Ethylene Glycol

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

Other Classes -> Ethylene Glycols

-> NIOSH Emergency Response Categories

Cosmetics ingredient -> Bulking/Viscosity; Fragrance; Other (Specify); Solvent

Cosmetic ingredients (Ethylene Glycol) -> CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review)

Solvent; Viscosity controlling; Humectant

log Kow = -1.36

-1.36

-1.21

Sweet taste

Bittersweet taste

1.115 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.1135 g/cu cm AT 20 °C

Bulk density: 9.31 lb/gal (15/15C)

Relative density (water = 1): 1.1

1.11

1.1135 @ 20°C

/p>PEG 400: 105 to 130 mPa.s at 20 °C; PEG 3000: 75 to 100 mPa.s at 20 °C; PEG 3350: 83 to 120 mPa.s at 20 °C; PEG 4000: 110 to 170 mPa.s at 20 °C; PEG 6000: 200 to 270 mPa.s at 20 °C; PEG 8000: 260 to 510 mPa.s at 20 °C; For polyethylene glycols having a average molecular weight greater than 400, the viscosity is determined on a 50 per cent m/m solution of the candidate substance in water

16.1 mPa-sec at 25 °C; 6.554 mPa-sec at 50 °C; 3.340 mPa-sec at 75 °C; 1.975 mPa-sec at 100 °C

21 mPa*s at 20 °C

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 63.5 °F (NTP, 1992)

PEG 400 is miscible with water, very soluble in acetone, in alcohol and in methylene chloride, practically insoluble in fatty oils and in mineral oils; PEG 3000 and PEG 3350: very soluble in water and in methylene chloride, very slightly soluble in alcohol, practically insoluble in fatty oils and in mineral oils; PEG 4000, PEG 6000 and PEG 8000: very soluble in water and in methylene chloride, practically insoluble in alcohol and in fatty oils and in mineral oils.

Miscible with lower aliphatic alcohols, glycerol, acetic acid, acetone and similar ketones, aldehydes, pyridine, similar coal tar bases; slightly soluble in ether (1:200); practically insoluble in benzene, its homologs, chlorinated hydrocarbons, petroleum ether, oils

Miscible with water

Solubility in water: miscible

Miscible

232 °F (NTP, 1992)

232 °F

232 °F (111 °C) (closed cup)

111.11 °C c.c., 115 °C o.c.

232 °F

232 °F

Warning

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P264, P270, P301+P317, P330, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (3 of 8196) of reports.

Warning

H302 (> 99.9%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

Chemical: 1,2-Ethanediol

Hazard Traits - Developmental Toxicity; Nephrotoxicity and Other Toxicity to the Urinary System; Neurotoxicity; Ocular Toxicity; Respiratory Toxicity

Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 (amended)

1,2-Ethanediol is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of 1,2-Ethanediol are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 15-05-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15973

1,2-Ethanediol (ethylene glycol): HSNO Approval: HSR001534 Approved with controls

This chemical is combustible. (NTP, 1992)

Combustible.

Ethylene glycol is a synthetic liquid substance that absorbs water. It is odorless, but has a sweet taste. Ethylene glycol is used to make antifreeze and de-icing solutions for cars, airplanes, and boats. It is also used in hydraulic brake fluids and inks used in stamp pads, ballpoint pens, and print shops.

Ethylene glycol has many uses, including as antifreeze in cooling and heating systems, in hydraulic brake fluids, and as a solvent. Acute (short-term) exposure of humans to ethylene glycol by ingesting large quantities causes three stages of health effects: central nervous system (CNS) depression, followed by cardiopulmonary effects, and later renal damage. The only effects noted in one study of individuals exposed to low levels of ethylene glycol by inhalation for about a month were throat and upper respiratory tract irritation. Rats and mice chronically (long-term) exposed to ethylene glycol in their diet exhibited signs of kidney toxicity and liver effects. Several studies of rodents exposed orally or by inhalation showed ethylene glycol to be fetotoxic. An epidemiologic study on renal cancer mortality did not find an increased risk for workers exposed to ethylene glycol. EPA has not classified ethylene glycol for carcinogenicity.

