Trichloroacetic Acid

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Rest. Refer for medical attention .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

General First Aid:

General First Aid:

(General first aid procedures)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

0.2 [ppm]

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Trichloroacetic acid solution/

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Trichloroacetic acid, solid/

IN GENERAL, MATERIALS WHICH ARE TOXIC AS STORED OR WHICH CAN DECOMP INTO TOXIC COMPONENTS ... SHOULD BE STORED IN A COOL, WELL-VENTILATED PLACE, OUT OF ... SUN, AWAY FROM AREAS OF HIGH FIRE HAZARD, AND SHOULD BE PERIODICALLY INSPECTED & MONITORED. INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS SHOULD BE ISOLATED FROM EACH OTHER.

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Wearing protective equipment and clothing, spread soda ash on spill and mop up with water. Shovel slurry into appropriate container. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean-up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped. OSHA 1910.120(q) may be applicable.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for trichloroacetic acid: Concentration process: Reverse osmosis.

Pour on sufficient sodium bicarbonate. After mixing, transfer into a drum and fill with water for drainage after 24 hours.

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Sweep spilled substance into covered water-filled containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Cautiously neutralize remainder with alkaline materials. Then wash away with plenty of water.

Trichloroacetic acid has been discovered as a metabolite in the urine of workers exposed to trichloroethylene vapor. Chloral hydrate is immediately oxidized to trichloroacetic acid in humans

To evaluate exposure to trichloroethene (TCE) and tetrachloroethene (TeCE), urine samples from inhabitants of two villages in Finland were collected. Twenty-four hour urine samples were collected from 95 inhabitants of the village of Oitti and 21 inhabitants of the village of Hattula. GCMS detection of trichloracetic acid, a metabolite of TCE and TeCE, showed a range in Oitti of 19 to 1500 ng/kg/day and in Hattula a range of <5 to 340 ng/kg/day(1). Plasmatic trichloroacetic acid was used as a tracer for monitoring exposure to trichloroethylene (TRI) and tetrachloroethylene (PER) in Milan, Italy during the periods June-July 1978, November-December 1979, and June-July 1979. Twenty-four persons body fluids was analyzed using GC Ni-63 electron capture detection. Concns of trichloroacetic acid were higher for those exposed to >50 ug/L TRI/PER than for those exposed to <1 ug/L TRI/PER. Plasmatic levels of TCA were higher in winter than in summer(2). Trichloroacetic acid was detected in 76% of 403 adult urine samples tested as part of a chlorinated drinking water survey, at a concentration ranging from <0.5 to >25 ug/L, with frequency of detection higher in urban than rural areas of the US(3). Following 30 minute swims/walks in swimming pools with trichloroacetic acid concentrations ranging from 57 to 871 ug/L, urinary levels ranged from 33 to 653 ug(4).

B6C3F1 mice were administered 0, 400, 800 and 1600 mg/L chloroform in drinking water and 500 mg/kg dichloroacetic acid (DCA) or trichloroacetic acid (TCA) -administered daily by gavage. DCA, TCA and to a lesser extent chloroform decreased the methylation and increased the mRNA expression of the c-myc gene. Co-administering chloroform prevented only DCA and not TCA-induced hypomethylation and increased mRNA expression of the gene. The effect of chloroform on tumor promotion by DCA and TCA was determined in female and male B6C3F1 mice initiated on day 15 of age with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Starting at 5 weeks of age, the mice received in their drinking water DCA (3.2 g/L) or TCA (4.0 g/L) with 0, 800 or 1600 mg/L chloroform until they were killed at 36 weeks. Liver tumors promoted by DCA and TCA were predominantly basophilic ... Chloroform prevented DCA, but not TCA promotion of liver foci and tumors. In male mice, TCA promoted kidney tumors...

... The ability of trichloroacetate (TCA) or dichloroacetate (DCA) pretreatment to alter the metabolism of bromodichloroacetate (BDCA) and the disposition of its metabolites was examined in male B6C3F1 mice. Two-week pretreatment with 1 g/L DCA and TCA in the drinking water of mice alters the initial hepatic metabolism of BDCA and the further metabolism of its metabolite DCA. DCA pretreatment inhibits cytosolic metabolism of both 1 mM DCA or BDCA up to 70%. In contrast, DCA pretreatment stimulates hepatic microsomal BDCA metabolism 1.3-fold but has little effect on microsomal metabolism of DCA. Increased microsomal metabolism of BDCA appears to be attributable to the induction of a metabolic pathway that produces CO2 and bromodichloromethane (BDCM) as metabolites. TCA pretreatment inhibits BDCA metabolism up to 70% in the cytosol and 30% in microsomes but has little effect on DCA metabolism. These results indicate that the hepatic metabolism of the haloacetate becomes quite complex at the high doses that have been employed in cancer bioassays. BDCA serves as a good example, because it is metabolized to at least two carcinogenic metabolites that have different modes of action, BDCM and DCA. As doses approach those that induce cancer in mice, the proportion of and amounts of these metabolites as a fraction of the dose administered will change substantially. This article demonstrates that those interactions will occur from mixed treatment with haloacetates as well.

