Sicherheitsangaben dienen nur zur Orientierung und ersetzen weder das Sicherheitsdatenblatt (SDB) des Lieferanten noch geltende Vorschriften oder eine fachliche Bewertung.
GHS-Klassifizierung
GHS Classification · 6 Einträge
This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 7.4% (12 of 163) of reports.
P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)
Aggregated GHS information provided per 163 reports by companies from 19 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.
Curcumin: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard
Fire PotentialNot flammable or combustible.
Health HazardsSYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to this compound may include irritation to the skin and eyes.
Hazards SummaryThis compound is an allergen and local irritant. [CAMEO] Curcumin is not a reproductive toxin in mice; [REPROTOX] Allowable daily intake = 0-3 mg/kg bw; [JECFA] An irritant; May be harmful if swallowed; [Aldrich MSDS]
FDA Requirements · 4 Einträge
Spices and other natural seasonings and flavorings that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, within the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Tumeric (Botanical name of plant source: Curcuma longa L.) is included on this list. /Tumeric/
Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates) that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, within the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Tumeric (Botanical name of plant source: Curcuma longa L.) is included on this list. /Tumeric/
Chemie und Industrie
Pharmakologische Informationen
Protein BindingNo pharmacokinetic data available.
Pharmacodynamics · 1 Eintrag
Intravenous application of 25 mg/kg bw curcumin to rats resulted in an increase in bile flow by 80 and 120%. In the rat model of inflammation, curcumin was shown to inhibit edema formation. In nude mouse that had been injected subcutaneously with prostate cancer cells, administration of curcumin caused a marked decrease in the extent of cell proliferation, a significant increase of apoptosis and micro-vessel density. Curcumin may exert choleretic effects by increasing biliary excretion of bile salts, cholesterol, and bilirubin, as well as increasing bile solubility. Curcumin inhibited arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation _in vitro_.
Mechanism of Action · 6 Einträge
Curcumin acts as a scavenger of oxygen species, such as hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, and singlet oxygen and inhibit lipid peroxidation as well as peroxide-induced DNA damage. Curcumin mediates potent anti-inflammatory agent and anti-carcinogenic actions via modulating various signalling molecules. It suppresses a number of key elements in cellular signal transduction pathways pertinent to growth, differentiation, and malignant transformation; it was demonstrated _in vitro_ that curcumin inhibits protein kinases, c-Jun/AP-1 activation, prostaglandin biosynthesis, and the activity and expression of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX)-2.
Curcumin, a polyphenolic natural product, exhibits therapeutic activity against a number of diseases, attributed mainly to its chemical structure and unique physical, chemical, and biological properties. It is a diferuloyl methane molecule [1,7-bis (4-hydroxy-3- methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione)] containing two ferulic acid residues joined by a methylene bridge. It has three important functionalities: an aromatic o-methoxy phenolic group, alpha, beta-unsaturated beta-diketo moiety and a seven carbon linker. Extensive research in the last two decades has provided evidence for the role of these different functional groups in its crucial biological activities. A few highlights of chemical structural features associated with the biological activity of curcumin are: The o-methoxyphenol group and methylenic hydrogen are responsible for the antioxidant activity of curcumin, and curcumin donates an electron/ hydrogen atom to reactive oxygen species. Curcumin interacts with a number of biomolecules through non-covalent and covalent binding. The hydrogen bonding and hydrophobicity of curcumin, arising from the aromatic and tautomeric structures along with the flexibility of the linker group are responsible for the non-covalent interactions. The alpha, beta-unsaturated beta-diketone moiety covalently interacts with protein thiols, through Michael reaction. The beta-diketo group forms chelates with transition metals, thereby reducing the metal induced toxicity and some of the metal complexes exhibit improved antioxidant activity as enzyme mimics. New analogues with improved activity are being developed with modifications on specific functional groups of curcumin...
Orange-yellow turmeric will hold shade better than lemon-yellow when exposed directly or indirectly to sunlight /turmeric/
Physikochemische Eigenschaften
FEMA
3085 · 3085 | TURMERIC (CURCUMA LONGA L.)
