[NH3:1].[NH:2]1[CH2:6][CH2:5][CH2:4][C:3]1=[O:7].C(O)(=O)CCC(O)=[O:12]>O>[C:6]([CH2:5][CH2:4][C:3]([OH:7])=[O:12])#[N:2].[C:6]([CH2:5][CH2:4][C:3]([NH2:1])=[O:7])#[N:2].[NH:2]1[CH2:6][CH2:5][CH2:4][C:3]1=[O:7].[NH3:2]Preferably, the hydrogenation reaction is carried out in liquid phase with water being the liquid medium. The mol ratio of water to succinic reactant preferably is between 1:1 and 400:1, more preferably between 2:1 and 50:1 in the hydrogenation step reaction zone. Similar to the situation with ammonia, water may be added separately to the reaction zone if desired and also the amount of water in the reaction zone will be increased by the conversion of the succinic reactant to 2-pyrrolidone. In the case of conversion of succinic acid to 2-pyrrolidone, 3 mols of water are generated, and in the conversion of beta-cyanopropionic acid to 2-pyrrolidone, 1 mol of water will be formed, while in the conversion of beta-cyanopropionamide to 2-pyrrolidone, one mol of ammonia will be formed, but no water.
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