1-クロロ-1,2,2,2-テトラフルオロエタン

Solvents -> Chlorofluorocarbons

Solvents -> Chlorofluorocarbons

1.364 g/mL at 25 °C

1.364 @25 °C

In water, 1.5X10+3 mg/L at 25 °C

In water, 1.71 wt% at 24 °C, 101.3 kPa

13.6 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

-12 °C

-12 °C

12 °C @760 [mm Hg]

Under certain conditions, /chlorofluorocarbon/ vapors may decompose on contact with flames or hot surfaces, creating the potential hazard of inhalation of toxic decomposition products. /Chlorofluorocarbon/

The appearance of toxic decomposition products serves as warning of the occurrence of thermal decompositon and detection of a sharp acrid odor warns of the presence of these products. /Fluorocarbons/

When heated to decomposition, emits highly toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride/.

Under certain conditions, /chlorofluorocarbon/ vapors may decompose on contact with flames or hot surfaces, creating the potential hazard of inhalation of toxic decomposition products. /Chlorofluorocarbon/

The appearance of toxic decomposition products serves as warning of the occurrence of thermal decompositon and detection of a sharp acrid odor warns of the presence of these products. /Fluorocarbons/

-179 °F (USCG, 1999)

-199 °C

-199 °C

385 kPa (2,888 mm Hg) at 25 °C

2888 [mm Hg] @25 °C

Warning

H280 (61.8%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

P410+P403, and P502 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 123 reports by companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Danger

H280 (100%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

Chemical: Ethane, 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-

Ethane, 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Ethane, 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

PMN - indicates a commenced PMN (Pre-Manufacture Notices) substance.

Ethane, 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro- (Refrigerant gas 124): Non hazardous

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Non-Flammable Gas

Non-Flammable Gas

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

· Some may burn but none ignite readily.

· Some may burn but none ignite readily.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

Displaces air such that oxygen content may become too low to support life. Prolonged exposure can cause narcotic effect or rapid suffocation. Contact with liquid may cause frostbite. (USCG, 1999)

· Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning, especially when in closed or confined areas.

· Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning, especially when in closed or confined areas.

Evaporating liquid can cause frostbite; [CHEMINFO] Can cause anesthesia and sensitize the heart to catecholamines; May cause liver injury; Vapors are heavier than air and can accumulate in low-lying areas; [HSDB] In confined space spill, may displace air and act as simple asphyxiant; Evaporating liquid can cause frostbite; Inhalation of high concentrations can cause CNS depression and cardiac arrhythmias; A severe eye irritant; [MSDSonline] 25,000 ppm is the threshold for cardiac sensitization in dogs; [AIHA]

Chlorotetrafluoroethane can be a mixture of 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane and 1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane. [HSDB] In confined space spill, may displace air and act as simple asphyxiant; Evaporating liquid can cause frostbite; May cause CNS depression; [CAMEO] See CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS.

1021 126

1021 126

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), after consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), is amending FDA's regulation on the use of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) in selfpressurized containers to remove the essential-use designations for flunisolide, triamcinolone, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, albuterol and ipratropium in combination, cromolyn, and nedocromil used in oral pressurized metered-dose inhalers (MDIs). The Clean Air Act requires FDA, in consultation with the EPA, to determine whether an FDA-regulated product that releases an ODS is an essential use of the ODS. FDA has concluded that there are no substantial technical barriers to formulating flunisolide, triamcinolone, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, albuterol and ipratropium in combination, cromolyn, and nedocromil as products that do not release ODSs, and therefore they will no longer be essential uses of ODSs as of the effective dates of this rule. MDIs for these active moieties containing an ODS may not be marketed after the relevant effective date. DATES: Removal of Part 2.125(e)(2)(iii) and 2.125(e)(4)(vii) is effective June 14, 2010. Removal of Part 2.125(e)(1)(v) and 2.125(e)(4)(iv) is effective December 31, 2010. Removal of Part 2.125(e)(1)(iii) is effective June 30, 2011. Removal of 2.125(e)(2)(iv) and Part 2.125(e)(4)(viii) is effective December 31, 2013. /Ozone-Depleting Substances/

