CAS 18540-29-9 Chromium(6+) (HCID 29131)

Names & identifiers

Preferred name: Chromium(6+)
IUPAC: chromium(6+)
English name: chromium(+6) cation
Molecular formula: Cr+6
Molecular weight: 51.99

Names & synonyms

Chromium(6+)18540-29-9Chromium hexavalent ionChromium(6+) ionCr(VI)CHROMIUM (VI)chromium(VI) cationChromium ion (6+)CHEBI:33007RefChem:576906606-053-1Chromium(VI)

Show more names

CHROMATE(VI)CHROMIUM(VI) ION)HEXAVALENTCHROMATEchromium(+6) cationChromium(6+) compoundsHEXAVALENTCHROMIUMCOMPOUNDSChromium (VI) compounds water soluble compounds as Cr (not classified elsewhere)

Hexavalent chromiumChromium (VI) ionMFCD00717544Cr6+Chromium(6+)ionChromium, ion (Cr6+)Chromium(6+)ionsChromium(VI) ions

Database identifiers

CAS: 18540-29-9
PubChem CID: 29131
DTXSID: DTXSID7023982
ChEBI: CHEBI:33007
EC Number: 606-053-1

Properties

Computed structural properties

Topological polar surface area: 0 Å²
Hydrogen bond donors: 0
Hydrogen bond acceptors: 0
Rotatable bonds: 0
Heavy atoms: 1
Formal charge: 6
Complexity: 0

Physicochemical properties

Exposure limits: 0.05 mg/m3 · PC-TWA: 0.05 mg/m3
CAS DataBase Reference: 18540 · 18540-29-9
IARC: 1 · 1 (Vol. Sup 7, 49, 100C) 2012
EPA Substance Registry System: Chromium(VI) (18540-29-9)
Symbol(GHS): 7 · GHS07,GHS08,GHS09
Signal word: Danger
Hazard statements: 317 · H317-H410
Precautionary statements: 261 · P261-P272-P280-P302+P352-P333+P313-P321-P363-P501-P273-P391-P501
OEL: 3 · TWA: None mg/m3

Safety & regulation

GHS classification

GHS Classification · 5 items

Danger

H317 (100%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]；H350 (41.5%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]；H350i (56.9%): May cause cancer by inhalation [Danger Carcinogenicity]；H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]；H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P261, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P318, P321, P333+P317, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 65 reports by companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.；Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Hazard information

Regulatory Information · 2 items

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity; Dermatotoxicity; Developmental Toxicity; Hematotoxicity; Hepatotoxicity and Digestive System Toxicity; Reproductive Toxicity; Respiratory Toxicity；Authoritative List - CA MCLs; CA TACs; CWA 303(c); EC Annex VI CMRs - Cat. 1B; IARC Carcinogens - 1; IRIS Carcinogens - Carcin.; NTP RoC - known; OEHHA RELs; Prop 65；Report - regardless of intended function of ingredient in the product

Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 (amended)

Hazard Classes and CategoriesSkin Sens. 1 (100%)；Carc. 1B (41.5%)；Carc. 1B (56.9%)；Aquatic Acute 1 (100%)；Aquatic Chronic 1 (100%)

Safety & protection

Minimum Risk Level · 2 items

Intermediate Oral: 0.005 mg/kg/day (L134) Chronic Oral: 0.001 mg/kg/day (L134)

Intermediate Oral: 0.005 mg/kg/day (Hexavalent chromium) (L134) Chronic Oral: 0.001 mg/kg/day (Hexavalent chromium) (L134)

Toxicology

Treatment · 2 items

There is no known antidote for chromium poisoning. Exposure is usually handled with symptomatic treatment. (L16)

Cancer SitesGastrointestinal；Respiratory

Target OrgansDevelopmental；Gastrointestinal；Hematologic；Hepatic；Respiratory

Health Effects · 2 items

Hexavalent chromium is a known carcinogen. Chronic inhalation especially has been linked to lung cancer. Hexavalent chromium has also been know to cause reproductive and developmental defects. (A12)

Hexavalent chromium is a known carcinogen. Chronic inhalation especially has been linked to lung cancer. Hexavalent chromium has also been shown to affect reproduction and development. (A12)

Exposure Routes · 2 items

Oral (L16) ; inhalation (L16) ; dermal (L16)

Oral (L16) ; inhalation (L16); dermal (L16)

Toxicity Summary · 2 items

Hexavalent chromium's carcinogenic effects are caused by its metabolites, pentavalent and trivalent chromium. The DNA damage may be caused by hydroxyl radicals produced during reoxidation of pentavalent chromium by hydrogen peroxide molecules present in the cell. Trivalent chromium may also form complexes with peptides, proteins, and DNA, resulting in DNA-protein crosslinks, DNA strand breaks, DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinks, chromium-DNA adducts, chromosomal aberrations and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. It has been shown to induce carcinogenesis by overstimulating cellular regulatory pathways and increasing peroxide levels by activating certain mitogen-activated protein kinases. It can also cause transcriptional repression by cross-linking histone deacetylase 1-DNA methyltransferase 1 complexes to CYP1A1 promoter chromatin, inhibiting histone modification. Chromium may increase its own toxicity by modifying metal regulatory transcription factor 1, causing the inhibition of zinc-induced metallothionein transcription. (A12, L16, A34, A35, A36)