Geruch (Odor)
100 % · at 100.00 %. turmeric
Geruchsart
spicy
EPA chemische Informationen
Curcuma oil (8024-37-1)
Spices and other natural seasonings and flavorings that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, within the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Tumeric (Botanical name of plant source: Curcuma longa L.) is included on this list. /Tumeric/
Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates) that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, within the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Tumeric (Botanical name of plant source: Curcuma longa L.) is included on this list. /Tumeric/
Reactive GroupEthers
Special ReportsDHHS/NTP; Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies of Turmeric Oleoresin in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice Technical Report Series No. 427 (1993) NIH Publication No. 93-3158
Reactivity ProfileCURCUMIN is sensitive to light and changes in pH. This compound may react with oxidizing materials. (NTP, 1992)
Air and Water ReactionsSlightly soluble in hot water (NTP, 1992).
Toxic Combustion ProductsHazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions. - Carbon oxides
Hazard Classes and Categories · 2 Einträge
Skin Irrit. 2 (92%)
Skin Irrit. 2 (100%)
Sicherheit und Schutzausrüstung
First Aid · 1 Eintrag
EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.
Fire Fighting Procedures · 2 Einträge
Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Storage ConditionsKeep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Recommended storage temperature: -20 °C Keep in a dry place.
Cleanup MethodsPick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.
Nonfire Spill Response · 1 Eintrag
SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with alcohol, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with alcohol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with alcohol followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminate area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.
Preventive Measures · 2 Einträge
Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.
Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) · 1 Eintrag
RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter.
Toxikologische Informationen
Interactions · 5 Einträge
Groundwater arsenic contamination has been a health hazard for West Bengal, India. Oxidative stress to DNA is recognized as an underlying mechanism of arsenic carcinogenicity. A phytochemical, curcumin, from turmeric appears to be potent antioxidant and antimutagenic agent. DNA damage prevention with curcumin could be an effective strategy to combat arsenic toxicity. This field trial in Chakdah block of West Bengal evaluated the role of curcumin against the genotoxic effects of arsenic. DNA damage in human lymphocytes was assessed by comet assay and fluorescence-activated DNA unwinding assay. Curcumin was analyzed in blood by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Arsenic induced oxidative stress and elucidation of the antagonistic role of curcumin was done by observation on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl. Antioxidant enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathioneS-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and non-enzymatic glutathione were also analyzed. The blood samples of the endemic regions showed severe DNA damage with increased levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation. The antioxidants were found with depleted activity. Three months curcumin intervention reduced the DNA damage, retarded ROS generation and lipid peroxidation and raised the level of antioxidant activity. Thus curcumin may have some protective role against the DNA damage caused by arsenic.
To determine whether curcumin ameliorates acute and chronic radiation skin toxicity and to examine the expression of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1, IL-6, IL-18, IL-1Ra, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha, and lymphotoxin-beta) or fibrogenic cytokines (transforming growth factor [TGF]-beta) during the same acute and chronic phases. Curcumin was given intragastrically or intraperitoneally to C3H/HeN mice either: 5 days before radiation; 5 days after radiation; or both 5 days before and 5 days after radiation. The cutaneous damage was assessed at 15-21 days (acute) and 90 days (chronic) after a single 50 Gy radiation dose was given to the hind leg. Skin and muscle tissues were collected for measurement of cytokine mRNA. Curcumin, administered before or after radiation, markedly reduced acute and chronic skin toxicity in mice (p < 0.05). Additionally, curcumin significantly decreased mRNA expression of early responding cytokines (IL-1 IL-6, IL-18, TNF-alpha, and lymphotoxin-beta) and the fibrogenic cytokine, TGF-beta, in cutaneous tissues at 21 days postradiation. Curcumin has a protective effect on radiation-induced cutaneous damage in mice, which is characterized by a downregulation of both inflammatory and fibrogenic cytokines in irradiated skin and muscle, particularly in the early phase after radiation. These results may provide the molecular basis for the application of curcumin in clinical radiation therapy.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of curcumin in protecting against selenium-induced toxicity in liver and kidney of Wistar rats. Light microscopy evaluation of selenium alone administered rats showed liver to be infiltrated with mononuclear cells, vacuolation, necrosis, and pronounced degeneration. Control liver sections showed a regular morphology of parenchymal cells with intact hepatocytes and sinusoids. Kidney from selenium alone administered rats showed vacuolar degeneration changes in the epithelial cells, cellular proliferation with fibrosis, thickening of capillary walls, and glomerular tuft atrophy. Such changes were also observed in rats administered with selenium and curcumin simultaneously and rats administered first with selenium and then curcumin 24 hr later. Interestingly, such degenerative changes observed in liver and kidney induced by selenium were not seen in rats that were administered with curcumin first and selenium 24 hr later. This clearly suggests the protective nature of curcumin against selenium toxicity. To understand the probable mechanism of action of curcumin, /investigators/ analyzed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression by immunohistochemistry, and the results showed an increased iNOS expression in selenium-alone induced liver and kidney. Such high iNOS levels were inhibited in liver and kidney of rats pretreated with curcumin and then with selenium 24 hr later. Based on the histological results, it can be concluded that curcumin functions as a protective agent against selenium-induced toxicity in liver as well as kidney, and this action is probably by the regulatory role of curcumin on iNOS expression.
