Pentafluorethan

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Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

General First Aid:

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

Immediate precautionary measure

Global Warming Potential (GWP): Chemical: HFC-125; GWP: 3,500 (100-Year Time Horizon)

Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEEL): 8-hr Time-weighted Average (TWA) 1000 ppm. Last Revised: 2009.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 140(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that pentafluoroethane is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of pentafluoroethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.049 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Pentafluoroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9501 mm Hg at 25 °C(3). Pentafluoroethane may biodegrade slowly under aerobic conditions(4), but is not expected to biodegrade under anaerobic conditions(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 140(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that pentafluoroethane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.049 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.2 hours and 4.3 days, respectively(SRC). Pentafluoroethane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment based on estimated hydrolysis half-lives of 3.2 years and 120 days at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively(2). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 5(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 1.55(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Pentafluoroethane may biodegrade slowly under aerobic conditions(5), but is not expected to biodegrade under anaerobic conditions(6).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), pentafluoroethane, which has a vapor pressure of 9501 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase pentafluoroethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 23 years(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.9X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Pentafluoroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Pentafluoroethane has an atmospheric life-time of 26-36.5 years(5-10). Pentafluoroethane has estimated 20, 100 and 500 year Global Warming Potentials of 4600-5738, 2800-3800 and 920-1100, respectively(6-10).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Pentafluoroethane (HFC-125) is a colorless gas. More than 99% of HFC-125 produced worldwide used as a blend component for commercial refrigeration and air conditioning systems. The use as a fire-extinguishing agent in total flooding systems is another application of HFC-125. Minor applications include the use of HFC-125 in plastic foam blowing and as a solvent in special applications. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: A chromosomal aberration test was carried out in human lymphocytes exposed up to 700,000 ppm (3,436,000 mg/cu m) HFC-125 for 3, 24 and 48 hours, with and without metabolic activation. This study gave clearly negative results. ANIMAL STUDIES: Rats (males and females) were exposed to 800,000 ppm (3,927,000 mg/cu m) HFC-125 in atmosphere for 4 hours. No mortality was observed within 14 days after the exposure. During the exposure, clinical signs typical of an anesthetic effect, such as abnormal respiration and ataxic gait, were observed. These effects disappeared within 1 hour after the end of the exposure period. Cardiac sensitization potential of HFC-125 following adrenaline injection was studied in beagle dogs. Two dogs exposed respectively to 200,000 and 300,000 ppm HFC-125 showed fatal ventricular fibrillation. In 13-week study, groups of male and female rats were exposed to 0, 5,000, 15,000 and 50,000 ppm (0, 24.544, 73,632 and 245,440 mg/cu m) HFC-125 (6 hrs/day, 5 days/week). Additional groups of male and female rats were designated for a 4-week recovery period. No mortality was found at any dose. Pregnant female rabbits were exposed to levels of 0, 5,000, 15,000 or 50,000 ppm (0, 24.544, 73,632 and 245,440 mg/cu m) for 6 hrs/day during the gestation days 6-18 and sacrificed on day 29 of gestation. There was no evidence of any treatment-related morphological change or of increased incidence of visceral and skeletal anomalies or variants. Pregnant female rats were exposed to levels of 0, 5,000, 15,000 or 50,000 ppm (0, 24.544, 73,632 and 245,440 mg/cu m) for 6 hrs/day during the gestation days 6-15 and sacrificed on day 20 of gestation. No statistically-significant differences in the incidence of anomalies and variants were observed during visceral and skeletal examination of fetuses among the control and the treated groups. An erythrocyte micronucleus test was performed in mice. No significant changes were observed in the ratio of polychromated to mature cells among the control group and the groups treated with HFC-125. A cytogenetic assay for the study of chromosomal aberrations was carried out in Chinese hamster ovary cells exposed to concentrations up to 700,000 ppm (3,436,000 mg/cu m) for 4 hours and up to 600,000 ppm (2,945,000 mg/cu m) for 24 and 48 hours, with and without metabolic activation. Positive results were observed only after 48 hours of exposure to 600,000 ppm HFC-125 in the absence of metabolic activation. However, the increased incidence of chromosomal aberration, observed under this experimental condition was concurrent with clear evidence of cytotoxicity. HFC-125 up to 200,000 ppm (982,000 mg/cu m) was tested in 2 strains of Salmonella typhimurium, with and without metabolic activation. Negative results were obtained with both strains.

