1,3,5-Trinitrobenzol

Nitrogen Compounds -> Nitros, Aromatic

Flammable agents - 3rd degree

log Kow = 1.18

1.18

1.688 at 20 °C/4 °C

1.4475 @ 152°C

Yellow crystals

Rhombic plates from benzene; leaflets from water

Orthorhombic bipyramidal plates from glacial acetic acid

Solubility in water, 278 mg/L at 15 °C

In water, 492 mg/L at 25 °C

Insoluble in water

Soluble in alcohol and ether

6.2 g/100 g benzene; 4.9 g/100 g methanol; 1.9 g/100 g alcohol; 0.25 g/100 g carbon disulfide; 1.5 g/100 g ether; 0.05 g/100 g petroleum ether. Freely soluble in dilute sodium sulfite

Slightly soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, carbon disulfide; soluble in benzene, chloroform, pyrene; very soluble in acetone, toluene

315 °C

315 °C @760 [mm Hg]

121.3 °C

122.9 °C

Danger

H201: (Deleted) Explosive; mass explosion hazard [Danger Explosives]

P210, P230, P240, P250, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P370+P380, P372, P373, P391, P401, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H201 (97.7%): (Deleted) Explosive; mass explosion hazard [Danger Explosives]

P210, P230, P240, P250, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P370+P380, P372, P373, P391, P401, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Hazard Traits - Neurotoxicity

S - indicates a substance that is identified in a final Significant New Use Rule.

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Flammable Solid

Explosive 1.1D

Flammable Solid

Excerpt from ERG Guide 113 [Flammable Materials (Wet / Desensitized Explosive)]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 112 [Explosives - Division 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 or 1.5]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 113 [Flammable Materials (Wet / Desensitized Explosive)]:

· Flammable/combustible material.

· Flammable/combustible material.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 113 [Flammable Materials (Wet / Desensitized Explosive)]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 112 [Explosives - Division 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 or 1.5]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 113 [Flammable Materials (Wet / Desensitized Explosive)]:

· Some are toxic and may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Specifically, Dinitrophenol, wetted (UN1320); Dinitrophenolates, wetted (UN1321), Sodium dinitro-o-cresolate, wetted (UN1348); and Barium azide, wetted (UN1571) are known to be toxic.

· Some are toxic and may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Specifically, Dinitrophenol, wetted (UN1320); Dinitrophenolates, wetted (UN1321), Sodium dinitro-o-cresolate, wetted (UN1348); and Barium azide, wetted (UN1571) are known to be toxic.

3367 113

1354 113

Nitro, Nitroso, Nitrate, and Nitrite Compounds, Organic

Nitro, Nitroso, Nitrate, and Nitrite Compounds, Organic

Nitro, Nitroso, Nitrate, and Nitrite Compounds, Organic

U.S. EPA; Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Trinitrobenzene (1980) ECAO-CIN-171

HHS/ASTDR; Toxicological Profile for 1,3-Dinitrobenzene/1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene NTIS # PB/95/264289/AS (June 1995)[Available from, as of February 6, 2018: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp.asp?id=842&tid=164]

USEPA; Support Document for 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (TNB) (CAS No. 99-35-4). In Support of Summary Information on Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) p.2 (August 1997)[Available from, as of February 6, 2018: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris2/chemicalLanding.cfm?substance_nmbr=316]

U234; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

Strong Oxidizing Agent

Highly Flammable

Explosive

Aromatic nitro compounds, such as TRINITROBENZENE, range from slight to strong oxidizing agents. If mixed with reducing agents, including hydrides, sulfides and nitrides, they may begin a vigorous reaction that culminates in a detonation. The aromatic nitro compounds may explode in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide even in the presence of water or organic solvents. The explosive tendencies of aromatic nitro compounds are increased by the presence of multiple nitro groups.

Aromatic nitro compounds, such as TRINITROBENZENE, range from slight to strong oxidizing agents. If mixed with reducing agents, including hydrides, sulfides and nitrides, they may begin a vigorous reaction that culminates in a detonation. The aromatic nitro compounds may explode in the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide even in the presence of water or organic solvents. The explosive tendencies of aromatic nitro compounds are increased by the presence of multiple nitro groups.