Use of ozone-depleting substances in foods, drugs, devices, or cosmetics. (a) As used in this section, ozone-depleting substance (ODS) means any class I substance as defined in 40 CFR part 82, appendix A to subpart A, or class II substance as defined in 40 CFR part 82, appendix B to subpart A. (b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, any food, drug, device, or cosmetic that is, consists in part of, or is contained in an aerosol product or other pressurized dispenser that releases an ODS is not an essential use of the ODS under the Clean Air Act. (c) A food, drug, device, or cosmetic that is, consists in part of, or is contained in an aerosol product or other pressurized dispenser that releases an ODS is an essential use of the ODS under the Clean Air Act if paragraph (e) of this section specifies the use of that product as essential. For drugs, including biologics and animal drugs, and for devices, an investigational application or an approved marketing application must be in effect, as applicable. ... (e) The use of ODSs in the following products is essential: ... (2) Metered-dose short-acting adrenergic bronchodilator human drugs for oral inhalation. Oral pressurized metered-dose inhalers containing the following active moieties: ... (iv) Pirbuterol. ... (4) Other essential uses. (iii) Anesthetic drugs for topical use on accessible mucous membranes of humans where a cannula is used for application. ... (vi) Metered-dose atropine sulfate aerosol human drugs administered by oral inhalation. ... (viii) Metered-dose ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate, in combination, administered by oral inhalation for human use. (ix) Sterile aerosol talc administered intrapleurally by thoracoscopy for human use. /Ozone-Depleting Substances/

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), after consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), is amending FDA's regulation on the use of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) in selfpressurized containers to remove the essential-use designations for flunisolide, triamcinolone, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, albuterol and ipratropium in combination, cromolyn, and nedocromil used in oral pressurized metered-dose inhalers (MDIs). The Clean Air Act requires FDA, in consultation with the EPA, to determine whether an FDA-regulated product that releases an ODS is an essential use of the ODS. FDA has concluded that there are no substantial technical barriers to formulating flunisolide, triamcinolone, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, albuterol and ipratropium in combination, cromolyn, and nedocromil as products that do not release ODSs, and therefore they will no longer be essential uses of ODSs as of the effective dates of this rule. MDIs for these active moieties containing an ODS may not be marketed after the relevant effective date. DATES: Removal of Part 2.125(e)(2)(iii) and 2.125(e)(4)(vii) is effective June 14, 2010. Removal of Part 2.125(e)(1)(v) and 2.125(e)(4)(iv) is effective December 31, 2010. Removal of Part 2.125(e)(1)(iii) is effective June 30, 2011. Removal of 2.125(e)(2)(iv) and Part 2.125(e)(4)(viii) is effective December 31, 2013. /Ozone-Depleting Substances/

Use of ozone-depleting substances in foods, drugs, devices, or cosmetics. (a) As used in this section, ozone-depleting substance (ODS) means any class I substance as defined in 40 CFR part 82, appendix A to subpart A, or class II substance as defined in 40 CFR part 82, appendix B to subpart A. (b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, any food, drug, device, or cosmetic that is, consists in part of, or is contained in an aerosol product or other pressurized dispenser that releases an ODS is not an essential use of the ODS under the Clean Air Act. (c) A food, drug, device, or cosmetic that is, consists in part of, or is contained in an aerosol product or other pressurized dispenser that releases an ODS is an essential use of the ODS under the Clean Air Act if paragraph (e) of this section specifies the use of that product as essential. For drugs, including biologics and animal drugs, and for devices, an investigational application or an approved marketing application must be in effect, as applicable. ... (e) The use of ODSs in the following products is essential: ... (2) Metered-dose short-acting adrenergic bronchodilator human drugs for oral inhalation. Oral pressurized metered-dose inhalers containing the following active moieties: ... (iv) Pirbuterol. ... (4) Other essential uses. (iii) Anesthetic drugs for topical use on accessible mucous membranes of humans where a cannula is used for application. ... (vi) Metered-dose atropine sulfate aerosol human drugs administered by oral inhalation. ... (viii) Metered-dose ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate, in combination, administered by oral inhalation for human use. (ix) Sterile aerosol talc administered intrapleurally by thoracoscopy for human use. /Ozone-Depleting Substances/

Fluorinated Organic Compounds

Fluorinated Organic Compounds

Zakhari S, Aviado DM; Cardiovascular Toxicology of Aerosol Propellants, Refrigerants and Related Solvents; Target Organ Toxicology Series: Cardiovascular Toxicology, XII+ 388 pages; Raven Press: New York, NY 281-326 (1982). Review of the toxicology of aerosol propellants, refrigerants and related solvents on the cardiovascular system of humans.

