1,2-Dibromopropane

1.94 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.9324 g/cu cm at 20 °C

In water, 1.43X10+3 mg/L at 25 °C

Soluble in ethanol, ether, and chloroform; slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride.

284 to 288 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

141.9 °C

-67.4 °F (NTP, 1992)

-55.49 °C

7.84 [mmHg]

7.84 mm Hg at 25 °C

Warning

H226 (91.8%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 49 reports by companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Increased liver enzymes in feeding studies of mice; Some evidence of mutagenicity; Emergency medical treatment: see 2-Bromopropane. [HSDB] High concentrations may have irritating and narcotic effects; [CAMEO] A mutagen; Effects in high-dose animal studies include fatty liver degeneration and acute renal failure; [RTECS]

Halogenated aliphatic compounds, such as 1,2-DIBROMOPROPANE, are moderately or very reactive. Halogenated organics generally become less reactive as more of their hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen atoms. Materials in this group may be incompatible with strong oxidizing and reducing agents. Also, they may be incompatible with many amines, nitrides, azo/diazo compounds, alkali metals, and epoxides. This compound is considered nonflammable. (NTP, 1992)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Use alcohol foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Bromopropanes/

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you should spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with acetone followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Use alcohol foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Bromopropanes/

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. /Bromopropanes/

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter.

Personnel Protection: ... Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles. /Bromopropanes/

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Elemental bromine also burns the skin. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant and chronic exposure produces neuronal effects. This is called bromism and can result in central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, and psychoses. (L625, L626, L627)

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 80(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 1.43X10+3 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1,2-dibromopropane is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,2-dibromopropane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.46X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), calculated from a vapor pressure of 7.84 mm Hg(4) and water solubility of 1.43X10+3 mg/L(2). 1,2-Dibromopropane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2005).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 80(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 1.43X10+3 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1,2-dibromopropane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.46X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), calculated from its vapor pressure, 7.84 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1.43X10+3 mg/L(3). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 hours and 6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 10(SRC), from its water solubility(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Using hydrolysis rates measured at elevated temperatures, a hydrolysis half-life of 320 days (rate constant = 2.5X10-8 per second) at 25 °C and pH 7 was calculated for 1,2-dibromopropane(7,8). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2005).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,2-dibromopropane, which has a vapor pressure of 7.84 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,2-dibromopropane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 37 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.3X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 1,2-dibromopropane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent and is able to release oxygen free radicals from the water in mucous membranes. These free radicals are also potent oxidizers and produce tissue damage. In additon, the formation of hydrobromic and bromic acids will result in secondary irritation. The bromide ion is also known to affect the central nervous system, causing bromism. This is believed to be a result of bromide ions substituting for chloride ions in the in actions of neurotransmitters and transport systems, thus affecting numerous synaptic processes. (L626, L627, A543)

Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Symptoms include lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, eye irritation with mucous secretions from the oropharyngeal and upper airways, coughing, dyspnoea, choking, wheezing, epistaxis, and headache. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant producing ataxia, slurred speech, tremor, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, visual disturbances, unsteadiness, headaches, impaired memory and concentration, disorientation and hallucinations. This is called bromism. (L626, L627)

The Koc of 1,2-dibromopropane is estimated as 80(SRC), using a water solubility of 1.43X10+3 mg/L(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,2-dibromopropane is expected to have high mobility in soil.

An estimated BCF of 10 was calculated for 1,2-dibromopropane(SRC), using a water solubility of 1.43X10+3 mg/L(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,2-dibromopropane is estimated as 1.46X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 7.84 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 1.43X10+3 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,2-dibromopropane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 2 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 6 days(SRC). 1,2-Dibromopropane's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 1,2-dibromopropane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon the vapor pressure(1).

... The following four metabolites were identified in the liver at 12 h after treatment with 1,2-DBP, by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS): M1, 2-hydroxypropylglutathione; M2, 2-oxopropylglutathione; M3, N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine; and M4, N-acetyl-S-(2-oxopropyl)-L-cysteine. Ions of individual conjugates were observed at m/z 366, 364, 222 and 220, respectively. Characteristic product ions at m/z 237, 217, 204 and 202 for the identification of M1, M2, M3 and M4 were observed, respectively. In the sera isolated from the same animals, only mercapturic acids (M3 and M4) were observed by LC-ESI/MS. When female BALB/c mice were treated orally with 1,2-DBP at doses of 150, 300 and 600 mg kg(-1) once for 12 h, the production of glutathione conjugates and mercapturic acids in liver was apparently dose dependent, as were the concentrations of them in sera. When the production of metabolites from 1,2-DBP was investigated in liver following oral treatment with 600 mg kg(-1) 1,2-DBP for 6, 12, 24 and 48 h, metabolite concentrations were greatest at the first time point (6 h).

1,2-Dibromopropane was administered orally in doses of 50-350 mg/kg to male Wistar rats. Four mercapturic acids were identified in urine by GC/MS, viz. N-acetyl-S-(2-oxopropyl)-L-cysteine (I), N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine (II), N-acetyl-S-(1-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine (III), and N-acetyl-S-(2-bromo-2-propenyl)-L-cysteine (IV). Mercapturic acid IV was a minor metabolite which could only be measured at doses of 200 mg/kg or higher. In 24 hr, urinary excretion of mercapturic acids amounted to about 36% of the dose (11% I, 21% II, 4% III, 0.2% IV). No dose dependency was found up to the highest dose.

Bromine is mainly absorbed via inhalation, but may also enter the body through dermal contact. Bromine salts can be ingested. Due to its reactivity, bromine quickly forms bromide and may be deposited in the tissues, displacing other halogens. (L626)

Used as a research chemical; [HSDB]

Research chemical