TRINITROBENZENE is classified as explosive. Severe explosion hazard when exposed to heat or shocked. TRINITROBENZENE is considered a powerful high explosive and has more shattering power than TNT. It is a highly dangerous material. When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of NOx and explodes. It is very incompatible with reducing agents and can explode upon immediate contact with such materials. Organic nitrates may explode when shocked, exposed to heat or flame or by spontaneous chemical reaction. It must be stored in a cool, ventilated place, away from acute fire hazards and easily oxidized materials. Also reacts violently with Al; BP; cyanides; esters; PN2H; P; NaCN; SnCl2; sodium hypophosphite; thiocyanates. Dangerous disaster hazard due to fire and explosion hazard. On decomposition, they emit toxic fumes. They are powerful oxidizing agents which may cause violent reaction with reducing materials. Nitrates should be protected carefully in storage. (SAX and Lewis, 1987) p.664

/GUIDE 113 FLAMMABLE SOLIDS - TOXIC (Wet/Desensitized Explosive)/ Fire or Explosion: Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. DRIED OUT material may explode if exposed to heat, flame, friction or shock; treat as an explosive (GUIDE 112). Keep material wet with water or treat as an explosive (GUIDE 112). Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. /Trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 30% water; Trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 10% water/

/GUIDE 113 FLAMMABLE SOLIDS - TOXIC (Wet/Desensitized Explosive)/ Health: Some are toxic and may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 30% water; Trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 10% water/

/GUIDE 113 FLAMMABLE SOLIDS - TOXIC (Wet/Desensitized Explosive)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. Isolate spill or leak area immediately for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 30% water; Trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 10% water/

/GUIDE 113 FLAMMABLE SOLIDS - TOXIC (Wet/Desensitized Explosive)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 30% water; Trinitrobenzene, wetted with not less than 10% water/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 113 [Flammable Materials (Wet / Desensitized Explosive)]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 112 [Explosives - Division 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 or 1.5]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 113 [Flammable Materials (Wet / Desensitized Explosive)]:

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 113 [Flammable Materials (Wet / Desensitized Explosive)]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 112 [Explosives - Division 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 or 1.5]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 113 [Flammable Materials (Wet / Desensitized Explosive)]:

General First Aid:

General First Aid:

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

If material is on fire and conditions permit, do not extinguish. Cool exposures using unattended monitors. If fire must be extinguished, use any agent appropriate for the burning material. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. Cool exposed containers from unattended equipment or remove intact containers if it can be done safely. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Dangerously explosive. Do not fight fires in a cargo of explosives. Evacuate area and let burn. /Trinitrobenzene/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Solid streams of water may spread fire. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use dry chemical, graphite, or dry earth. /Trinitrobenzene, wetted (with not less than 10% water, by mass)/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Dangerously explosive. Flood with water. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Trinitrobenzene, wetted (with not less than 30% water, by mass)/

Evacuation: If material is on fire or involved in fire consider evacuation of one (1) mile radius. /Trinitrobenzene; Trinitrobenzene, wetted (with not less than 30% water, by mass)/

Treat as an explosive. ... Store separately from all other flammable materials. Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat, explosives, oxidizable materials. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard. Use only nonsparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill or leak. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Keep this chemical out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the buildup of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 113 [Flammable Materials (Wet / Desensitized Explosive)]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 112 [Explosives - Division 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 or 1.5]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 113 [Flammable Materials (Wet / Desensitized Explosive)]:

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U234, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Dissolve in a combustible solvent and spray into an incinerator equipped with afterburner and scrubber.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep spilled material wet. Wet spilled material before picking it up. Do not attempt to sweep up dry material. /Trinitrobenzene/

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of warer sources and sewers. Keep spilled material wet. Do not attempt to sweep up dry material. /Trinitrobenzene, wetted (with not less than 30% water, by mass)/

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Cover all suspected material with wet sand or earth to prevent ignition until material can be permanently disposed of. /Trinitrobenzene, wetted (with not less than 10% water, by mass)/

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. ... /Trinitrobenzene/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 113 [Flammable Materials (Wet / Desensitized Explosive)]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 112 [Explosives - Division 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 or 1.5]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 113 [Flammable Materials (Wet / Desensitized Explosive)]:

Immediate precautionary measure

Immediate precautionary measure

1.5 [mg/m3]

16 [mg/m3]

54 [mg/m3]

Treatment is mainly symptomatic and may include gastric lavage and/or the administration of activated charcoal. Benzodiazepine may be administered if seizures occur. If methemoglobinemia is evident, 1 to 2 mg/kg of 1% methylene blue should be administered via IV. (T36)