... The lifetimes of halohydrocarbons in air is presented. /Halohydrocarbons/[USEPA/ORD; Comments on the Lifetimes of Organic Molecules in Air. EPA-600/9-80-003 (1980)]

Trochimoxicz HJ; Toxzicology Letters 68 (1/2): 25-30 (1993). Industrial research on alternative fluorocarbons. Discussion of proposed toxicity tests and results of previous tests.

WHO; Environ Health Criteria 139 Partially Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons (ethane derivatives) p.130 (1992). Discussion of studies on the environmental transport, distribution and transformaiton data on biodegradation in the environment of partially halogenated chlorofluorocarbons.

For more Special Reports (Complete) data for 2-CHLORO-1,1,1,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Production and Consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances under the Montreal Protocol 1986 - 2004[UNEP; Ozone Secretariat UNEP November 2005, Available from, as of march 11, 2013: http://ozone.unep.org/Publications/Production_and_consumption2005.pdf]

2-CHLORO-1,1,1,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE is chemically inert in many situations, but can react violently with strong reducing agents such as the very active metals and the active metals. They suffer oxidation with strong oxidizing agents and under extremes of temperature.

CHLOROTETRAFLUOROETHANE is chemically inert in many situations, but can react violently with strong reducing agents such as the very active metals and the active metals. Can react with strong oxidizing agents or weaker oxidizing agents under extremes of temperature.

/GUIDE 126: GASES - COMPRESSED or LIQUEFIED (Including Refrigerant Gases)/ Fire or Explosion: Some may burn but none ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.

/GUIDE 126: GASES - COMPRESSED or LIQUEFIED (Including Refrigerant Gases)/ Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.

/GUIDE 126: GASES - COMPRESSED or LIQUEFIED (Including Refrigerant Gases)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 126: GASES - COMPRESSED or LIQUEFIED (Including Refrigerant Gases)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 2-CHLORO-1,1,1,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

Call a physician.

General First Aid:

General First Aid:

R-124 is not flammable at ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressure. However, this material will become combustible when mixed with air under pressure and exposed to strong ignition sources. Contact with certain reactive metals may result in formation of explosive or exothermic reactions under specific conditions (e.g. very high temperatures and/or appropriate pressures).

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

Use an extinguishing agent suitable for the surrounding fire. Apply water from a safe distance to cool container and protect surrounding area. If involved in fire, shut off flow immediately if it can be done without risk. Contains gas under pressure. In a fire or if heated, a pressure increase will occur and the container may burst or explode.

Fire-fighters should wear appropriate protective equipment and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) with a full face-piece operated in positive pressure mode.

Firefighters should wear self-contained, NIOSH-approved breathing apparatus for protection against possible toxic decomposition products. Proper eye and skin protection should be provided.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

Store in a cool, well-ventilated area of low fire risk and out of direct sunlight. Protect cylinder and its fittings from physical damage. Storage in subsurface locations should be avoided. Close valve tightly after use and when empty.

Cylinders should be stored upright, with valve protection cap in place, and firmly secured to prevent falling or being knocked over. Cylinder temperatures should not exceed 52 °C (125 °F).

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

High pressure gas. Do not puncture or incinerate container. Use equipment rated for cylinder pressure. Close valve after each use and when empty. Protect cylinders from physical damage; do not drag, roll, slide, or drop. Use a suitable hand truck for cylinder movement.

Safety eyewear complying with an approved standard should be used when a risk assessment indicates this is necessary to avoid exposure to liquid splashes, mists or dusts.

Personal protective equipment for the body should be selected based on the task being performed and the risks involved and should be approved by a specialist before handling this product.

Sufficient exhaust & general ventilation should be provided to keep vapor concentrations below recommended levels. /Fluorocarbons/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 2-CHLORO-1,1,1,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SUFFICIENT EXHAUST & GENERAL VENTILATION SHOULD BE PROVIDED TO KEEP VAPOR CONCN BELOW RECOMMENDED LEVELS. /FLUOROCARBONS/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

Excerpt from ERG Guide 126 [Gases - Compressed or Liquefied (Including Refrigerant Gases)]:

Immediate precautionary measure

Immediate precautionary measure

Exposure of dogs to concentrations of 2.5% (139,500 mg/cu m) or greater combined with concurrent injection of epinephrine (adrenalin) at 0.008 mg/kg resulted in cardiac sensitization to the epinephrine.