Pentafluoroethane was detected in the emissions of hydrofluorocarbon packaging in The Netherlands in 1990 at a rate of 56 metric kilo tons CO2 equivalents/year(1).

Estimated release of pentafluoroethane into the atmosphere over Europe was inferred from atmospheric measurements collected April to Oct 2009 from locations in Italy, Ireland and Switzerland(1). Regions were defined as: central west (Belgium, France, Luxembourg), central north (Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands), northwest (Ireland, United Kingdom), central south (Austria, Italy, Switzerland), southeast (Albania, Bulgaria, parts of Greece, Hungary, Romania, former Yugoslavia), northeast (Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia), east (Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, western part of Ukraine), and southwest (Portugal, Spain)(1).[Table#6248]

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of pentafluoroethane can be estimated to be 140(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that pentafluoroethane is expected to have high mobility in soil.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Freons are toxic to humans by several mechanisms. Inhaled fluorocarbons sensitize the myocardium to catecholamines, frequently resulting in lethal ventricular arrhythmias. Because they are gases heavier than air, fluorocarbons can displace atmospheric oxygen, thus resulting in asphyxiation. These compounds also have a central nervous system anesthetic effect analogous to a structurally similar general anesthetic, halothane. Pressurized refrigerant or liquid fluorocarbons with a low boiling point have a cryogenic effect on exposed tissues, causing frostbite, laryngeal or pulmonary edema, and gastrointestinal perforation. /Freons/

/GENOTOXICITY/ A ... chromosomal aberration test was carried out in human lymphocytes exposed up to 700,000 ppm (3,436,000 mg/cu m) HFC-125 for 3, 24 and 48 hours, with and without metabolic activation. This study gave clearly negative results.

AEROBIC: Pentafluoroethane, present at 2.99 mg/L, reached 10% of its theoretical oxygen demand in 28 days using an activated sludge inoculum in the OECD 301D test(1).

ANAEROBIC: Bacterial consortia were able to dechlorinate 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane under anaerobic conditions to chlorotrifluoroethane, but no biologically catalyzed defluorination reactions were observed; this indicates that pentafluoroethane is not likely to be biodegraded anaerobically(1).

PURE CULTURE: Pentafluoroethane was not biodegraded in an aerobic degradation analysis using Mycobacterium vaccae JOB5. M. vaccae is a naturally occurring bacteria that has been shown to biodegrade chlorinated compounds(1).

