Triphenyltin Chloride

40 ppm in water at 20 °C

Moderately sol in organic solvents

Soluble in chloroform

464 °F at 13.5 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

240 °C @ 13.5 mm Hg

223 °F (EPA, 1998)

103.5 °C

106 °C

Triphenyltin chloride is a white crystalline solid. Used as a rodent repellent, molluscicide, fungicide and insecticide. (EPA, 1998)

White solid; [HSDB]

Unlike the halocarbons, organotin halides are reactive compounds and, because of their ionic character, readily enter into metathetical substitution reactions resembling the inorganic metal halides. /Organotin halides/

Hydrolyzes to hydroxide in water.

Danger

H301+H311+H331 (81.6%): Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P332+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 49 reports by companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Danger

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

Triphenyltin chloride: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Toxic and irritating to the skin. Dermal exposure may lead to severe skin burns as well as renal failure and possible death. (Non-Specific -- Tin Compounds, Organic) Target organs affected are central nervous system, eyes, liver, urinary tract, skin and the blood. (EPA, 1998)

Hydrolyzed by water to triphenyltin hydroxide; [HSDB] An irritant; Can be absorbed through skin; [MSDSonline] Animals given a single lethal dose have tremor, drowsiness, and ataxia; In other animal studies, has effects on the immune and reproductive systems; [Reference #1] See ORGANOMETALS. See Tin, organic compounds.

USEPA; Health Effects Assessment for Tin and Compounds p.4 (1987) EPA/600/8-88/055

Nat'l Research Council Canada; Data Sheets on Selected Toxic Elements p.47 (1982) NRCC No. 19252

WHO; Environ Health Criteria: Tin and Organotin Cmpd p.1-109 (1980)

DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Tin TP-91/27 (1992)

TRIPHENYLTIN CHLORIDE is in the family of tin compounds widely used as stabilizers for plastics, additives to paint(as antifouling agents). Some have catalytic properties. Examples include butyl tin, dibutyl tin oxide. Their main hazard is associated with their high toxicity, in skin adsorption or inhalation.

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Triphenyltin chloride is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 500 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered for and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .

(Non-Specific -- Pesticide, Solid, n.o.s.) Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site.

Signs and Symptoms of Triphenyltin Chloride Exposure: Acute exposure to triphenyltin chloride may result in the following signs and symptoms: irritation of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes, headache, blurring vision, facial flushing, excessive salivation, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, vertigo, and general malaise. Respiratory signs include coughing, shortness of breath, and a burning sensation in the chest. Bradycardia (slowed heart rate), hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, and loss of consciousness may occur.

(Non-Specific -- Pesticide, Solid, n.o.s.) Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. Do not touch spilled material; stop leak if you can do so without risk. Use water spray to reduce vapors.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

If employees' clothing has had any possibility of being contaminated with solid triphenyltin chloride ... employees should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. ... Clothing contaminated with ... triphenyltin chloride ... should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of contaminant from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the contaminant, the person performing the operation should be informed of contaminant's hazard properties. ... Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with triphenyltin chloride ... should be removed promptly & not reworn until the contaminant is removed ... .

Where there is any possibility of exposure of an employee's body to triphenyltin chloride or liquids containing triphenyltin chloride, facilities for quick drenching of the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use. ... Where there is any possibility that employees' eyes may be exposed to triphenyltin chloride or liquids containing triphenyltin chloride, an eye-wash fountain should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use. Skin that becomes contaminated with ... triphenyltin chloride ... should be immediately flushed with large amounts of water to remove any contaminant. Workers subject to skin contact with solid ... triphenyltin chloride ... should wash with soap or mild detergent & water any areas of the body that may have contacted any contaminant at the end of each work day. ... Employees who handle ... triphenyltin chloride ... should wash their hands thoroughly with soap or mild detergent & water before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities.

... Avoid contact with mouth, skin, eyes. Keep out of reach of children.