If inhalation occurs, epinephrine or other sympathomimetic amines and adrenergic activators should not be admin since they will further sensitize heart to development of arrhythmias. /Fluorocarbons/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 140(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetraflluroethane is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetraflluroethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 0.714 atm-cu m/mole(3). 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetraflluroethane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2890 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane did not biodegrade over 28 days using a filtered sample of secondary effluent from a sewage plant(4) indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 140(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetraflluroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.714 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1.7 hrs and 4.8 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 8(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 1.86(6) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane did not biodegrade over 28 days using a filtered sample of secondary effluent from a sewage plant(7) indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, which has a vapor pressure of 2888 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist solely in the gas phase in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals, chlorine radicals, and electronically excited atomic oxygen (O(1D))(3). The final tropospheric products from reaction of 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane with hydroxyl and chlorine radicals are trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), HF, and HCl(4,5). 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane has a total atmospheric lifetime of 5.9 years, a hydroxy radical lifetime of 6.3 years (tropospheric OH calculated relative to 6.1 yr for CH3CCl3 at -1 °C), and a stratospheric lifetime of 111 years(6). Physical removal of 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane via dry or wet deposition is negligibly slow(7). 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(8) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). As a result of its long atmospheric half-life, 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane will slowly diffuse to the stratosphere. Once in the upper stratosphere, halogenated hydrocarbons are dissociated through photolysis, reaction with hydroxyl radical and excited atomic oxygen resulting in the release of chlorine. These chlorine atoms then become part of a catalytic process that contributes to the destruction of the ozone layer(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: The atmospheric degradation of three chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) replacement compounds, namely HFC-134a, HCFC-123, and HCFC-124, results in the formation of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Concentrations of TFA were determined in precipitation and surface water samples collected in California and Nevada during 1996-1997. Terminal lake systems were found to have concentrations 4-13 times higher than their calculated yearly inputs, providing evidence for accumulation. The results support dry deposition as the primary contributor of TFA to surface waters in arid and semiarid environments. Precipitation samples obtained from three different locations contained 20.7-1530 ng/L with significantly higher concentrations in fogwater (median = 689 ng/L) over rainwater (median = 63.7 ng/L). Elevated levels of TFA were observed for rainwater in Nevada (median = 136 ng/L) over those in California (median = 49.5 ng/L), indicating continual uptake and concentration as clouds move from a semiarid to arid climate. Thus several mechanisms exist, including evaporative concentration, vapor-liquid phase partitioning, lowered washout volumes of atmospheric deposition water, and dry deposition, which may lead to elevated concentrations of TFA in atmospheric and surface waters above levels expected from usual rainfall washout.

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

United States emissions of 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane from 2004-2006 was measured as 0.4-1.6 Gg/yr, average 1.0 Gg/yr, via whole air sampling from various aircraft(1). The concentration of 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane in the Northern Hemisphere was estimated as of 2.0 parts per trillion volume from emission scenarios(2).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane can be estimated to be 140(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is expected to have high mobility in soil.

2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane has measured global atmospheric mole fractions of 1.43, 1.48, and 1.47 parts per trillion for 2004, 2007, and 2008, respectively. In addition the growth rate of 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane for 2007-2008, as measured by ground-based sampling, was -0.01 parts per trillion/yr (-0.8%/yr)(1).