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 2700 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobile /formulated product/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 1030 ug/L for 96 hr /formulated product/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) size 2.4 cm, weight 0.28 g; Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 1100 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence limit: 1000 to 1200 ug/L) /95-99% purity/

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) age 20-36 wk, size 29-40 mm, weight 0.64-1.82 g; Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 850 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence limit: 520 to 1380 ug/L) />99.9% purity/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1680(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.7X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 6.44X10-6 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 492 mg/L(4). 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Three 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene contaminated soils with initial concentrations of 127-179 mg/kg showed 93-99.2% reduction after 238 days with controlled flooding, tilling and addition of grass clippings(5). 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene was degraded an average of 93.5% in 3 days at room temperature in three different soils(6), suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1680(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.7X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 6.44X10-6 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 492 mg/L(5). 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.18(7) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene degraded (up to 100% in 85 days) aerobically in five river waters, faster degradation was noted in water with higher dissolved organic carbon content(8), suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, which has a vapor pressure of 6.44X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 34 years(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.3X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC), that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (TNB) is a solid. It is used as an explosive, as a vulcanizing agent for natural rubber, and as an indicator for pH 12.0-14.0. HUMAN STUDIES: TNB is alleged to have caused optic neuritis and amblyopia. Chronic intoxication also is said to have caused yellowing of the conjunctiva or sclera. These reports of intoxication and ocular disturbances have come from the munitions industry where commonly there is exposure to a variety of substances, and it is difficult to be sure of the individual substance responsible. TNB was found toxic in TK6 human lymphoblastic cells. ANIMAL STUDIES: Male rats were gavaged with TNB at 35.5 and 71 mg/kg in corn oil. Blood was collected 5 hr and 24 hr after a single oral dose or 24 hr after daily oral doses for 4 or 10 d in four different sets of experiments. A dose-dependent methemoglobinemia was present only in blood collected 5 hr after a single dose. A highly significant dose-dependent anemia with reduced red cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit was present in rats receiving TNB for 4 or 10 d. In a 90-day oral toxicity study of TNB, kidneys in male rats receiving TNB at dose levels of 67, 400 and 800 ppm TNB had an increased incidence of cytoplasmic hyaline droplets in proximal cortical tubular epithelial cells at all treatment levels. However, a diagnosis of alpha-2-u-globulin nephropathy was not deemed appropriate since there was no significant increase in single cell necrosis, no presence of granular casts or linear papillary mineralization or increased tubular hyperplasia. A 90-day toxicity test of TNB in mice revealed treatment-related changes in spleen (erythroid cell hyperplasia) and in testis (seminiferous tubule degeneration) in the 750 ppm TNB group. The carcinogenic activity of TNB was studied in mouse skin and lung tumor assays. A single application of 10 or 50 mg of TNB to the skin of mice increased the incidence of inflammation, epidermal hyperplasia and dark cells. TNB was found negative in assay for initiation-promotion of skin carcinogenicity. In rats, TNB-mediated tissue damage is accompanied by breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. The presence of vacuolation and associated extravasated serum proteins in TNB-treated rats is an indication of vasogenic brain edema, which appears to be a critical event in TNB toxicity. Sperm depletion and degeneration of the seminiferous tubules were noted in a reproduction study in rats. Mutagenicity was evaluated with the Salmonella fluctuation test (FT) and the V79 Chinese hamster lung cell mutagenicity assay. The fluctuation test results indicated that TNB was mutagenic. However, TNB was not mutagenic for the V79 mammalian cells with or without metabolic activation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Slight irritant effects suggesting respiratory distress upon short term exposure to marine fish Kuhlia sandvicensis were observed at exposure levels of 100 ug/L, while moderate and violent reactions to the chemical were produced at exposures of 1,000 and 10,000 ug/L. Results from the hydra assay of TNB indicated the minimal affective concentrations required to elicit a toxic response in the adult hydra and in the regenerating hydra were 3.8 ug/mL and 1.8 ug/mL, respectively.