Zn(II)-curcumin, a mononuclear (1:1) zinc complex of curcumin was synthesized and examined for its antiulcer activities against pylorus-ligature-induced gastric ulcer in rats. The structure of Zn(II)-curcumin was identified by elemental analysis, NMR and TG-DTA analysis. It was found that a zinc atom was coordinated through the keto-enol group of curcumin along with one acetate group and one water molecule. Zn(II)-curcumin (12, 24 and 48 mg/kg) dose-dependently blocked gastric lesions, significantly reduced gastric volume, free acidity, total acidity and pepsin, compared with control group (P<0.001) and curcumin alone (24 mg/kg, P<0.05). Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed that Zn(II)-curcumin markedly inhibited the induction of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), transforming growth factor beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), compared with control group (P<0.05). These findings suggested that Zn(II)-curcumin prevented pylorus-ligation-induced lesions in rat by inhibiting NF-kappaB activation and the subsequent production of proinflammatory cytokines, indicating a synergistic effect between curcumin and zinc.../Zinc(II)-curcumin complex/
For more Interactions (Complete) data for CURCUMIN (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Environmental Fate · 3 Einträge
TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3400(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that curcumin is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of curcumin from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.0X10-22 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Curcumin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 3.1X10-12 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2013); however, curcumin was 75% biodegraded by a mutant strain of Phanerochaete chrysospporium, a white-rot fungi(4).
AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3400(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that curcumin is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.0X10-22 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 68(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 3.29(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2013); however, curcumin was 75% biodegraded by a mutant strain of Phanerochaete chrysospporium, a white-rot fungi(6).
ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), curcumin, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 3.1X10-12 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase curcumin may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Curcumin contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).
Plant ConcentrationsCurcumin concentrations in plants(1).[Table#4920]
Ongoing Test Status · 1 Eintrag
The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from, as of November 21, 2013: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=458-37-7]
Soil Adsorption/Mobility · 1 Eintrag
Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of curcumin can be estimated to be 3400(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that curcumin is expected to have slight mobility in soil.
Natural Pollution Sources · 1 Eintrag
Curcumin is found in the plant Curcuma longa, the common names of which are Tumeric and Indian Saffron. Curcumin is also found in ginger (Zingiber officinale)(1). Both plants come from the same plant family, Zingiberaceae, the Ginger family(SRC).
Human Toxicity Excerpts · 5 Einträge
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Twenty-five patients with conditions indicating a high risk of malignancy were given diferuloylmethane (purity, 99.3%) for 3 months. The starting dose was 500 mg/day, which was increased stepwise to 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 and finally 12 000 mg/day. The patients received regular followup, including physical examination, weekly hemogram, and measurement of blood electrolytes and biochemistry parameters every 2 weeks. No adverse effects were reported at doses of up to 8000 mg/day.
/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ...Patients with advanced colorectal cancer receiving Curcuma extract daily for up to 4 months were examined physically and blood samples were taken on days 1, 2, 8 and 29 of treatment and monthly thereafter. Blood samples were analysed for full blood cell count, concentrations of urea, electrolytes and markers of liver and bone function. Curcuma extract was administered at a dose equivalent to 26, 72, 108, 144 or 180 mg of diferuloylmethane, with three patients receiving each dose. The only adverse effects reported were gastrointestinal symptoms. During the first month of treatment, one patient receiving diferuloylmethane at a dose of 108 mg per day experienced nausea, which resolved spontaneously without discontinuing the treatment. Two patients, who received diferuloylmethane at a dose of 72 or 180 mg per day, respectively, experienced diarrhea. In the absence of controls, and in view of the clinical conditions of the patients, it is not clear whether these symptoms were related to treatment.