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ /Propellant /fluorocarbon/ gases were generated ... from a distance of 50 cm for periods of 15 to 60 seconds. At a measured concentration of 95,000 mg/cu m (1700 ppm), there was biphasic change in ventilatory capacity, the first reduction occurring within few min after exposure, & second delayed until 13 to 30 min after exposure. Most subjects developed bradycardia, & inversion of the t-wave. /Propellant gases/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are used increasingly in industry as substitutes for ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Limited studies in animals indicate potential hepatotoxicity of some of these compounds. /The authors/ investigated an epidemic of liver disease in nine industrial workers who had had repeated accidental exposure to a mixture of 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC 123) and 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC 124). All nine exposed workers were affected to various degrees. Both compounds are metabolised in the same way as 1-bromo-1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (halothane) to form reactive trifluoroacetyl halide intermediates, which have been implicated in the hepatotoxicity of halothane. /Investigators/ aimed to test whether HCFCs 123 and 124 can result in serious liver disease. For one severely affected worker liver biopsy and immunohistochemical stainings for the presence of trifluoroacetyl protein adducts were done. The serum of six affected workers and five controls was tested for autoantibodies that react with human liver cytochrome-P450 2E1 (P450 2E1) and P58 protein disulphide isomerase isoform (P58). The liver biopsy sample showed hepatocellular necrosis which was prominent in perivenular zone three and extended focally from portal tracts to portal tracts and centrilobular areas (bridging necrosis). Trifluoroacetyl-adducted proteins were detected in surviving hepatocytes. Autoantibodies against P450 2E1 or P58, previously associated with halothane hepatitis, were detected in the serum of five affected workers. Repeated exposure of human beings to HCFCs 123 and 124 can result in serious liver injury in a large proportion of the exposed population. Although the exact mechanism of hepatotoxicity of these agents is not known, the results suggest that trifluoroacetyl-altered liver proteins are involved. In view of the potentially widespread use of these compounds, there is an urgent need to develop safer alternatives.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Early ... human experience indicated that high vapor concn (eg, 20%) may cause confusion, pulmonary irritation, tremors & rarely coma, but that these effects were generally transient & without late sequelae. Cause of death /from abuse of fluorocarbons/ is in considerable doubt. Freezing of airway soft tissues can probably be eliminated as a cause of death except in cases where the product was sprayed directly into the mouth from its container or from a balloon containing some liquid. Laryngeal spasm or edema, oxygen displacement, or sensitization of myocardium to endogenous catecholamines with subsequent ventricular fibrillation appear to be reasonable possibilities. /Fluorocarbon Refrigerants & Propellants/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Non-occupational exposure and accidental or abusive inhalation of aerosols /due to Fluorocarbon propellants/ have also been documented, the main symptoms being CNS depression and cardiovascular reactions. Cardiac arrhythmia, possibly aggravated by elevated levels of catecholamines due to stress or by moderate hypercapnia, is suggested as the cause of these adverse response, which may lead to death. /Fluorocarbon propellants/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2-CHLORO-1,1,1,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane's production and use as a refrigerant, a sterilant(1), and a foam-blowing agent(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use as , a fire suppressant(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

AEROBIC: 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane did not aerobically biodegrade over 28 days when introduced to a mineral medium inoculated with a filtered sample of secondary effluent from a sewage plant(1).

PURE CULTURE: 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane was not degraded by 4 strains of aerobic bacteria (Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, Mycobacterium vaccae JOB5, and ENV2040 and ENV2041 both of which are methanotrophs obtained from agricultural soil); these were specifically selected for their ability to degrade hydrohalocarbons, in a screening study(1).