In the red blood cell, 1,3,5-TNB induces formation of methemoglobin, leading to cyanosis. Reduction of the nitrogroup(s) of 1,3,5-TNB produces reactive nitroaromatic radical anions which redox cycle to produce other reactive species such as superoxide anion. Redox cycling of these intermediates probably causes the methemoglobinemia. 1,3,5-TNB may also exert neurotoxic effects by damaging the blood-brain barrier.(L199, A136)

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Slight irritant effects ie, excitability, violent swimming, opercular movement increases suggesting respiratory distress upon short term exposure to marine fish Kuhlia sandvicensis were observed at exposure levels of 100 ug/L, while moderate and violent reactions to the chemical were produced at exposures of 1,000 and 10,000 ug/L. No effects were noted on exposures to concentrations of 50 or 10 ug/L.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The acute toxicity and bioconcentration factor of a series of nitrobenzene derivatives was determined for the guppy. Toxicity is found to be determined by both hydrophobicity (expressed by the octanol/water partition coefficient) and rate of reduction of the nitro group (expressed by either electrochemical halfwave reduction potential or Hammett sigma values).

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The toxicity of the explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT); hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (royal demolition explosive [RDX]); and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (high-melting explosive [HMX]), was evaluated in spiked sediment with two freshwater invertebrates. The midge Chironomus tentans and the amphipod Hyalella azteca demonstrated significant toxic effects after exposure to TNT and its degradation products, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) and 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2,4-DANT). Significant reductions in survival of C. tentans exposed to TNT, TNB, and 2,4-DANT were observed at nominal sediment concentrations as low as 200 mg/kg. Hyalella azteca was more sensitive to TNT, TNB, and 2,4-DANT than the midge, where significant reductions in survival were observed at nominal concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Survival of the midge and the amphipod was unaffected after exposure to RDX or HMX at the highest concentrations of 1,000 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. Growth of the midge, measured as total weight, was significantly reduced by 2,4-DANT. However, significantly increased growth was observed after exposure to sublethal concentrations of RDX and HMX. Although significant reductions in amphipod survival were observed at high concentrations of TNB, growth was significantly increased at sublethal concentrations. The results of the current investigation suggest that organisms exposed to explosives at contaminated sites may be affected at concentrations less than 25 mg/kg through hormetic growth enhancement and at higher concentrations through increased mortality.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... Results from the hydra assay of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) indicated the minimal affective concentrations required to elicit a toxic response in the adult hydra and in the regenerating hydra were 3.8 ug/mL and 1.8 ug/mL, respectively.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene was detected in plant effluent from the production and purification of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT); 54 samples were collected over a period of 1 year with 3.8% reported as positive (detection limit not reported), concentration ranging from 0.06 to 0.30 mg/L(1).

1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene

Hematologic

3 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

U234; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Trinitrobenzene

A Commercial Grade

5000

A Commercial Grade

400

Explosive chemical that can be released at a facility.

(MN) MINNESOTA 0.3 ug/L

(FL) FLORIDA 60 ug/L

... Trinitrobenzene (TNB) and its metabolites /were determined/ in the biological fluids of rats exposed to TNB in the diet and identified reductive metabolites, 1,3-dinitro,5-aniline (urine), 1,3-diamino-5-nitrobenzene (urine, feces and blood) and 1,3,5-triaminobenzene (urine and feces). No TNB was found in the checked samples by a GC/MS method. ... The metabolism of (14)C-TNB /was studied/ in an in vitro rat liver microsomal system and found that TNB (43 ug) is metabolized in 5 minutes. No parent compound and three metabolites were detected by HPLC. The two major peaks were identified as 3-amino-5-nitroaniline (3,5-diamino-nitrobenzene) and 3,5-dinitroaniline by either spiking or coelution with authentic standards. (14)C-TNB when administered orally (single dose, 225 mg/kg) to Fischer rats formed stable adducts with blood proteins and tissue DNA. Hemoglobin binding persisted throughout the life span of red blood cells (65 days); 10 weeks later, a significant amount of radioactivity was associated with spleen and kidney DNA.

The fluid in the receptor cell from human or rat skin contained 3,5-dinitroaniline and 1,3,5-triacetylaminobenzene. Guinea pig skin also metabolized TNB to 1-nitro-3,5-diacetamidobenzene and 3,5-diaminonitrobenzene to a minor extent ... TNB was absorbed and metabolized to a similar extent by human and rodent skin. Liver microsomes from male F344 rats produced 3,5-diaminobenzene as a major metabolite of TNB.

1,3,5-trinitrobenzene has known human metabolites that include S-(2,4,6-trinitrocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-yl)glutathione.