Admin of chloral hydrate, the hypnotic part of dichloralphenazone, decr steady-state plasma warfarin concn due to accum of TCA which displaced warfarin from plasma protein binding sites.

Hepatic

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract

EC50 Daphnia magna /(Water flea)/ 2000 mg/L/48 hr; static; Effect: immobilization

LC50 Daphnia magna /(Water flea)/ 2000 mg/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow, age <1 yr); Conditions: freshwater; static, 20 °C, pH 8.2, hardness 192 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 138 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 2000 mg/L for 96 hr /48.2% EC/

LC50 Cyprinus carpio (carp) 2500 mg/L for 96 hr; static

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for TRICHLOROACETIC ACID (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PERSISTENCE IN THE SOIL IS VARIABLE, 21 DAYS TO ABOUT 90 DAYS, DEPENDENT ON SOIL, MOISTURE, TEMP, AND RATE APPLIED.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 130(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.33(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that trichloroacetic acid is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of trichloroacetic acid is 0.51(4), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Volatilization of trichloroacetic acid from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.35X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(6). Trichloroacetic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 6.0X10-2 mm Hg(7). A half-life of trichloroacetic acid in soil reported as 119.6 days in a laboratory experiment(8) indicates that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 130(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.33(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that trichloroacetic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.35X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(4). A pKa of 0.51(5) indicates trichloroacetic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(6). According to a classification scheme(7), a BCF range of 0.4 to 1.7(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A 7% theoretical BOD after 4 weeks incubation with activated sludge and the Japanese MITI test(8) indicates that biodegradation is not a fast environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), trichloroacetic acid, which has a vapor pressure of 6.0X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase trichloroacetic acid is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 31 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.2X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Trichloroacetic acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(4).

The volatile flavor components were isolated from 540 pounds of Idaho Russet Burbank baked potatoes(1). A total of 228 compounds was identified using GC, IR and MS techniques to identify the spectra. Trichloracetic acid was identified on both the mass spectrometer and infrared spectrometer at a relative concn of 0.03 to ethylacetate (1.0); relative concn calculated from the areas of the gas chromatographic peaks(1).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Environment: A potential risk to the aquatic compartment is identified due to high toxicity to algae and local exposure from use as auxiliary in textile dyes, waste water from electroplating facilities, textile washing and pulp mills. A potential risk to the terrestrial environment is identified due to high toxicity to plants and global exposure from the decomposition of C2-chlorocarbons. Human health: The chemical is reprotoxic, corrosive and an eye irritant but adequate protection measures are currently being applied. Trichloroacetic acid is currently considered of low potential risk and low priority for further work. SHORT SUMMARY WHICH ...TCA is mostly used in the production of TCA Na-salt used as a herbicide. TCA is also used as an auxiliary in textile dying processes. ... The most sensitive environmental species to TCA is the alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa (14d-NOEC = 0.01 mg/L) and pine (60d-EC10 = 0.12 mg/kg).The acute oral, dermal and inhalation toxicity is low. This chemical is corrosive and strongly irritant to the eyes. The NOEL in a 90-day study in dogs - the most sensitive species tested - was determined as 500 ppm (approx. 30 mg/kg bw/day). The NOEL for repeated dose toxicity in a 4-month feeding study with rats was 4000 ppm (365 mg/kg bw/day), the NOEL in a 2-year feeding study in rats was 1600 ppm (80 mg/kg bw/day). An inconsistent picture was found in tests on genotoxic action. Point-mutation tests were predominantly negative. In-vivo tests of chromosome mutations were mostly positive, but effects only appeared after high loading of the animals. The SCE test in mice was negative. The results of a micronucleus test in mice are apparently not reproducible. The end point of the sperm anomaly test is not necessarily due to genetic damage. The validity of the positive test results described for the clastogenic effects in mice suffers from the partly insufficient experimental procedure. Drinking water studies in male and female mice to 52 or 61 weeks gave an increased incidence of tumors in the livers of the male mice only. A 2-year feeding study with rats and a drinking water study over 100 - 104 weeks in rats showed no evidence of carcinogenicity. Reproduction toxicology investigations in rats showed maternal and embryonic toxicity from 330 mg/kg body weight and from 800 mg/kg also embryo-lethality. In all dose-groups there was a dose dependent increase in visceral anomalies, particularly in the cardiovascular system. The mean frequency of soft tissue malformations ranged from 9% at the low dose (330 mg/kg) to 97% at the high dose (1800 mg/kg/day). A NOAEL could not be established. Based on these findings TCA was considered to be developmentally toxic in the pregnant rat at doses of 330 mg/kg and above. ... Considering the low exposure potential to humans, available toxicity data support a low risk to human health. The tumorigenic action in male mouse liver corresponds to the type, which leads to liver tumors preferentially in male mice via peroxisome proliferation, hepatotoxicity and liver cell proliferation.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ In a ring test involving 21 laboratories, the acute toxicity of TCA to the earthworm Eisenia fetida according to EEC-Guideline was tested. The mean result was: 14d-LC50 >1140 mg/kg dw. In the same manner a contact filter paper test was performed by 33 laboratories. The mean result was: 48h-LC50 0.0964 mg/cm2.