TLV Basis is upper respiratory tract irritation; The oral lethal dose in adult humans is about 1.4 ml/kg or about 100 ml. No adverse effects to human eyes after 4 weeks of exposure to 6.6 ppm; [ACGIH] Ethylene glycol is a skin irritant and a poison by ingestion. No health effects have been reported in persons chronically exposed to levels of ethylene glycol found in the environment. [ATSDR Case Studies #30] Toxic inhalation of ethylene glycol is unlikely at room temperature because of the chemical's low volatility, but can occur when the liquid is heated, agitated, or sprayed. Toxicity after ingestion includes inebriation, metabolic acidosis, and renal failure. [ATSDR Medical Management] Ethylene glycol is not significantly absorbed through the skin. Poisoning after inhalation exposure is unlikely. [Ford, p. 758] Combined osmolar and anion gaps suggest poisoning by methanol or ethylene glycol, but also may occur in severe alcoholic ketoacidosis or diabetic ketoacidosis. [Olson, p. 35] A skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritant; May cause effects on the kidneys and CNS; [ICSC] Causes acute tubular necrosis after ingestion but not after occupational exposures because of low vapor pressure; [Rosenstock, p. 1006]

BALAZS T ET AL; MONOGR APPL TOXICOL 1 (NEPHROTOXICITY) p.487-97 (1982). A REVIEW ON THE NEPHROTOXICITY OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL.

Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Ethylene glycol (Draft) November (1984)

USEPA; Health Advisories for 25 Organics (1987) PB87-235578

Rev Environ Contam Toxicol; Ethylene Glycol 106 p 133-41 1988

For more Special Reports (Complete) data for ETHYLENE GLYCOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Residues of ethylene glycol are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. Use: Encapsulating agent for pesticides being applied post-harvest as residual, and crack and crevice sprays in and around food and nonfood areas of residential and nonresidential structures, including food handling establishments. Limit: without limitation.

Residues of ethylene glycol are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only. Use: Antifreeze, deactivator for all pesticides used before crop emerges from soil and in herbicides before or after crop emerges. Limit: none.

Residues of ethylene glycol are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only. Use: Pesticide inert ingredient as a solvent, stabilizer and/or antifreeze. Limit: without limitation.

Ethylene glycol as a component of pesticide formulations is exempt from the requirement of a tolerance when used in foliar applications to peanut plants.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer safety standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List C, and with List C containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List D. Ethylene glycol is found on List D. Case No: 4033; Pesticide type: insecticide, fungicide, antimicrobial; Case Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered ... The case /is characterized/ as "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.; Active ingredient (AI): Ethylene glycol; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide.

- Ethylene glycol is combustible.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

(General first aid procedures)

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

... Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well ventilated area away from oxidizing agents.

Temperature: Ambient

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents.

Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors.

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to top leak if without undue personnel hazard.

Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Avoid breathing vapors. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for ETHYLENE GLYCOL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Urinary concentrations of ethylene glycol were measured in 117 samples from 33 aviation workers (basket operators, de-icing truck drivers, leads and coordinators) exposed to de-icing fluid over a winter period of 2 months at a Montreal, Canada airport. Ethylene glycol quantities in post-shift and next-morning urine samples exceeded 5 mmol/mol creatinine in 16 of the 33 workers The range reported was 5.2-129 mmol/mol creatinine with exposure greatest for basket operators and coordinators(1). In another study of 10 car mechanics urinary concentrations of ethylene glycol were 7.3-47 mmol/mol creatinine verses non-mechanics (office workers) that had levels of 1.7-36 mmol/mol creatinine. A German study reported that workers that had no occupational exposure to ethylene glycol had mean and median urine concentrations of 0.31 and 0.23 mg/L respectively(3).

Initial treatment consists of stabilizing the patient and gastric decontamination. Gastric lavage or nasogastric aspiration of gastric contents are the most common methods employed in ethylene glycol poisoning. Ipecac-induced vomiting or activated charcoal. The antidotes for ethylene glycol poisoning are ethanol or fomepizole; antidotal treatment forms the mainstay of management following ingestion. Ethanol (usually given IV as a 5 or 10% solution in 5% dextrose and water, but also sometimes given in the form of a strong spirit such as whisky, vodka or gin) acts by competing with ethylene glycol for the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase thus limiting the formation of toxic metabolites. Fomepizole acts by inhibiting alcohol dehydrogenase, thus blocking the formation of the toxic metabolites. (A2702, A2704, A2705)

... The relation between vitamin B6 and magnesium with metabolism of ethylene glycol ... /was examined and it was/ concluded that vitamin B6 has marked effect in accelerating its oxidation and that deficiency of /this/ vitamin is associated with inhibition of /ethylene glycol's/ oxidation to carbon dioxide. Magnesium has a different mechanism of action in providing greater degree of resistance to chronic toxicity of ethylene glycol, possibly by altering solvent characteristics of urine and thus preventing renal deposition of calcium oxalate.