1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene is absorbed via oral, inhalation, and dermal routes and is believed to penetrate the red blood cell membrane. The metabolism of 1,3,5-TNB includes both oxidative and reductive biotransformations, followed by conjugation. The main route of excretion of 1,3,5-TNB metabolites is the urine. (L199)

Acute oral toxicity studies conducted with dogs indicate that trinitrobenzene is effectively absorbed by this route.

Male Wistar rats injected intraperitoneally with 100 umol/kg body weight (21.3 mg/kg) of TNB (in propylene glycol) excreted approximately 3.24-3.42 mg p-aminophenol equivalents per kilogram in the urine 5 hours after dosing... Since these levels were twice the base line levels excreted by vehicle-only treated animals, it was concluded that absorption and metabolism of TNB is slow. Additional details on TNB deposition were not included in the study.

The toxicokinetics (absorption, distribution and elimination) of (14)C-trinitrobenzene (TNB) were studied in Fischer 344 rats following a single oral dose. Male (4) and female (4) rats were dosed with (14)C-TNB (152 mg/kg, 6-8 mCi) in DMSO. Groups of 2 male and 2 female rats were used in experiments to determine (14)C-TNB elimination through expired CO2. (14)C-TNB levels in urine and feces were measured at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after dosing. Approximately 10% of the dose was eliminated in the urine of male and female rats in the first 24 hours. Approximately 21% and 36% of the dose appeared in the urine in 4 days in male and female rats, respectively. Excretion via feces was approximately 4% in the same period in both sexes. The expired (14)C-CO2 was about 3% and 5% of the dose in 2 days in male and female rats, respectively. At 4 days after treatment, the radioactive residues were about 0.02-0.03%/g of tissue in the liver, kidney, skin and lungs, whereas other tissues showed lower levels of residues (about 0.001%/g or less). The results showed that a single dose of TNB in the rat was absorbed in the gut (administered in DMSO) and was eliminated mainly in the urine, with low levels in feces in 4 days. The results from this study did not show bioaccumulation of TNB in rats.

The percutaneous absorption of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) was studied in viable skin from hairless guinea pigs (HGP), Fischer 344 rats and humans. Skin was dermatomed and assembled in flow-through diffusion cells followed by TNB application in either an acetone or a water vehicle. Skin absorption was expressed as the percentage of applied dose absorbed into skin and receptor fluid within 24 hr. Rapid absorption of TNB by rodent skin was obtained with both vehicles. For HGP skin, TNB absorption was 72.7+/-5.5% in the acetone vehicle and 82.3+/-4.5% in the water vehicle. For rat skin, TNB absorption was 61.0+/-4.1% (acetone) and 66.5+/-4.1% (water). Absorption of TNB from acetone was significantly reduced (38.0+/-11.0%, P = 0.0118) in human skin, but absorption from water remained high (75.5+/-10.8%). Little TNB remained in skin when a thin (200 um) dermatome section was used (HGP and human skin). A thicker dermatome section was required (350 um) with haired rat skin, and 13-21% of the absorbed radioactivity remained in the skin at 24 hr. Rodent skin did not simulate satisfactorily the barrier properties of human skin when TNB absorption was reduced by application in a volatile solvent.

Used to make rubber; A by-product of trinitrotoluene (TNT) production; [ATSDR-PHS]

Explosive compositions.

Vulcanizing agent for natural rubber. Indicator for pH 12.0-14.0 .

... Preparation of fine chemicals.

1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene is used in explosives. Waste discharges from army ammunitions plants or other chemical manufacturers are the primary sources for release into the air, water, and soil. (L199)

Prepared by decarboxylation of trinitrobenzoic acid, obtained by oxidation of TNT. ... by the action of alkali on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzaldehyde.

From trinitrotoluene by removal of methyl group.

The nitration of benzene to a monoderivative occurs readily in yields as high as 98% when a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids is used at 50-55 °C. ... With a mixture of fuming nitric and fuming sulfuric acids, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene can be obtained.

1,3-Dinitrobenzene may be further nitrated with strong mixed acid, extensive (dangerous) side reactions occur and the yield of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene is low. The preferred synthesis is by decarboxylation of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzoic acid (obtained from TNT by oxidation with chromic acid) by heating in aqueous medium.

Benzene, 1,3,5-trinitro-: ACTIVE

Trinitrobenzene occurs as a by-product of trinitrotoluene (TNT) production and as a contaminant in water systems where it is formed by photolysis of TNT. It is not biodegraded readily and thus occurs in water, in TNT production waste disposal sites, and in soils at many military installations. It is not manufactured except for research purposes.