Creatine

Slightly soluble in water, insoluble in ether

Slightly soluble in ether and ethanol

In water, 1.33X10+4 mg/L at 18 °C

13.3 mg/mL at 18 °C

Decomposes at 303 °C

303 °C

Solid; [Merck Index] White powder; [Alfa Aesar MSDS]

Solid

pKa1 = 3.8 (carboxylic acid); pKa2 = 12.7 (amine)

pKb = 11.02 at 20 °C

126.0 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: ESI+; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID1040451]

126 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: DT; Method: single field calibrated with ESI Low Concentration Tuning Mix (Agilent)]

125.9 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: DT; Method: single field calibrated with Agilent tune mix (Agilent)]

126 Ų [M+H]+

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 72.3% (149 of 206) of all reports.

Warning

H315 (27.7%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 206 reports by companies from 13 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Chemical: Glycine, N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methyl-

Status: Active Update: 11-10-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/12796

Glycine, N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methyl-: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

Creatine: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

The mean creatine level in the urine of 50 patients with muscular dystrophy was 3.56 mmol/L which is much higher than that of the controls 0.24 mmol/L(1). The mean level of creatine in the blood of patients with uremia was 0.1 mmol/L which is over twice that of the controls blood level of 0.04 mmol/L(1).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 24(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 1.33X10+4 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that creatine is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa values for the amino and carboxylic acid moieties of creatine are estimated to be 12.7 and 3.8(4), respectively, indicating that this compound will primarily exist as a zwitter ion and zwitter ions do not volatilize from moist soil surfaces. Creatine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 7.9X10-4 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). Creatine has been reported to be degraded by activated sludge(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 24(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 1.33X10+4 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that creatine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). The pKa values for the amino and carboxylic acid moieties of creatine are estimated to be 12.7 and 3.8, respectively(4), indicating that this compound will primarily exist as a zwitter ion and zwitter ions do not volatilize from water surfaces. According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), determined from its water solubility(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Creatine has been shown to be degraded by activated sludge(7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), creatine, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 7.9X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist solely in the vapor phase in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase creatine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 9.5x10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Creatine does not absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

In the muscles, a fraction of the total creatine binds to phosphate - forming creatine phosphate. The reaction is catalysed by creatine kinase, and the result is phosphocreatine (PCr). Phosphocreatine binds with adenosine diphosphate to convert it back to ATP (adenosine triphosphate), an important cellular energy source for short term ATP needs prior to oxidative phosphorylation.

The Koc of creatine is estimated as 24(SRC), using a water solubility of 1.33X10+4 mg/L(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that creatine is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

AEROBIC: Creatine has been reported to be aerobically degraded by activated sludge(1).

ANAEROBIC: Creatine, at a concn of 500 umol/10 ml, was fermented into methane by methanogenic enrichment cultures from Leine River mud (lake Kolksee, Germany) and black pond mud, containing Methanosarcina barkeri(1). Creatine was fermented into methane with an efficiency of 1.59 moles of methane/mole of creatine(1). Creatine did not support growth of a pure culture of M. barkeri(1).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for creatine(SRC), using water solubility of 1.33X10+4 mg/L(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

The pKa values of the amino and carboxy moieties of creatine are 12.7 and 3.8(1), respectively, indicating that this compound will primarily exist as a zwitter ion and ions do not volatilize from water or moist soil surfaces. Creatine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 7.9X10-4 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of creatine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 9.5X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Creatine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2). Creatine does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Creatine is a non-protein amino acid found in animals, in much lesser amounts, plants. Creatine is synthesized in the kidney, liver and pancreas from the amino acids L-arginine, glycine and L methionine. Following its biosynthesis, creatine is transported to the skeletal muscle, heart, brain and other tissues. Most of the creatine in these tissues is metabolized to phosphocreatine (creatine phosphate). Phosphocreatine is a major energy storage form in the body.

Creatine is a essential, non-proteinaceous amino acid derivative found in all animals. It is synthesized in the kidney, liver, and pancreas from L-arginine, glycine and L-methionine. Following its biosynthesis, creatine is transported to the skeletal muscle, heart, brain and other tissues. Most of the creatine is metabolized in these tissues to phosphocreatine (creatine phosphate). Phosphocreatine is a major energy storage form in the body. Supplemental creatine may have an energy-generating action during anaerobic exercise and may also have neuroprotective and cardioprotective actions.

In the muscles, a fraction of the total creatine binds to phosphate - forming creatine phosphate. The reaction is catalysed by creatine kinase, and the result is phosphocreatine (PCr). Phosphocreatine binds with adenosine diphosphate to convert it back to ATP (adenosine triphosphate), an important cellular energy source for short term ATP needs prior to oxidative phosphorylation.

Supplemental creatine may have an energy-generating action during anaerobic exercise and may also have neuroprotective and cardioprotective actions.

Creatine, creatine kinase and phosphocreatine make up an intricate cellular enegy buffering and transport system connecting sites of energy production in the mitochondria with sites of energy consumption. CK is a key enzyme in involved in cellular energy homeostasis. It reversibly catalyzes the transfer of the high-energy phosphate bond in PCr to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and it catalyzes the transfer of the high-energy phosphate bond in ATP to creatine to form PCr. During periods of intense exercise and skeletal muscle contraction, bioenergetic metabolism switches from one in which oxidative phosphorylation is the major pathway of ATP production to one in which so-called anaerobic glycolysis becomes dominant.

Within muscle and nerve cells, about 60 to 67% of the creatine entering the cells gets converted to phosphocreatine via the enzyme creatine kinase. About 2% of creatine is converted to creatinine, and both creatine and creatinine are excreted by the kidneys.

Half Life: 3 hours

In muscle and nerve, most of the creatine is phosphorylated to phosphocreatine (pCr) in a reaction that is catalyzed by the enezyme creatine kinase (CK), there are three isoforms of (isoenzymes) of CK. CK-MM is the skeletal muscle isoform; CK-BB, the brain isoform, and CK-MB, the isoform found in cardiac muscle. Most of the PCr in the body is in skeletal muscle.

Creatine is absorbed from the small intestines and enters the portal circulation and is transported to the liver. The ingested creatine, and the creatine made in the liver, is then transported into the systemic circulation and distributed into various tissues of the body, including muscle and nerves, by crossing the cell membrane via a specific creatine-transported system against a 200:1 gradient.

An amino acid found mainly in skeletal and cardiac muscle; Involved in the transfer of high energy phosphate in muscle cells; [Merck Index] Used in the diagnosis of myocardial dysfunction and as a dietary supplement to enhance athletic performance; [HSDB]

Used in diagnosis of myocardial disfunction; dietary supplement for exercise performance

For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance

Glycine, N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methyl-: ACTIVE

The literature suggests that some pharmaceutically active compounds originating from human and veterinary therapy are not eliminated completely in municipal sewage treatment plants and are therefore discharged into receiving waters(1). Wastewater treatment processes often were not designed to remove them from the effluent(2). Selected organic waste compounds may be degrading to new and more persistent compounds that may be released instead of or in addition to the parent compound(2).

Commercially isolated from meat extracts