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ TCA at 20 kg/ha had no effect on the growth of Allolobophora caliginosa /earthworm/ grown in clay, farmyard manure, and peat; but reduced the mean wt at 40 kg/ha. TCA at 40 kg/ha tended to slow A rosea growth in clay. All levels of TCA were lethal to this species in sand.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ...The results from a long-term test are available: Cyprinus carpio 63 day LOEC /was/ 7 mg/L. The weight loss was about 10% compared to the controls. No other behavioral or clinical changes were observed. Histopathological changes were muscular atrophy and hyaline degeneration as well as cell necrosis in the gills.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ A statistically significant increase of the respiration rate (+27%) was determined /in Somatochlora cingulata (aquatic arthropod)/ at 0.01 mg/L /for 8 hours in a flow-through system/. Respiration rate was related to wet weight of the organisms. .../Also/ a statistically significant increase of the ammonia excretion rate (+15%) was determined at 0.01 mg/L /for 24 hr/; excretion rate was related to wet weight of the organisms. ...Temperature: 21 + or -1 °C. /98% purity/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ A statistically significant increase of the respiration rate was determined /in Aeschna umbrosa (dragonfly nymphs)/ at 0.1 mg/L /for 8 hours in a flow-through system with 99% water replacement in <4 hr/. Respiration rate was related to wet weight of the organisms. ... Temperature: 21 + or -1 °C.

Trichloracetic acid concns in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) needles were determined at distances of 5-120 km from the atmospheric emissions of kraft pulp mills in Northwestern Finland during the period of 1992-1994. The method of analysis was negative chemical ion GCMS. Results showed that concns of trichloroacetic acid ranged from 6 to 276 ug/kg in the pine needles, the highest concns found at the sites closest to the pulp mills(1). Trichloroacetic acid concentration in leaves and needles ranges from <1 to 44 ug/kg and 0.6 to 178 ug/kg, respectively(2).

Trichloroacetic acid concns in 2-yr-old pine needles at low pollution locations, 1996-1999(1). [Table#3569]

Trichloroacetic acid concns in 2-yr-old pine needles at high pollution locations, 1996-1999(1). [Table#3570]

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Trichloroacetic acid is found on List D. Case No: 4089; Pesticide type: Herbicide; Case Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered ... The case /is characterized/ as "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.; Active ingredient (AI): Trichloroacetic acid; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."

Used as a medication (peeling agent to remove wrinkles) and in organic synthesis; Generated in chlorinated water that contains organic matter; The sodium salt of TCA is used as a pre- and post-emergent herbicide; [ACGIH]

For trichloroacetic acid (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 081002) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."

MEDICATION

Caustics

For more Uses (Complete) data for TRICHLOROACETIC ACID (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(1975) GREATER THAN 3.60X10+6 G

(1976) GREATER THAN 2.27X10+6 G

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#3571]

Prepared by oxidation of chloral hydrate with nitric acid.

Trichloroacetic acid is manufactured in the United States via exhaustive chlorination of acetic acid ... hydrolytic oxidation of tetrachloroethene, and hydrogen peroxide oxidation of chloral.

Trichloroacetic acid is produced on an industrial scale by chlorination of acetic acid or chloroacetic acid mother-liquors at 140 - 160 °C. If necessary, calcium hypochlorite is added as a chlorination accelerator. There are conflicting views concerning adding heavy metal salts as chlorination catalysts. Examples of catalysts that have been used are iron and copper compounds, which are precipitated with sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid if decomposition of the reaction mixture occurs; 2% phosphoric acid; and catalysts and UV light. Trichloroacetic acid has also been produced without catalysts. The crude product, containing about 95% trichloroacetic acid, is best isolated by crystallizing the melt, removing the mother-liquor with most of its impurities, and increasing the purity by centrifugation or recrystallization.

Grades: Technical; Chemically Pure: a grade designation signifying a minimum of impurities, but not 100% purity; USP

95% PURITY

Treating chloral hydrate with fuming nitric acid; from glacial acetic acid by the action of chlorine in presence of sunlight, UV radiation, or catalysts.

Acetic acid, 2,2,2-trichloro-: ACTIVE

The marketing of cosmetic products containing trichloroacetic acid is prohibited in the EU by EEC Directive 76/768/EEC.

In Germany and in Switzerland, the sale and import of NaTCA as a herbicide is prohibited since 1989.

TCA is formed as a by-product: from chlorination of drinking water and swimming pools; in chemical cleaning units using tetrachloroethylene; in electroplating facilities treating cyanide containing waste water with NaOCl; in textile washing facilities using NaOCl as bleaching or disinfection agent; during bleaching of paper in paper mills; during the atmospheric oxidation of C2-chlorocarbons.

TCA SODIUM SALT TENDS TO DECARBOXYLATE TO GIVE CHLOROFORM UNDER STRONGLY ALKALINE CONDITIONS AND IS KNOWN TO UNDERGO SLOW DECOMPOSITION IN DILUTE SOLUTIONS

For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for TRICHLOROACETIC ACID (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.