Ethanol is frequently given as an antidote in ethylene glycol poisoning because the alcohol effectively competes for ADH, thereby blocking the metabolic activation of ethylene glycol. 4-Methylpyrazole, an ADH inhibitor, may be even more efficacious.

The combination of a lethal dose of ethylene glycol and pyrazole (as alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor) produced 0% mortality in Wistar rats compared to 100% when only ethylene glycol was given. This expt suggests that ethylene glycol, per se, was not toxic, but the possible metabolic products were toxic.

Hypercalciuria and hyperoxaluria are important risk factors in the pathogenesis of kidney stones. Urinary glycolate has also been reported to be elevated in patients with renal stones. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3, the active metabolite of vitamin D, has been reported to induce hyperoxaluria after either oral or intravenous administration. 1-alpha-D(3), a synthetic derivative of vitamin D, together with ethylene glycol, has been reported to induce renal stones in experimental rats. We have examined the effect of 1-alpha-vitamin D(3) on urinary oxalate and glycolate excretion. Our results indicate that 1-alpha-D(3), together with ethylene glycol, caused a significant increase in urinary glycolate, without a parallel rise in urinary oxalate excretion, in ethylene glycol-fed rats. This increase in urinary glycolate was due to the synergistic effect of both drugs.

The cases of 2 otherwise healthy 16-yr-old girls who were treated with sodium bicarbonate and intravenous injections of ethyl alcohol (ethanol) after ingesting unknown quantities of ethylene glycol are described. It was noted that patient 2 was admitted twice for ethylene glycol poisoning in unrelated events. In patient 1, the Cmax of ethylene glycol in plasma was 14 mM/L. In patient 2, Cmax of ethylene glycol during the 2 admissions were 18 mM/L and 45 mM/L. In patient 1, a blood ethyl alcohol level of 130-140 mg/dL was reached in 3 hr and was maintained for 22 hr. During this period, ethylene glycol metabolism was effectively inhibited and 88% of eliminated ethylene glycol was accounted for in urine. During the admissions of patient 2, ethyl alcohol was presumed to effectively inhibit ethylene glycol metabolism. However, during the second admission, ethyl alcohol infusion was associated with respiratory arrest.

Cardiovascular (Heart and Blood Vessels), Developmental (effects during periods when organs are developing) , Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Urinary

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system

Health effects of ethylene glycol poisoning include tachycardia, hypertension, hyperventilation, and metabolic acidosis. Stage 3 of ethylene glycol poisoning is the result of kidney injury, leading to acute kidney failure. Oxalic acid reacts with calcium and forms calcium oxalate crystals in the kidney (L1023).

LC50; Species: Xenopus laevis (African Clawed Frog) age 3-4 wk; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C; Concentration: 326000 ug/L for 48 hr /formulation/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age <24 hr neonate; Conditions: freshwater, static, 21 °C, pH 7.6; Concentration: 782.7 mM for 24 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age < or =24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20-22 °C; Concentration: >10000000 ug/L for 24 hr /formulation/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 10000000 ug/L for 48 hr /formulation/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for ETHYLENE GLYCOL (33 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 0.2(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that ethylene glycol is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Percent adsorption to 4 soils (two clay and two sandy clay soils) ranged from 0-0.5%(7). Volatilization of ethylene glycol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 6.00X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(3). Ethylene glycol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.0878 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). Ethylene glycol (100 ppm) added to Texas soil (sandy silt loam) was biodegraded 100% in 2 days; Mississippi soil (sandy loam) containing 100 ppm ethylene glycol showed 90, 95, and 97% biodegradation in 3, 4, and 12 days, respectively(5). Ethylene glycol at 100 ppm and 1000 ppm required 6 and 8 days, respectively, for complete biodegradation using a Mississippi soil inoculum(5). Biodegradation of aircraft deicing fluid components, containing ethylene glycol, was studied at 8 °C using a sandy loam soil collected from the side of an airport runway; corrected biodegradation rates of ethylene glycol ranged from 18.9-20.3 mg/kg of soil per day(6). Complete disappearance was reported in 29 days; 63% of the theoretical carbon dioxide was recovered after 34 days indicating that substantial mineralization was taking place(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 0.2(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that ethylene glycol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 6.00X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(4) According to a classification scheme(5), a BCF of 10 reported in fish (Golden ide (Leuciscus idus melanotus)) after 3 days exposure to ethylene glycol(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). In a river die-away test, degradation was complete within 3 days at 20 °C and 5-14 days at 8 °C(7), indicating that biodegradation in water is expected to be an important environmental fate process(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), ethylene glycol, which has a vapor pressure of 0.0878 mm Hg at 25 °C,(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase ethylene glycol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 50 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.7X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Ethylene glycol is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight, since it does not contain functional groups that are expected to absorb light with wavelengths >290 nm(SRC).