An estimated BCF of 8 was calculated in fish for 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 1.86(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is 0.714 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 1.7 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4.8 days(SRC). 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 2-Chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane will volatilize from dry soil surfaces because it is a gas(SRC) with a vapor pressure of 2888 mm Hg(1).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In rats, there were no clinical signs observed during exposure to 48,000 ppm (267,974 mg/cu m) HCFC-124. The main clinical effects during exposure to 160,000 and 230,000 ppm (893,248 - 1,274,049 mg/cu m) were reduced activity, anesthesia, reduced acoustic startle and tail pinch responses. At 300,000 ppm (1,671,847 mg/cu m) exposure, all rats died.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Four groups of 6 rats/group were exposed, nose-only for a single 4 hour period to HCFC-124 at concentrations of 48,000, 160,000, 230,000 and 300,000 ppm. Rats were weighed prior to exposure and were observed for clinical signs of toxicity during and immediately after exposure. Rats were weighed and observed daily for 14 days post-exposure (except weekends). Chamber HCFC-124 concentrations (measured every 30 min.) were found to be close to target (overall range 88-106%), with a maximum coefficient of variability of 6%. 300,000 ppm - all six rats died during exposure. 48,000; 160,000 and 230,000 ppm - no deaths. 160,000 and 230,000 ppm - rats showed depressed acoustic-startle and tail-pinch response. Immediately following exposure, rats showed clinical signs of toxicity including incoordination, lethargy and prostration. 48,000 ppm - no clinical signs of toxicity during or immediately following exposure. All exposure groups showed slight (<10g) to moderate (10-20 g) weight loss on the day following exposure. One rat exposed to 48,000 ppm HFCF-124 that appeared to have been injured by its cage mate, exhibited severe (>20g) weight loss on the day following exposure. Thereafter all rats had a normal weight gain rate (approximately 5-10 g per day).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Two groups of 10 rats/group were exposed to HCFC-124 at concentrations of 0, 100,000 and 360,000 ppm for 6 hours. A third group was treated similarly with air (control). Rats were observed during exposure and for a 14-day post exposure period. Rat weights were recorded immediately prior to exposure, and post exposure on days 8 and 15 (fasted weight on day 15). At day 15 all animals were sacrificed and necropsied. No deaths occurred at 100,000 or 360,000 ppm, however, no more material was available to test higher concentrations. Air control. All rats were normal during exposure and the 14 day post-exposure period. HCFC-124 exposure. Rats in 100,000 ppm group active for first 30 minutes of exposure then inactive for remainder of time. Rats in 360,000 ppm group, inactive for first 60 minutes, then anesthetized. During 14 day post-exposure period, all rats appeared normal.Gross pathology revealed no exposure related changes. There was no sign of HCFC-124 having an affect on weight gain. None of the effects noted were considered to be toxic.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Male guinea-pigs were used to assess the hepatotoxicity of HCFC-123 and possible potentiation by HCFC-124. Animals were exposed whole-body in a 300 L chamber, at 22-25 degrees C and 50-60% relative humidity (60 air changes per hour) /for 4 hours/. A preliminary study determined the exposure concentration of HCFC-123 required to produce no liver effect and moderate hepatotoxicity but without massive hepatic necrosis. Animals were exposed to HCFC-123 for 4 hours to 500, 1,000, 2,000 or 5,000 ppm and killed 48 hours post exposure. In the main study the possible interaction of HFCF-123 and HCFC-124 was investigated. Animals (n=5-9) were exposed for 4 hours to 5,000 ppm HCFC-123 or a combination of 5,000 ppm HCFC-123 plus 5,000 ppm HCFC-124 (blend of HCFC-123/124). Animals were exposed once or for 5 consecutive days. An additional group was exposed to 5,000 ppm HCFC-124 alone (single exposures only) and concurrent controls were exposed to air. At the end of exposure urine was collected until animals were killed at either 24 or 48 hours post exposure. Blood was collected for analysis, liver slices taken for histological processing, liver homogenates analyzed. Urine samples were analyzed for metabolites. Main study: Single exposure. 1) Great variability in the response to HCFC-123 or blend of HCFC-123/124 2) Increased mean serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT, 24 hours) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH, 24 and 48 hours) indicates a transient cytolytic action of HCFC-123; the liver injury being confirmed by liver pathology that showed minor to moderate lesions 3) Absence of liver toxicity with HCFC-124 4) Very limited evidence of a potentiation of HCFC-123 liver toxicity by HCFC-124 5) Absence of any metabolic interaction. Urinary excretion: Animals exposed to HCFC-124 alone excreted very low levels of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA - 0.61 mg/24 hr). Animals exposed to the blend of HCFC123/124 and HCFC-123 excreted similar amounts of TFA (approx 6.4 mg/24 hr), chlorodifluoroacetic acid (CDFA) and fluoride.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2-CHLORO-1,1,1,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (31 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ The chronic toxicity, oncogenicity, and mutagenicity of chlorotetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124) were evaluated. In the chronic toxicity/oncogenicity study, male and female rats were exposed to 0, 2000, 10,000, or 50,000 ppm HCFC-124 for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week, for 2 years. Body weights were obtained weekly during the first three months of the study and every other week for the remainder of the study. Food consumption was determined weekly. Clinical signs of toxicity were monitored throughout the study. An ophthalmological examination was performed on all animals prior to study start, and all surviving rats were examined at approximately 3, 12, and 24 months after study start. Clinical pathology was evaluated at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. An interim termination was conducted at 12 months. All surviving rats were necropsied at 24 months. A complete set of tissues was collected for microscopic examination, and selected tissues were weighed. There were no compound-related, adverse effects on body weight, food consumption, survival, clinical signs of toxicity, ophthalmoscopically observable ocular lesions, serum hormone concentrations, or clinical pathology parameters at any exposure concentration in either male or female rats. Compared to controls, urine fluoride was increased in males and females at all exposure concentrations, and plasma fluoride was increased in females at all exposure concentrations. Excretion of fluoride represents conversion of the parent molecule, and as such is not considered to be an adverse effect. There were no toxicologically significant, compound-related organ weight changes or gross or microscopic findings in male or female rats at any of the exposure concentrations tested. HCFC-124 was not toxic or carcinogenic in rats of either sex after inhalation exposure at concentrations of up to 50,000 ppm in this two-year chronic toxicity/oncogenicity study. After exposure to HCFC-124 for six hours per day, five days per week, for 24 months, the no-observed-adverse-effect level for male and female rats was 50,000 ppm. HCFC-124 was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA97, TA98, and TA100 with and without activation when evaluated at concentrations up to 60% HCFC-124 for 48 hours. No evidence of clastogenic activity was observed in cultured human lymphocytes at atmospheric concentrations up to 100% HCFC-124 for 3 hours, with and without metabolic activation. In vivo, no micronuclei were induced in mouse bone marrow cells following exposure of mice to concentrations of 99,000 ppm HCFC-124 6 hours/day for 2 days.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), after consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), is amending FDA's regulation on the use of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) in selfpressurized containers to remove the essential-use designations for flunisolide, triamcinolone, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, albuterol and ipratropium in combination, cromolyn, and nedocromil used in oral pressurized metered-dose inhalers (MDIs). The Clean Air Act requires FDA, in consultation with the EPA, to determine whether an FDA-regulated product that releases an ODS is an essential use of the ODS. FDA has concluded that there are no substantial technical barriers to formulating flunisolide, triamcinolone, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, albuterol and ipratropium in combination, cromolyn, and nedocromil as products that do not release ODSs, and therefore they will no longer be essential uses of ODSs as of the effective dates of this rule. MDIs for these active moieties containing an ODS may not be marketed after the relevant effective date. DATES: Removal of Part 2.125(e)(2)(iii) and 2.125(e)(4)(vii) is effective June 14, 2010. Removal of Part 2.125(e)(1)(v) and 2.125(e)(4)(iv) is effective December 31, 2010. Removal of Part 2.125(e)(1)(iii) is effective June 30, 2011. Removal of 2.125(e)(2)(iv) and Part 2.125(e)(4)(viii) is effective December 31, 2013. /Ozone-Depleting Substances/