Regulatory information

Regulatory Information · 2 items

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity; Dermatotoxicity; Developmental Toxicity; Hematotoxicity; Hepatotoxicity and Digestive System Toxicity; Reproductive Toxicity; Respiratory Toxicity；Authoritative List - CA MCLs; CA TACs; CWA 303(c); EC Annex VI CMRs - Cat. 1B; IARC Carcinogens - 1; IRIS Carcinogens - Carcin.; NTP RoC - known; OEHHA RELs; Prop 65；Report - regardless of intended function of ingredient in the product

Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 (amended)

Safety data

OEL: TWA: None mg/m3
Signal word: Danger
Symbol(GHS): GHS07,GHS08,GHS09
Hazard statements: H317-H410
Precautionary statements: P261-P272-P280-P302+P352-P333+P313-P321-P363-P501-P273-P391-P501

Chemistry & industry

Pharmacology

Metabolism/Metabolites · 2 items

Chromium is absorbed from oral, inhalation, or dermal exposure and distributes to nearly all tissues, with the highest concentrations found in kidney and liver. Bone is also a major storage site and may contribute to long-term retention. Hexavalent chromium's similarity to sulfate and chromate allow it to be transported into cells via sulfate transport mechanisms. Inside the cell, hexavalent chromium is reduced first to pentavalent chromium, then to trivalent chromium by many substances including ascorbate, glutathione, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Chromium is almost entirely excreted with the urine. (A12, L16)

Chromium is absorbed from oral, inhalation, or dermal exposure and distributes to nearly all tissues, with the highest concentrations found in kidney and liver. Bone is also a major storage site and may contribute to long-term retention. Hexavalent chromium's similarity to sulfate and chromate allows it to be transported into cells via sulfate transport mechanisms. Inside the cell, hexavalent chromium is reduced first to pentavalent chromium, then to trivalent chromium by different pathways including ascorbate, glutathione, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Chromium is almost entirely excreted in the urine. (A12, L16)

MeSH Pharmacological ClassificationCarcinogenic substances that are found in the environment.

Uses & manufacturing

Uses · 2 items

Hexavalent chromium is used for chrome plating, dyes and pigments, leather tanning, and wood preserving. (A12)

Elemental chromium is used mainly for making steel. Hexavalent chromium is used for chrome plating, dyes and pigments, leather tanning, and wood preserving. (A12, L17)

Household ProductsInformation on 1 consumer products that contain Chromium hexavalent ion in the following categories is provided:；• Home Maintenance

Applications · 1 item

UsesThe steel industry is the major consumer of chromium. In 2007, estimated consumption of chromium in the United States by end use was 78% in stainless and heat-resisting steel, 13.8% for other steel uses, 3.7% in superalloys, and 4.5% in other alloys and end uses (Papp 2009). Alloys of stainless steel and chromium typically contain between 11.5% and 30% chromium (ATSDR 2000). Chromium(VI) compounds are widely used as corrosion inhibitors, in the manufacture of pigments, in metal finishing and chrome plating, in stainless steel production, in leather tanning, and in wood preservatives (Costa 1997, ATSDR 2000). In 1996, about 52% of all chromium compounds used in the U.S. chemical industry were used in production of wood preservatives; the rest were used in leather tanning (13%), metals finish-ing (13%), pigments (12%), refractories (linings for high-temperature industrial furnaces) (3%), and other uses (7%) (ATSDR 2000). The use of chromium(VI) compounds in wood preservatives increased dramatically from the late 1970s to the early 2000s; however, this use is expected to decrease because of a voluntary phase-out of all residential uses of wood treated with chromated copper arsenate (pressure-treated wood) that went into effect December 31, 2003 (Brooks 2009). Chromium(VI) compounds are also used in textile-dyeing processes, printing inks, drilling muds, pyrotechnics, water treatment, and chemical synthesis (HSDB 2009). Calcium chromate is used primarily as a corrosion inhibitor and as a depolarizer in batteries (IARC 1973, 1990, HSDB 2009). Chromium trioxide is used primarily in chrome plating and other metal finishing (particularly in the production of automobiles and military aircraft), in production of wood preservatives, as a corrosion inhibitor, and in production of organic chemicals and catalysts. Lead chromate has been used in paints and printing inks and as a colorant in vinyl, rubber, and paper. Potassium chromate is used in production of dyes and in textile-dyeing processes. Potassium dichromate has largely been replaced by sodium dichromate in many applications; however, it is still used in photomechanical processes and production of pigments and wood preservatives. Sodium chromate is used as a corrosion inhibitor and in textile dyeing processes, inks, paints, leather tanning, wood preservatives, drilling muds, cutting oils, water treatment, and production of other chromium compounds. Sodium dichromate is the primary base material for the production of chromium compounds and is used as a corrosion inhibitor, in metal treatments, in drilling muds, and in the production of dyes, wood preservatives, synthetic organic chemicals, and catalysts. Strontium chromate is used as a corrosion inhibitor and metal conditioner, in aluminum flake coatings, as a colorant in polyvinyl chloride, in pyrotechnics, in chrome plating, and for sulfate ion control in electrochemical processes