT APPEAR UNTIL 40 TO 48 HR BUT THEY PERSISTED FOR 5 TO 48 DAYS IN THE 3 SURVIVORS... THIS EXTREMELY LONG COURSE WAS ASSOCIATED WITH PERSISTENT RESIDUES OF THIS INSECTICIDE IN BLOOD & FAT OF PATIENTS.

Two men, aged 76 and 79 yr, died; two other men, aged 25 and 62 yr, and a 52 yr old woman survived. The interval from ingestion to hospitalization varied from 2 hr or less to 24 hr in four cases and was unclear in the fifth case. In four instances, typical cholinergic signs were present when the patient entered hospital. The 25 yr old man was cold and sweating and exhibited fecal and urinary incontinence; miosis was evident, and rhonchi were audible in both lungs . The other three were somewhat less severely affected when first seen. All were conscious, although the 76 yr old man, who had ingested chlordiazepoxide and diazepam as well as dichlofenthion, was disoriented and the 52 yr old woman, who had ingested a bottle of whiskey as well as dichlofenthion, was combative. The 62 yr old man showed no abnormal sign on admission, and he showed no clear anticholinesterase signs for 29 hr after ingestion. However, all of the patients showed one or more marked, delayed exacerbations.

In four cases, the patient became distinctly worse 19-57 hr after ingestion. Two of them died during the third day of illness. The others had recurring crises, each of which responded to treatment. The fifth patient apparently became worse more gradually, but for many days she had a recurrence of cramps and difficulty secondary to profuse bronchial secretions whenever her atropine therapy was reduced; it finally was tapered off and discontinued 45 days after ingestion. The surviving patients received total doses of only 84, 659.6, and 33 mg of atropine sulfate and only 2, 1, and 5 gm of pralidoxime chloride. ... Poisoning by dichlofenthion was characterized by relatively mild but prolonged illness in those who survived.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for DICHLOFENTHION (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Duration of nematicidal activity in soil 1-2 yr.

Soil was collected from 28 farms in southwestern Ontario during October 1976; 11 of the 28 samples contained dichlofenthion at concentrations ranging from a trace to 0.31 ppm(1).

Used as pesticide (may be restricted); [Hawley] Used as nematocide and insecticide; [Merck Index]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

NEMATOCIDE & INSECTICIDE

PREPD FROM O,O-DIETHYLPHOSPHOROCHLORIDOTHIOATE, 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL & SODIUM HYDROXIDE).

PRODUCED BY THE REACTION OF O,O-DIETHYL PHOSPHOROCHLORIDOTHIOATE WITH 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL IN BUTANONE IN PRESENCE OF ANHYDROUS SODIUM CARBONATE...

'MOBILAWN': EC (250 & 750 G AI/L); GRANULES (100 G/KG).

V-C 13 NEMACIDE: 80% AI AND 20% EMULSIFIER.

EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE

TECHNICAL PRODUCT IS OF 95-97% PURITY.

Mixed formulations: (dichlofenthion +) thiram

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Dichlofenthion (technical grade) as an active ingredient believed to be obsolete or discontinued for use as a pesticide.

.../IT/ WAS FIRST REPORTED AS NEMATICIDE BY MANZELLI, MA, PL DIS REPTR, 1955, 39, 400. IT WAS INTRODUCED, IN 1956, BY VIRGINIA-CAROLINA CHEMICAL CORPORATION UNDER CODE NAME 'V-C 13 NEMACIDE', & PROTECTION OF US PATENT 2,761,806. ... DICHLOROFENTHION IS NON-SYSTEMIC NEMATICIDE & SOIL INSECTICIDE RECOMMENDED FOR SOIL USE @ 16.8-280 KG AI/ACRE... RATES AGAINST SOIL INSECTS ARE AT THE LOW, & AGAINST NEMATODES @ HIGH ENDS OF THIS RANGE.

CONTROLS NON-CYST FORMING NEMATODES ON ORNAMENTALS & TURF WITHOUT DAMAGE TO PLANTS. ESTABLISHED SHRUBS SUCH AS BOXWOOD, JAPANESE HOLLY, ETC, CAN BE TREATED TO CONTROL NEMATODES WITHOUT PHYTOTOXICITY. INSECTICIDE USES INCLUDE CONTROL OF LAWN CINCH BUGS ON ST AUGUSTINE GRASS. USED FOR NEMATODE CONTROL ON AFRICAN VIOLETS.

Miscible with other emulsifiable concentrates