Wine analyzed in Italy detected up to 6.25 mg/L of ethylene glycol. Although the source was not identified, all of the 44 samples tested detected the presence of ethylene glycol with an average concentration of 2.8 mg/L(1). A Japanese study used headspace analysis of volatiles to detect ethylene glycol in roasted sesame seeds(1). Bread packaged in airtight plastic bags and preserved with carbonic anhydride and ethylene oxide reported maximum transient concentration of 92.2 mg/kg ethylene glycol during the sampling period(1).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and through the skin.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Systemic ethylene glycol toxicity can occur through ingestion. Breathing ethylene glycol vapors may irritate eyes and lungs but is unlikely to cause systemic toxicity. Ethylene glycol does not absorb well through the skin so systemic toxicity is unlikely. Eye exposure may lead to local adverse health effects but is unlikely to result in systemic toxicity.

Oral (T29) ; dermal (T29)

IDENTIFICATION: Ethylene glycol is a colorless, odorless, sweet tasting, relatively non-volatile liquid and is completely soluble in water. This chemical has numerous uses, in manufacturing of polyethylene terephthalate, in natural gas processing, and as an antifreeze agent. HUMAN EXPOSURE: In humans ethylene glycol has induced only minimal dermal irritation, Nasal and or throat irritation were reported in a small number of subjects inhaling ethylene glycol, while higher concentrations caused eye irritation. Available data from acute poisoning cases indicate that the kidney is the critical organ for the toxicity of ethylene glycol. Available data are inadequate to assess the potential adverse neurological or immunological effects associated with long term exposure to ethylene glycol, although neurobehavioral and neurological disorders have been reported in cases of acute ethylene glycol poisonings in humans. In the limited number of investigations examined, neurological effects have not been observed at doses below those that have induced renal toxicity. ANIMAL STUDIES: Ethylene glycol has low acute toxicity in experimental animals following oral, inhalation and dermal exposure. Ethylene glycol exhibited no evidence of carcinogenicity based on a two year bioassay with rats and mice. Ethylene glycol induces developmental effects in rats and mice by all routes of exposure, although at doses greater than those associated with renal effects in male rats. Ethylene glycol is teratogenic, inducing primarily skeletal and external malformations, sometimes at doses less than those that are maternally toxic, with mice being more sensitive than rats. Reproductive studies with ethylene glycol show that in repeated dose toxicity studies, no evidence of an adverse impact on reproductive organs was observed. In special studies, including a three generation study in rats and continuous breeding protocols in mice, evidence of reproductive effects have been restricted to mice (but not rabbits or rats) exposed to doses considerably higher than those associated with developmental effects in this species or renal effects in rats. Consistent treatment related effects on the immune system related parameters have not be observed in repeated dose toxicity studies, in which several species have been exposed to ethylene glycol either orally or by inhalation.