Experiments ... showed that triphenyltin chloride cannot be removed by simple washing with water, organic solvents such as isopropyl alcohol or heptane enhance skin penetration ... at room & elevated temperatures, & the best way to remove TPTC is by immediate & thorough scrubbing with a strong detergent soap & water.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

0.1 [mg/m3], as Sn

0.2 [mg/m3], as Sn

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 mg/cu m; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 0.2 mg/cu m. Skin. /Tin, organic compounds, as Sn/

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Tin, organic compounds, as Sn/

0.65 [mg/m3]

20 [mg/m3]

38 [mg/m3]

TERRESTRIAL FATE: If triphenyltin chloride is released to soil, it either exists as, or rapidly converted to oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations(1). In a laboratory soil leaching study, triphenyltins were strongly attached to soil(2). The Freundlich parameters, log k and 1/n, for triphenyltin to sediment were 1.81 and 0.793, respectively(3). Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because the cation, oxides, hydroxides, or carbonates are not expected to volatilize(SRC). Triphenyltin chloride is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 5.5X10-6 mm Hg(4). Triphenyltin chloride may undergoes biodegradation in the environment(SRC). For example, bacteria have been reported to cleave aryl-tin bonds in triphenyltin acetate(5). Structurally similar triphenyltin acetate degrades in normal, fertile, agricultural field at 11-16 °C in <6 wks under aerobic conditions and 6-18 weeks under anaerobic conditions(6).

AQUATIC FATE: If triphenyltin chloride is released to water, it exists as, or will rapidly be converted to triphenyltin oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations(1). Triphenyltin cation may react with water and behave like a simple protic acid with the formation of triphenyltin hydroxide(2). In seawater, the chloride ion may compete effectively with hydroxide ions resulting in the presence of triphenyltin chloride(2). Triphenyltin compounds may react with sulfides present in sediment, leading to the formation of bis(triphenyltin) sulfide(1). Cations, such as triphenyltin cation, generally adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because the cation is not expected to volatilize(SRC). Triphenyltin cation may be susceptible to photolysis in water since triphenyltin hydroxide dissolved in pure water was approx 72% photodegraded by sunlight in 36 days apparently by a radical process; diphenyltin species were the only products observed(3). Structurally similar triphenyltin acetate on a watch glass is degraded to diphenyl-, monophenyl- and inorganic tin species when irradiated at wavelengths >350 nm(1). According to a classification scheme(4), a BCF of 800 for rainbow trout(5), suggests the potential for bioconcentration of triphenyltin cation in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Triphenyltin chloride may undergo biodegradation in the environment(SRC). Bacteria have been reported to cleave aryl-tin bonds in other triphenyltin compounds, such as triphenyltin acetate(6). Triphenyltin acetate degrades in normal, fertile, agricultural field at 11-16 °C in <6 wks under aerobic conditions and 6-18 weeks under anaerobic conditions(7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), triphenyltin chloride, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 5.8X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase triphenyltin chloride is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.7 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.8X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) determined using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase triphenyltin chloride may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

IDENTIFICATION: Triphenyltin compounds are triphenyl derivatives of tetravalent tin. They are colorless solids with low vapor pressures. They are lipophilic and have low solubility in water. Triphenyl tin compounds have been used extensively as algicides and molluscicides in antifouling products since the 1960's. Use of organotins in antifouling paints have been restricted in many countries because of their catastrophic effects on the oyster industry and more general effects on the aquatic ecosystem. HUMAN EXPOSURE: There are no data concerning occupational exposure to triphenyltin compounds. A few poisoning case reports describe neurotoxic effects, which appeared to persist. Exposure of the general public to triphenyltin compounds occurs mostly from ingestion of contaminated seafood, which in some cases had high triphenyltin compound concentrations. ANIMAL STUDIES: Triphenyltin compounds given orally to rats are not readily absorbed and are excreted primarily by the feces and partily in the urine. They are metabolized to diphenyltin, monomethyltin and non-extractable bound residues. Absorbed triphenyltin compounds accumulate in kidney and liver to the greatest extent, with smaller amounts in other organs. Triphenyltins applied dermally can penetrate through the skin in a time and dose dependent manner. Triphenyltin compounds exert a variety of health effects in various animal species, including the effects on the immune system, reproductive/developmental effects at levels near maternally toxic (most lowest observed adverse effect levels are in several mg/kg range or lower), hyperplasia/adenomas in endocrine organs, apoptosis in thymus cells, calcium release in sarcoplasmic reticulum cells and eye irritation. Triphenyltin compounds are moderately acutely toxic to rats. They are not carcinogenic, but some data show that they are clastogenic. Triphenyltin compounds exert deleterious effects on aquatic organisms at very low concentrations. Triphenyltin is considered to be an endocrine disrupter, because of imposex, a phenomenon in which female gastropods develop male sex organs, is probably caused by hormonal disturbances. /Triphenyltin compounds/

