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Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

Other Classes -> Sulfur Compounds

Carcinogens

Foul odor above 31.11 °C.

Releases a fould odor as it melts.

1.39 (NIOSH, 2024) - Denser than water; will sink

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 1.393 @ 40 °C/4 °C

Density (at 25 °C): 1.392 g/cm³

1.393 @ 40°C

1.39

COLORLESS LIQ OR WHITE CRYSTALS

White, crystalline solid or a colorless liquid (above 86 degrees F).

10 % (NIOSH, 2024)

READILY SOL IN KETONES, ESTERS & AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

INSOL IN ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

SOL IN WATER (100 G/L)

Solubility in water, g/100ml: 10 (moderate)

10%

greater than 235 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

Flash point > 235 °F

>110 °C

>235 °F

86 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

31 °C

31 °C

31 °C

86 °F

Propane sultone appears as white crystalline solid or a colorless liquid (above 86 °F). Releases a foul odor when melting. (NIOSH, 2024)

Liquid

White, crystalline solid or a colorless liquid (above 86 degrees F). [Note: Releases a foul odor as it melts.]; [NIOSH]

WHITE CRYSTALS OR COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

White, crystalline solid or a colorless liquid (above 86 °F). [Note: Releases a foul odor as it melts.]

Danger

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P203, P264, P270, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P317, P318, P321, P330, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H301+H311 (21.2%): Toxic if swallowed or in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal]

P203, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Chemical: 1,2-Oxathiolane, 2,2-dioxide

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity

1,2-Oxathiolane, 2,2-dioxide is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of 1,2-Oxathiolane, 2,2-dioxide are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 07-10-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/13407

Substance: 1,3-propanesultone

1,3-Propane sultone: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

1,3-Propane sultone is used as a chemical intermediate. No information is available on the acute (short- term), chronic (long-term), reproductive, developmental, and carcinogenic effects of 1,3-propane sultone in humans. In rodents exposed to 1,3-propane sultone via gavage (experimentally placing the chemical in the stomach) and intravenous injection, tumors of the brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tissues have been observed. Leukemia, and tumors of the ear duct, small intestine, kidneys, lung, mammary gland, uterus, and skin have been reported in rodents exposed via gavage, injection, or dermal contact. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified 1,3-propane sultone as a Group 2B, possible human carcinogen.

A carcinogen in animal testing; [HSDB]

National Toxicology Program. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens (2005). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. 1,3-Propane Sultone (1120-71-4) is listed as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.[Available from, as of July 31, 2009: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s153prop.pdf]

As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when 1,3-propane sultone, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention if skin irritation occurs.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Propane sultone:

(General first aid procedures)

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U193, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Dissolve or mix propane sultone with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,3-PROPANE SULTONE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Vacuum with specialist equipment or carefully sweep into sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. If liquid: collect leaking liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to it, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,3-PROPANE SULTONE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1,3-PROPANE SULTONE-INDUCED SEEDLING GROWTH & ROOT GROWTH INJURY, M1 SPIKE STERILITY & M2 MUTATION FREQUENCY OF BARLEY INCR UNDER ACIDIC CONDITIONS OF PH IN CITRATE PHOSPHATE OR PHTHALAN SOLN.

GROWTH REGULATORS GIBBERELLIC ACID AND 3-INDOLEACETIC ACID EFFECTIVELY BLOCKED SEEDLING GROWTH INJURY AND MITOTIC CHROMOSOME ABERRATION INDUCTION BY THE ALKYLATING AGENT 1,3-PROPANE SULTONE IN BARLEY.

SODIUM AZIDE-INDUCED MUTATION OF BARLEY WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCED BY PRIOR TREATMENT WITH 1,3-PROPANE SULTONE, WHEREAS NO SUCH INTERACTION WAS OBSERVED WHEN SODIUM AZIDE-PRETREATED SEEDS WERE EXPOSED TO 1,3-PROPANE SULTONE.