/GENOTOXICITY/ Chronic inhalation of high concentrations of respirable quartz particles has been implicated in various lung diseases including lung fibrosis and cancer. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress is considered a major mechanism of quartz toxicity. Curcumin, a yellow pigment from Curcuma longa, has been considered as nutraceutical because of its strong anti-inflammatory, antitumour and antioxidant properties. The aim of /the/ present study was to investigate whether curcumin can protect lung epithelial cells from the cytotoxic, genotoxic and inflammatory effects associated with quartz (DQ12) exposure. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements using the spin-trap DMPO demonstrated that curcumin reduces hydrogen peroxide-dependent hydroxyl-radical formation by quartz. Curcumin was also found to reduce quartz-induced cytotoxicity and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) mRNA expression in RLE-6TN rat lung epithelial cells (RLE). Curcumin also inhibited the release of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) from RLE cells as observed upon treatment with interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). However, curcumin failed to protect the RLE cells from oxidative DNA damage induced by quartz, as shown by formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (FPG)-modified comet assay and by immunocytochemistry for 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine. In contrast, curcumin was found to be a strong inducer of oxidative DNA damage itself at non-cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory concentrations. In line with this, curcumin also enhanced the mRNA expression of the oxidative stress response gene heme oxygenase-1 (ho-1). Curcumin also caused oxidative DNA damage in NR8383 rat alveolar macrophages and A549 human lung epithelial cells. Taken together, these observations indicate that one should be cautious in considering the potential use of curcumin in the prevention or treatment of lung diseases associated with quartz exposure.
Artificial Pollution Sources · 1 Eintrag
Curcumin's production and use as analytical reagent, food dye, biological stain, as an acid-base indicator (brownish-red with alkalies, yellow with acids (pH range 7.4-8.6)), and as an indicator for boron(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).
Environmental Biodegradation · 1 Eintrag
PURE CULTURE: 14C-Labeled curcumin, present at 1 mg/10 uL of N,N-dimethylformamide, was 75% biodegraded via ring cleavage of the catechol moiety when incubated for 3 days with a mutant strain of Phanerochaete chrysospporium, a white-rot fungi(1).
Drug Induced Liver Injury · 4 Einträge
Drug-Induced Liver Injury Severity and Toxicity (DILIst)
Curcumin
DILI Positive
DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2019.09.022
Environmental Bioconcentration · 1 Eintrag
An estimated BCF of 68 was calculated in fish for curcumin(SRC), using an estimated/ log Kow of 3.29(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC).
Volatilization from Water/Soil · 1 Eintrag
The Henry's Law constant for curcumin is estimated as 7.0X10-22 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that curcumin is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water and moist soil surfaces(2). Curcumin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 3.1X10-12 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).
Regulatorische Informationen
FDA Requirements · 4 Einträge
Spices and other natural seasonings and flavorings that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, within the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Tumeric (Botanical name of plant source: Curcuma longa L.) is included on this list. /Tumeric/
Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates) that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, within the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Tumeric (Botanical name of plant source: Curcuma longa L.) is included on this list. /Tumeric/
Spices and other natural seasonings and flavorings that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, within the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Tumeric (Botanical name of plant source: Curcuma longa L.) is included on this list. /Tumeric/
Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates) that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, within the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Tumeric (Botanical name of plant source: Curcuma longa L.) is included on this list. /Tumeric/
Sicherheitsdaten
tsca
TSCA listed
The present study demonstrates that curcumin acts as pro-oxidant and sensitizes human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A549) to apoptosis via intracellular redox status mediated pathway. Results indicated that curcumin induced cell toxicity (light microscopy and MTT assay) and apoptosis (AnnexinV-FITC/PI labeling and caspase-3 activity) in these cells. These events seem to be mediated through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide radicals (SOR) and enhanced levels of lipid peroxidation. These changes were accompanied by increase in oxidized glutathione (GSSG), reduced glutathione (GSH) and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS) activity, but decrease in GSH/GSSG ratio. The induction of apoptosis and decrease in GSH/GSSG ratio was also accompanied by sustained phosphorylation and activation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK). On the other hand, addition of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant, blocked the curcumin-induced ROS production and rescued malignant cells from curcumin-induced apoptosis through caspase-3 deactivation. However, L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a GSH synthesis blocking agent, further enhanced curcumin-induced ROS production and apoptosis in A549 cells. Decreased GSH/GSSG ratio seems to be a crucial factor for the activation of MAPK signaling cascade by curcumin. The study therefore, provides an insight into the molecular mechanism involved in sensitization of lung adenocarcinoma cells to apoptosis by curcumin.