An estimated BCF of 5 was calculated in fish for pentafluoroethane(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 1.55 and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for pentafluoroethane is estimated as 0.049 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that pentafluoroethane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3.2 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4.3 days(SRC). Pentafluoroethane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Pentafluoroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9501 mm Hg(3).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... 10 Sprague Dawley rats (5 males and 5 females) were exposed to 800,000 ppm (3,927,000 mg/cu m) HFC-125 in atmosphere for 4 hours. Another 10 animals were exposed to normal air for control. No mortality was observed within 14 days after the exposure. During the exposure, clinical signs typical of an anesthetic effect, such as abnormal respiration and ataxic gait, were observed. These effects disappeared within 1 hour after the end of the exposure period. A slight decrease in mean body weight was registered in the exposed males, in comparison with the control males. No remarkable findings were observed during the autopsy. The lowest lethal dose (LDLo) was > 800,000 ppm (highest dose tested) for this study.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Cardiac sensitization potential of HFC-125 following adrenaline injection was studied in beagle dogs. The animals were initially tested for cardiac sensitivity to adrenaline alone, in order to establish the response dose (varying from 1 to 12 ug/kg for different animals). HFC-125 effects were compared to Halon 13B1 and to the reference (positive control) CFC-11. CFC-11 at a concentration of 25,000 ppm (122,720 mg/cu m) in air gave fatal ventricular fibrillation and multiple ectopic beats in 2/2 tested dogs. Six dogs were first exposed to 50,000 Halon 13B1, and then the same dogs were exposed to 100,000 HFC 125; these dogs were alternately exposed to increasing concentrations of Halon 13B1 and HFC 125. The same dogs were used for each successive exposure until a clear positive response was observed (5 or more apparently multifocal ventricular ectopic beats or ventricular fibrillation). Any dog with a positive response was removed from the experiment; it was assumed that the dogs exhibiting a positive response would also exhibit positive responses at all higher concentrations of the subject compound. Halon 13B1 and HFC-125 gave positive responses at 200,000 ppm (981,759 mg/cu m) (2/6 animals) and 100,000 ppm (490,879 mg/cu m) (1/6 animals), respectively. In this study the EC50 of HFC-125 for cardiac sensitization potential was between 100,000 and 150,000 ppm (490,879 and 736,319 mg/cu m) in air, and the NOEC was 75,000 ppm (368.160 mg/cu m). Two dogs exposed respectively to 200,000 and 300,000 ppm HFC-125 showed fatal ventricular fibrillation. A similar study was performed with a mixture of 36.5/63.5% v/v HFC-23/HFC-125. Exposure to 100,000 ppm (490,879 mg/cu m) of this mixture in air gave a positive response (fatal ventricular fibrillation) in one of six dogs.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ In 13-week study, groups of 10 male and 10 female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 0, 5,000, 15,000 and 50,000 ppm (0, 24.544, 73,632 and 245,440 mg/cu m) HFC-125 (6 hrs/day, 5 days/week). Additional groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were designated for a 4-week recovery period. No mortality was found at any dose. There were no treatment-related clinical signs of toxicity or significant differences in body weight gains and food consumption among the control and the treated groups. No statistical differences were observed in hematology, blood biochemistry and urinalysis, in organ weights and in peroxisomal beta-oxidation activities. Gross pathology examinations revealed a white patch in the liver of one male and a cyst in the kidney of another male dosed at 50,000 ppm and thick ear of one female of 5,000 ppm group, one of 50,000 ppm group and one in the control group. Enlargement of the lymph node in one female and a cyst in the ovary of another female were observed in the 50,000 ppm group at the end of the recovery period. These findings were considered incidental. No treatment-related histopathological changes were observed and 50,000 ppm, was considered the NOAEC for this study.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Ethane, pentafluoro- is included on this list. Effective date: 10/15/90; Sunset date: 11/9/93.

Used as a replacement for chlorofluorocarbons; [HSDB] Used as a refrigerant, fire extinguishing agent, plastic foam blowing agent, and solvent in special applications; [eChemPortal: SIDSUNEP]

According to the AFEAS database, more than 99% of HFC-125 produced worldwide by the reporting companies is used as a blend component for commercial refrigeration and air conditioning systems. The use as a fire-extinguishing agent in total flooding systems is another application of HFC-125. Minor applications include the use of HFC-125 in plastic foam blowing and as a solvent in special applications.

Refrigerant.

non-polymer PFAS -> Electronic Industry -> Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing

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2023: 70,000,000 - <85,000,000 lb

Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: Ethane, 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoro-. National Production Volume: 83,324,535 lb/yr.

Higher temperatures and higher hydrogen fluoride-to-substrate ratios are necessary to achieve complete replacement of all chlorine atoms in the starting chloro compounds by fluorine. Both liquid-phase halogen exchange in the presence of catalysts, such as antimony(V) or tin(IV) chlorofluorides and vapor phase reactions using solid-phase catalysts based on chromium are employed. Preferred starting materials are chloroform for HFC 23, dichloromethane for HFC 32, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane for HFC 143a. The conversion of tetrachloroethylene to HFC 125 and trichloroethylene to HFC 134a involves initial HF-addition across the double bond followed by a series of chlorine-fluorine exchange reactions.

Fluorination of 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123) is employed to manufacture 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124), which in turn is fluorinated to 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (HFC-125).

All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing

Ethane, 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoro-: ACTIVE