Ethylene glycol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase to glycoaldehyde, which is then metabolized to glycolic, glyoxylic, and oxalic acids. These acids, along with excess lactic acid are responsible for the anion gap metabolic acidosis. Oxalic acid readily precipitates with calcium to form insoluble calcium oxalate crystals. Tissue injury is caused by widespread deposition of oxalate crystals and the toxic effects of glycolic and glyoxylic acids. Ethylene glycol produces central nervous system depression. The glycol probably causes the initial CNS depression; oxalate and the other intermediates seem to be responsible for nephrotoxicity. Glycoaldehyde and glyoxylate may be the principal metabolites responsible for EG nephrotoxicity and do so by causing ATP depletion and phospholipid and enzyme destruction. Glycine and acidosis, by-products of EG metabolism, can attenuate glyoxylate-mediated injury. This suggests that naturally occurring but incomplete protective pathways may be operative during the evolution of EG cytotoxicity. (A612, A613, A310)

Residues of ethylene glycol are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest. Use: Encapsulating agent for pesticides being applied post-harvest as residual, and crack and crevice sprays in and around food and nonfood areas of residential and nonresidential structures, including food handling establishments. Limit: without limitation.

Residues of ethylene glycol are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only. Use: Antifreeze, deactivator for all pesticides used before crop emerges from soil and in herbicides before or after crop emerges. Limit: none.

Residues of ethylene glycol are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only. Use: Pesticide inert ingredient as a solvent, stabilizer and/or antifreeze. Limit: without limitation.

Ethylene glycol as a component of pesticide formulations is exempt from the requirement of a tolerance when used in foliar applications to peanut plants.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their continued use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines newer health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether the use of the pesticide does not pose unreasonable risk in accordance to newer safety standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List C, and with List C containing pesticides of greater concern than those on List D. Ethylene glycol is found on List D. Case No: 4033; Pesticide type: insecticide, fungicide, antimicrobial; Case Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered ... The case /is characterized/ as "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.; Active ingredient (AI): Ethylene glycol; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered pesticide products ... "cancelled."

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Ethylene glycol is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Ethylene glycol is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV.D.3.b).

(AZ) ARIZONA 5500 ug/l

(CA) CALIFORNIA 14,000 ug/l

(FL) FLORIDA 14,000 ug/l

(MA) MASSACHUSETTS 14,000 ug/l

For more State Drinking Water Guidelines (Complete) data for ETHYLENE GLYCOL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A - Alimentary tract and metabolism

QA - Alimentary tract and metabolism

Ethylene glycol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase to glycoaldehyde, which is then metabolized to glycolic, glyoxylic, and oxalic acids. These acids, along with excess lactic acid are responsible for the anion gap metabolic acidosis. Oxalic acid readily precipitates with calcium to form insoluble calcium oxalate crystals. Tissue injury is caused by widespread deposition of oxalate crystals and the toxic effects of glycolic and glyoxylic acids.

Serum: 2-3 hours; not detectable in urine or tissues after 24-48 hours (metabolites present for longer periods); [TDR, p. 659]

... Ingestion of the 2 alcohols resulted in a peculiar intoxication due to their metabolic interaction. The half-life of ethylene glycol was prolonged to 14 hr.

Hepatic metabolism occurs through successive oxidations by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. The elimination half life of ethylene glycol in the absence of alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitors is 2.5 to 3.0 hours. If alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor therapy is instituted before the development of renal insufficiency, the elimination half life lengthens to approximately 17 hours, mostly via normal renal elimination. In the presence of fomepizole, the elimination half life is increased to approximately 20 hours.

...After iv administration of 20, 200, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg /ethylene glycol/ to Fischer 344 rats. ...Blood clearance of (14)C occurred in initial rapid phase (half-life, 3-5 hr)... .

... Rats /were exposed/ (nose only) to (14)C-ethylene glycol vapor at a concentration of 32 mg/L for 30 min. ...After 6 hr, blood levels declined by apparent first order kinetics with a half life of 53 hr.

Plasma half-lives in rodents, monkeys, and dogs (receiving 1-1000 mg/kg body weight) range from 1 to 4 hr.

Multiple metabolites contribute to the toxic effects. Glycolaldehyde and glyoxylate are more toxic than glycolate, although the latter is the only metabolite that accumulates in appreciable amounts, owing to the rate-limiting effect of lactate dehydrogenase or glycolate oxidase. Glyoxylate can be converted to numerous metabolites, the most toxic of which is oxalic acid (oxalate). Oxalate complexes with calcium to form calcium oxalate crystals, which are deposited in various tissues.