Curcumin has many pharmaceutical applications, many of which arise from its potent antioxidant properties. The present research examined the antioxidant activities of curcumin in polar solvents by a comparative study using ESR, reduction of ferric iron in aqueous medium and intracellular ROS/toxicity assays. ESR data indicated that the steric hindrance among adjacent big size groups within a galvinoxyl molecule limited the curcumin to scavenge galvinoxyl radicals effectively, while curcumin showed a powerful capacity for scavenging intracellular smaller oxidative molecules such as H2O2, HO-, ROO-. Cell viability and ROS assays demonstrated that curcumin was able to penetrate into the polar medium inside the cells and to protect them against the highly toxic and lethal effects of cumene hydroperoxide. Curcumin also showed good electron-transfer capability, with greater activity than trolox in aqueous solution. Curcumin can readily transfer electron or easily donate H-atom from two phenolic sites to scavenge free radicals. The excellent electron transfer capability of curcumin is because of its unique structure and different functional groups, including a beta-diketone and several pi electrons that have the capacity to conjugate between two phenyl rings. Therefore, since curcumin is inherently a lipophilic compound, because of its superb intracellular ROS scavenging activity, it can be used as an effective antioxidant for ROS protection within the polar cytoplasm.
Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), the yellow pigment in Indian saffron (Curcuma longa; also called turmeric, haldi, or haridara in the East and curry powder in the West), has been consumed by people for centuries as a dietary component and for a variety of proinflammatory ailments. Extensive research within the last decade in cell culture and in rodents has revealed that curcumin can sensitize tumors to different chemotherapeutic agents including doxorubicin, 5-FU, paclitaxel, vincristine, melphalan, butyrate, cisplatin, celecoxib, vinorelbine, gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, etoposide, sulfinosine, thalidomide, and bortezomib. Chemosensitization has been observed in cancers of the breast, colon, pancreas, gastric, liver, blood, lung, prostate, bladder, cervix, ovary, head and neck, and brain and in multiple myeloma, leukemia, and lymphoma. Similar studies have also revealed that this agent can sensitize a variety of tumors to gamma radiation including glioma, neuroblastoma, cervical carcinoma, epidermal carcinoma, prostate cancer, and colon cancer. How curcumin acts as a chemosensitizer and radiosensitizer has also been studied extensively. For example, it downregulates various growth regulatory pathways and specific genetic targets including genes for NF-kappaB, STAT3, COX2, Akt, antiapoptotic proteins, growth factor receptors, and multidrug-resistance proteins. Although it acts as a chemosensitizer and radiosensitizer for tumors in some cases, curcumin has also been shown to protect normal organs such as liver, kidney, oral mucosa, and heart from chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced toxicity. The protective effects of curcumin appear to be mediated through its ability to induce the activation of NRF2 and induce the expression of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., hemeoxygenase-1, glutathione peroxidase, modulatory subunit of gamma-glutamyl-cysteine ligase, and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, increase glutathione (a product of the modulatory subunit of gamma-glutamyl-cysteine ligase), directly quench free radicals, and inhibit p300 HAT activity.
For more Mechanism of Action (Complete) data for CURCUMIN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Biological Half-LifeNo pharmacokinetic data available.
Metabolism/Metabolites · 3 Einträge
Initially, curcumin undergoes rapid intestinal metabolism to form curcumin glucuronide and curcumin sulfate via O-conjugation. Other metabolites formed include tetrahydrocurcumin, hexahydrocurcumin, and hexahydrocurcuminol via reduction. Curcumin may also undergo intensive second metabolism in the liver where the major metabolites were glucuronides of tetrahydrocurcumin and hexahydrocurcumin, with dihydroferulic acid and traces of ferulic acid as further metabolites. Hepatic metabolites are expected to be excreted in the bile. Certain curcumin metabolites, such as tetrahydrocurcumin, retain anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
Iv & ip doses of (3)H-curcumin excreted in bile of cannulated rats. Major metab were glucuronides of tetrahydrocurcumin & hexahydrocurcumin. Minor metab was dihydroferulic acid together with traces of ferulic acid.
Curcumin has known human metabolites that include O-demethyl curcumin and Curcumin 4-O-glucuronide.
MeSH Pharmacological Classification · 4 Einträge
Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions. They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.
Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.
Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.
Chemicals and substances that impart color including soluble dyes and insoluble pigments. They are used in INKS; PAINTS; and as INDICATORS AND REAGENTS.
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion · 6 Einträge
Curcumin displays poor absorption into the gastrointestinal tract. In a rat study, oral administration of a single dose of 2 g of curcumin resulted in a plasma concentration of less than 5 μg/mL, indicating poor absorption from the gut.