The effects of 3 phenolic antioxidants, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, and propyl gallate on the mutagenic activity of propane sultone were studied using barley (Hordeum vulgare) as the test system. The antioxidants produced seedling injury marginally but did not produce any chromosomal aberrations. When administered either prior to propane sultone treatment or in a mixture with it, the seedling injury, chromosomal aberrations, mutation per 100 ml spikes as well as M2 chlorophyll mutation frequency, were enhanced. Post treatments reduced M1 spike sterility, mutations per 100 ml spikes and M2 chlorophyll mutation frequency.

In Chinese hamster (K1) cells and human lymphocytes treated with anticancer antibiotics and propane sultone, hyperthermia increased the potential of these compounds to induce chromosome aberrations when applied at temperature higher than 37 °C, irrespective of cell cycle phase.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: If 1,3-propane sultone is released to soil, it will be expected to rapidly hydrolyze if the soil is moist, based upon the rapid hydrolysis observed in aqueous solution(1,2,SRC). Since it rapidly hydrolyzes, adsorption to and volatilization from moist soil are not expected to be significant processes, although no data specifically regarding the fate of 1,3-propane sultone in soil were located(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: If 1,3-propane sultone is released to water, it will be expected to rapidly hydrolyze, based upon a measured rate constant of 8.2X10-2 hr-1 for hydrolysis in aqueous solution at 25 °C(1) which corresponds to a half-life of 8.5 hr(SRC). The product of hydrolysis is 3-hydroxy-1-propanesulphonic acid(2). Since it rapidly hydrolyzes, bioconcentration, volatilization, and adsorption to sediment and suspended solids are not expected to be significant processes((SRC). No data were located concerning biodegradation, but 1,3-propane sultone will probably abiotically hydrolyze significantly faster than biodegradation(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: If 1,3-propane sultone is released to the atmosphere, it will be susceptible to photooxidation via vapor phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. An atmospheric half-life of 8 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm has been calculated for this process based upon an estimated rate constant(1,SRC).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain. Burning sensation. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness. Pain.

irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; [potential occupational carcinogen]

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning ... /cytogenetic and/or other/ tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

INDUCTION OF ANCHORAGE-INDEPENDENT GROWTH IN HUMAN FIBROBLASTS BY PROPANE SULTONE.

. HUMAN FORESKIN EPITHELIAL CELLS WERE TRANSFORMED TO AN ANCHORAGE-INDEPENDENT STATE OF GROWTH (IN SOFT AGAR) AND NEOPLASIA (INVASION OF CHICK EMBRYONIC SKIN IN VITRO).

Genotoxicological investgation of 1,3-propane sultone was undertaken using human lymphocyte cultures as the test system. Concentrations greater than 1mM induced appreciable chromosomal aberrations, which increased proportionally to the dose or the duration of treatment. It was lso observed that treatment administred t 45 degrees C produced almost 3 times more abnormal cells than at 37 degrees C. The chemical also produced a significantly higher frequency of sister chromatid exchanges.

As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when 1,3-propane sultone, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. 1,3-Propane sultone is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

The reaction of propane sultone with guanosine and DNA at pH 6-7.5 gave an N7-alkylguanosine as the main products (>90%). Similar evidence suggested that 2 of the minor adducts were N1-and 6-alkyl derivatives, accounting for approx 1.6% and 0.5% of the total adduct,/respectively/. N7- and N1-alkylguanine were also detected in the DNA reacted with propane sultone.

1,3-Propane sultone is used as a chemical intermediate to introduce sulfopropyl groups into molecules and to confer water solubility and anionic character.

Used as a chemical intermediate in the production of organic chemicals; [HSDB]

1,3-PROPANE SULTONE IS USED AS CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATE TO INTRODUCE SULFOPROPYL GROUP ... INTO MOLECULES, & TO CONFER WATER SOLUBILITY & ANIONIC CHARACTER.

CHEM INT, EG, A SULFOALKYLATING AGENT (FORMER USE)

All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing

1,2-Oxathiolane, 2,2-dioxide: ACTIVE