Although oxalate normally is a minor metabolic product of ethylene glycol metabolism, urinary oxalate crystals are a common, but not invariable, feature of ethylene glycol intoxication. There are two forms of urinary calcium oxalate crystals: the octahedral or tent-shaped form of the dihydrate crystals, and the prism or dumbell-shaped monohydrate. The latter form is stable under normal physiologic conditions; the dihydrate form appears only during high urinary calcium and oxalate concentrations, as seen in ethylene glycol poisoning. The dihydrate form can transform into the monohydrate form.

In oxidative metabolism of ethylene glycol in mammals, species variations occur which explain... differences in toxicity. Glycol is oxidized by major pathway into carbon dioxide, and by minor pathway to ... oxalic acid. Extent of formation of oxalic acid is dependent on dose level, but has ... been shown to vary with species ...

Rabbits and rats were given doses of 0.1-2.0 g/kg /of (14)C-ethylene glycol/. Rabbits received the doses orally or by subcutaneous injection, rats were given subcutaneous injections. In rabbits and rats, approximately 20% to 30% of the (14)C label from ethylene glycol (14)C was eliminated in the urine. Metabolites found in the 24-hr urine incl unchanged ethylene glycol (6.0 to 15.1%) and a trace of oxalic acid (0.1%

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for ETHYLENE GLYCOL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The main steps in degradation of ethylene glycol are as follows: ethylene glycol--> glycoaldehyde--> glycolic and glyoxylic acid. Glyoxylic acid is then metabolized into a number of chemicals that have been identified in expired air, urine, or blood. The metabolism of ethylene glycol to glycoaldehyde is mediated by alcohol dehydrogenase. Glycoaldehyde is metabolized to glycolic acid by aldehyde oxidase or to a lesser extent to glyoxal. Glyoxal is changed both to glycolic acid in the presence of lactic dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidase, or possibly both enzymes, and to glyoxylic acid via some oxidative mechanism. The main path of the degradation of glycolic acid is to glyoxylic acid. This reaction is mediated by lactic dehydrogenase or glycolic acid oxidase. Once glyoxylic acid is formed, it is apparently degraded very rapidly to a variety of products, a few of which have been observed. Its breakdown to 2-hydroxy-3-oxoadipate it is thought, is mediated by thiamine pyrophosphate in the presence of magnesium ions. The formation of glycine involves pyridoxal phosphate and glyoxylate transaminase, whereas the formation of carbon dioxide and water via formic acid apparently involves coenzyme A (CoA) and flavin mononucleotides. Oxalic acid formation from glyoxylic acid, has been considered to be the results from the action of lactic dehydrogenase or glycolic acid oxidase. (T29)

During 4 hr following iv dose of (14)C-ethylene glycol, urinary excretion of (14)C was more rapid from rats (38%) than from rhesus monkeys (10%), but excretion in expired air was similar (about 5%). Some (14)C entered body carbon pool. Oral dose was also more rapidly excreted by rats.

Study of renal clearance of ethylene glycol suggests that glomerular filtration and passive reabsorption are main mechanisms involved in renal excretion of ethylene glycol.

The proportion of administered (14)C (as ethylene glycol) excreted in urine of rats varied with dosage, being 21% at dose of 0.1 g/kg and 78% at dose of 7.5 g/kg. Distribution of radioactivity 24 hr after administration ...to rats was highest in bones (2-10%); highest in muscle of rabbits (3.4%), although liver contained 1.4 and bone 1.7% of dose.

A dose-dependent change was observed in disposition of (14)C-labeled ethylene glycol after iv administration of 20, 200, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg to Fischer 344 rats. Part of the dose was expired as carbon dioxide and decreased from 39% at 20 and 200 mg/kg to 26% at 1000 and 2000 mg/kg, while urinary excretion of radiocarbon increased from 35 to 56%. As dose increased from 20 to 2,000 mg/kg increases in urinary (14)C was almost entirely attributable to (14)C-glycolate, which comprised 20% of dose in 24 hrs at two higher dose levels and only 2% at lower doses. Blood clearance of (14)C occurred in initial rapid phase (half-life, 3-5 hr), when plasma comprised predominantly of ethylene glycol, that persisted for 12 hrs at 20 mg/kg and 30 hr at 2000 mg/kg administered iv to Fischer 344 rats.