Following oral administration of curcumin to rats at a dose of 1 g/kg bw, about 75% of dose was excreted in the faeces and only traces of the compound was detected in the urine. When a single 400 mg dose of curcumin was administered orally to rats, about 60% was absorbed and 40% was excreted unchanged in the faeces over an period of 5 days. Intraperitoneal administration resulted in fecal excretion of 73% and biliary excretion of 11%.
Following oral administration of radio-labelled curcumin to rats, radioactivity was detected in the liver and kidneys.
No pharmacokinetic data available.
Oral & ip doses of (3)H-curcumin led to fecal excretion of most of radioactivity. Iv & ip doses were well excreted in bile of cannulated rats.
When admin orally in dose of 1 g/kg, curcumin was excreted in feces to about 75%, while negligible amt appeared in urine. Measurement of blood plasma levels & biliary excretion showed that curcumin was poorly absorbed from the gut.
Cellular LocationsMembrane
Verwendung und Herstellung
Uses · 6 Einträge
Natural dye from the root of Curcuma longa; [Merck Index] Used for preparing curcuma paper, detecting boron, dyeing and flavoring food, dyeing fabrics (cotton, wool, and silk), and coloring oils and waxes; Also used as a biological stain and acid-base indicator; [HSDB] Thought to be the most bio-active component in tumeric; [REPROTOX]
Textiles (Printing, Dyeing, or Finishing) [Category: Industry]
For preparing curcuma paper, pH range 8-9. In the detection of boron.
Analytical reagent, food dye, biological stain. As an acid-base indicator it is brownish-red with alkalies, yellow with acids (pH range 7.4-8.6); also as an indicator for boron.
Flavoring and coloring agent in food-as turmeric; boron indicator; stain in microscopy; alkali indicator; coloring agent for oils, waxes, & textiles
Curcumin is a natural polyphenol product derived from the rhizome of the Curcuma longa. In vivo and in vitro studies have uncovered many important bioactivities of curcumin, such as antioxidant activity, inducing cell apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, anti-cell adhesion and motility, anti-angiogenesis and anti-microbe properties. Based on these functions, curcumin has been used in clinical trials on various inflammatory diseases and cancers. In the future, it will be necessary to focus attention partly on the clinical application of curcumin in neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, because many experiments have clarified the potential value of curcumin in these areas...
U.S. Exports · 2 Einträge
(1977) No Data
(1979) No Data
U.S. Imports · 2 Einträge
(1977) 1.12X10+9 GRAMS AS TUMERIC
(1979) 1.54X10+9 GRAMS AS TUMERIC
U.S. Production · 2 Einträge
(1976) 6.4X10+8 G-MIN USE IN FOODS-AS TURMERIC
(1979) No Data
Methods of Manufacturing · 3 Einträge
Occurs naturally in the root of the herb curcuma longa (turmeric); isolation by steam distillation
The essential oil of Curcuma longa is obtained by steam distillation, with yields ranging between 1.3 and 5.5%. ... The oil contains, in addition to turmerone (~60%), free acids, cineol, borneol, zingerone, phellandrene, and 3 to 4% coloring matter (curcumin). /Essential oil of Curcuma longa/
Production: Stieglitz, Horn, German patent 859145 (1952 to Hoechst)
Formulations/PreparationsDerivatives: tincture (20% in 60% ethanol), fluid extract, & oleoresin. /Deriv of turmeric/
Household ProductsInformation on 3 consumer products that contain Curcumin in the following categories is provided:
1,6-Heptadiene-3,5-dione, 1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-, (1E,6E)-: ACTIVE
... /Curcuma longa/ is originally from southern Asia and is widespread throughout India, Malaysia, Ceylon and Japan. It is perennial herb whose rhizome yields ... climbing stalks with leaves only or with leaves and flowers. Reproduction occurs through the splitting of the rhizome, which is the only part used (dried rhizome as is or after previously boiling in water). /Curcuma longa/
Turmeric yields about 5% volatile oil... oil contains alc, turmerol, & ketone, curcumone. About 59%...consists of mixt of alicyclic sesquiterpene ketone, turmerone, C15H22O, & aromatic ketone, arturmerone C15H20O. Other organic compd incl d-alpha-phellandrene, d-sabinene, zingiberene, cineole & borneol. /Turmeric/
Curcumin assists in identification of turmeric starch. Yellow, pasty masses of starch become reddish-brown with sodium, potassium, & ammonium hydroxides; crimson with concentrated sulfuric acid.
Curcumin showed bacteriostatic activity against staphylococcus.
For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for CURCUMIN (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