IDENTIFICATION: Triphenyltin compounds are triphenyl derivatives of tetravalent tin. They are colorless solids with low vapor pressures. They are lipophilic and have low solubility in water. Triphenyltin compounds have been used extensively as algicides and molluscicides in antifouling paints since the 1960s. Use of triorganotins in antifouling paints has been restricted in many countries because of their catastrophic effecys on the oyster industry and more general effects on the aquatic ecosystem. HUMAN EXPOSURE: There are no data concerning the occupational exposure to triphenyltin compounds. A few poisoning case reports does describe neurotoxic effecys, which appeared to persist. Exposure of the general public to triphenyltin compounds occurs mostly from ingestion of contaminated seafood. Triphenyltin compounds given orally to rats are not readily absorbed and are excreted primarily in the feces and partly in the urine. They are metabolized to diphenyltin, and monophenyltin, and non-extractable bound residues. Absorbed triphenyltin compounds accumulate in the kidney and liver to the greatest extent, with smaller amounts in other organs. Triphenyltin compounds, applied dermally can penetrate through the skin in a time and dose dependent manner. Triphenyltin exerts a variety of health effects in various animal species, including effects on the immune system, reproductive/developmental effects at levels near those that are maternially toxic, ... hyperplasia/adenomas in endocrine organs, apoptosis in thymus cells, calcium release in sarcoplasmic reticulum cells, and eye irritation. Triphenyltin compounds are moderately acutely toxic to rats. They are not carcinogenic, but some data show that they are co-clastogenic. Triphenyltin compounds affect the immune system. A decrease in immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations ... thymus atrophy (at 1.5 mg triphenyltin chloride/kg body weight per day in a 2 wk feeding study with weanling rats) Triphenyltin compounds exert deleterous effects on aquatic organisms at low concentrations. Triphenyltin is considered an endocrine disruptor, because of imposex, a phenomenon in which female gastropods develop male sex organs. /Triphenyltin cmpd & triphenyltin chloride/

Organotin compounds produce neurotoxic and immunotoxic effects. Organotins may directly activate glial cells contributing to neuronal cell degeneration by local release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-_, and/or interleukins. They may also induce apoptosis by direct action on neuronal cells. Organotin compounds stimulate the neuronal release of and/or decrease of neuronal cell uptake of neurotransmitters in brain tissue, including aspartate, GABA, glutamate, norepinephrine, and serotonin. This may be either a contributing factor to or result of the neuronal cell loss. The immunotoxic effects of organotins are characterized by thymic atrophy caused by the suppression of proliferation of immature thymocytes and apoptosis of mature thymocytes. Organotin compounds are believed to exert these effects by suppressing DNA and protein synthesis, inducing the expression of genes involved in apoptosis (such as nur77), and disrupting the regulation of intracellular calcium levels, giving rise to the uncontrolled production of reactive oxygen species, release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, and the proteolytic and nucleolytic cascade of apoptosis. The suppression of proliferation of immature thymocytes further results in the suppression of T-cell-mediated immune responses. Organotins are also endocrine disruptors and are believed to contribute to obesity by inappropriate receptor activation, leading to adipocyte differentiation. Inorganic tin triggers eryptosis, contributing to tin-induced anemia. (L308, A182, A184)