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for ETHYLENE GLYCOL (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

CIR ingredient: Ethylene Glycol

Ethylene glycol is used as antifreeze in cooling and heating systems, in hydraulic brake fluids, as an industrial humectant, as an ingredient of electrolytic condensers, as a solvent in the paint and plastics industries, in the formulations of printers' inks, stamp pad inks, and inks for ballpoint pens, as a softening agent for cellophane, and in the synthesis of safety explosives, plasticizers, synthetic fibers (Terylene, Dacron), and synthetic waxes.

Used in antifreeze and deicing solutions for cars, boats, and aircraft; also used as a solvent for paints, plastics, photographic developing solutions, coolants, hydraulic fluids, and inks; [ATSDR ToxFAQs] Highest risk for exposure in deicing aircraft and runways; [Reference #2] Occupational exposure mainly through skin and eyes, but also inhalation if heated or aerosolized; 50% solution used to de-ice bridges; Has been used in adhesives, polishes, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals; [ACGIH]

Painting (Solvents) [Category: Paint]

Both oil base and water base fracturing fluids are being used in the fracturing industry. Water base, which includes alcohol-water mixtures and low strength acids, make up the majority of treating fluids. The common chemicals added to these fluids are polymers for viscosity development, crosslinkers for viscosity enhancement, pH control chemicals, gel breakers for polymer degradation following the treatment, surfactants, clay stabilizers, alcohol, bactericides, fluid loss additives and friction reducer. /Hydraulic fracturing/

Hydraulic fracturing uses a specially blended liquid which is pumped into a well under extreme pressure causing cracks in rock formations underground. These cracks in the rock then allow oil and natural gas to flow, increasing resource production. ... Chemical Name: Ethylene glycol; Chemical Purpose: Product stabilizer and / or winterizing agent; Product Function: Non-Emulsifier.

(1978) 5.68X10+10 G

(1983) 3.16X10+10 G

(1985) 2.70X10+11 g

(1977) 2.93X10+10 G

(1982) 1.70X10+10 G

(1985) 1.30X10+11 g

2023: 15,000,000,000 - <20,000,000,000 lb

(1981) 1.84X10+12 G

(1977) 1.67X10+12 G

(1982) 1.96X10+12 G

(1983) 4,424,515,000 lb

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for ETHYLENE GLYCOL (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Ethylene glycol. Uses: 1993: Antifreeze, 42%; polyester fiber, 27%; PET bottles and other packaging materials, 12.5%; PET film, 6%; miscellaneous industrial and PET resin uses, 12.5%.

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Ethylene glycol. Demand: 1992: 7.4 billion pounds; 1993: 7.5 billion pounds; 1997: 8 billion pounds. (Includes exports, which producers place at 2.2 billion pounds, but not imports, which total 400 million pounds.)

Polyester: fibers, 30%; polyester: plastics, film, bottles, 20%; antifreeze, 40%; miscellaneous, 10% (1984) /Estimate/

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Ethylene Glycol. Antifreeze, 43%; polyester fiber, 26%; exports, 12%; PET bottles, 7%; PET film, 4%; miscellaneous industrial and PET resin uses, 8% (1986).

For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for ETHYLENE GLYCOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/Industrial production/ is based on the hydrolysis of ethylene oxide obtained by direct oxidation of ethylene with air or oxygen. The ethylene oxide is thermally hydrolyzed to ethylene glycol without a catalyst. ... The ethylene oxide-water mixture is preheated to ca. 200 °C, whereby the ethylene oxide is converted to ethylene glycol. Di-, tri-, tetra-, and polyethylene glycols are also produced, but with respectively decreasing yields. ... In practice almost 90% of the ethylene oxide can be converted to monoethylene glycol, the remaining 10% reacts to form higher homologues. ... After leaving the reactor, the product mixture is purified by passing it through successive distillation columns with decreasing pressures.

(1) Air oxidation of ethylene followed by hydration of the ethylene oxide formed; (2) acetoxylation; (3) from carbon monoxide and hydrogen (synthesis gas) from coal gasification;(4) Oxirane process.

Technical.

Grades or purity: Industrial grade: Low-conductivity grade.

Cosmetics product ingredient: Ethylene glycol (Glycol)

Information on 908 consumer products that contain Ethylene glycol in the following categories is provided:

Food additives

Food Additives -> ADJUVANT; CARRIER_SOLVENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Cosmetics -> Solvent; Viscosity controlling; Humectant

SOLVENTS

Construction

1,2-Ethanediol: ACTIVE