If triphenyltin chloride is released to soil, it either exists as, or is rapidly converted to oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, or hydrated cations(1). Oxides, hydroxides, carbonates or cations are not expected to leach through soil(SRC). In a laboratory soil leaching study, triphenyltins were strongly attached to soil(2). This also suggests that triphenyltins (such as triphenyltin chloride) may be expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). The Freundlich parameters, log k and 1/n, for triphenyltin to sediment were 1.81 and 0.793, respectively(3). In a study of the adsorption behavior of triphenyltin chloride in clay sediments, the ratio of the compound in sediment to that in water was approx 20:1(1).

A female worker died 12 days after being drenched with triphenyltin chloride from a 1500 gal container. After the accident she was showered, but not undressed until hospital admission, by which time she had first degree thermal and chemical burns on about 10% of her body. After 48 hr she had second and third degree burns, and 80-85% of her skin was desquamated. She had no signs of respiratory or nervous impairment and died from renal failure.

The half-life of triphenyltins has been reported to be 3-14 days in field soils planted with a variety of crops(2). Structurally similar C14-phenyl ring-labelled triphenyltin acetate is degraded to inorganic tin in soil presumably by biodegradation since carbon dioxide was evolved and the breakdown did not occur in sterile soil(1,3). Triphenyltin fluoride has been observed to degrade in soil faster under aerobic than anaerobic conditions(1).

SEDIMENT: The concns of triphenyltin in harbor sediment in Lake Lucerne, Switzerland was high, up to 380 ug/g(1). High concns were restricted to the upper 4 cm and decreased significantly below. The dating of cores suggest that triphenyltin may persist for more than a decade in sediment. Small amounts of the mono- and di-phenyltin were also found in the upper layers of sediment.

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Triphenyltin chloride is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 500 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered for and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .

Though tin metal is very poorly absorbed, tin compounds may be absorbed via oral, inhalation, or dermal routes, with organotin compounds being much more readily absorbed than inorganic tin compounds. Tin may enter the bloodstream and bind to hemoglobin, where it is distributed and accumulates mainly in the kidney, liver, lung, and bone. Organotin compounds may undergo dealkylation, hydroxylation, dearylation, and oxidation catalyzed by cytochrome P-450 enzymes in the liver. The alkyl products of dealkylation are conjugated with glutathione and further metabolized to mercapturic acid derivatives. Tin and its metabolites are excreted mainly in the urine and feces. (L308)

Triphenyltin chloride when dosed to rats was excreted mainly in the feces (88%) as a mixture of the mono-, di- and triphenyltin salts, and some free stannic (Sn(4+)) salts.

... Triphenyltin chloride ... /readily penetrates/ through the skin, as evidenced by total tin content of 3-9 times that of controls in the fascia, kidneys, liver, & heart of animals with intact skin, & from 4.6 to 10 times that of controls in these tissues of animals with abraded skin ... .

Used as rodent repellent, molluscicide, fungicide, miticide, and insecticide; Not currently registered with the EPA for use in the US; [HSDB]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For Triphenyltin chloride (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 496500) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Fungicide. Controls Cercospora leafspot on sugar beets, and late blight on potato. Tinmate is used primarily for fishpond snails (Aquatin 20 EC) /Former use/

Rodent repellent, molluscicide, fungicide, miticide, insecticide /Former use/

Triphenyl tin compounds are used as agricultural fungicides in crop protection. They are used to control potato, celery, sugar beet, coffee, and rice against fungal disease. Triphenyl tin compounds are also used as biocides in antifouling paints. /Former use/

USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 496500; Trade Names: Brestanol, General chemicals 8993, Hoe 2872, LS 4442, Tinmate.

Wettable powder

Stannane, chlorotriphenyl-: ACTIVE

Aquatin is a discontinued trade name.