Use of ozone-depleting substances in foods, drugs, devices, or cosmetics. (a) As used in this section, ozone-depleting substance (ODS) means any class I substance as defined in 40 CFR part 82, appendix A to subpart A, or class II substance as defined in 40 CFR part 82, appendix B to subpart A. (b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, any food, drug, device, or cosmetic that is, consists in part of, or is contained in an aerosol product or other pressurized dispenser that releases an ODS is not an essential use of the ODS under the Clean Air Act. (c) A food, drug, device, or cosmetic that is, consists in part of, or is contained in an aerosol product or other pressurized dispenser that releases an ODS is an essential use of the ODS under the Clean Air Act if paragraph (e) of this section specifies the use of that product as essential. For drugs, including biologics and animal drugs, and for devices, an investigational application or an approved marketing application must be in effect, as applicable. ... (e) The use of ODSs in the following products is essential: ... (2) Metered-dose short-acting adrenergic bronchodilator human drugs for oral inhalation. Oral pressurized metered-dose inhalers containing the following active moieties: ... (iv) Pirbuterol. ... (4) Other essential uses. (iii) Anesthetic drugs for topical use on accessible mucous membranes of humans where a cannula is used for application. ... (vi) Metered-dose atropine sulfate aerosol human drugs administered by oral inhalation. ... (viii) Metered-dose ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate, in combination, administered by oral inhalation for human use. (ix) Sterile aerosol talc administered intrapleurally by thoracoscopy for human use. /Ozone-Depleting Substances/

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), after consultation with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), is amending FDA's regulation on the use of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) in selfpressurized containers to remove the essential-use designations for flunisolide, triamcinolone, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, albuterol and ipratropium in combination, cromolyn, and nedocromil used in oral pressurized metered-dose inhalers (MDIs). The Clean Air Act requires FDA, in consultation with the EPA, to determine whether an FDA-regulated product that releases an ODS is an essential use of the ODS. FDA has concluded that there are no substantial technical barriers to formulating flunisolide, triamcinolone, metaproterenol, pirbuterol, albuterol and ipratropium in combination, cromolyn, and nedocromil as products that do not release ODSs, and therefore they will no longer be essential uses of ODSs as of the effective dates of this rule. MDIs for these active moieties containing an ODS may not be marketed after the relevant effective date. DATES: Removal of Part 2.125(e)(2)(iii) and 2.125(e)(4)(vii) is effective June 14, 2010. Removal of Part 2.125(e)(1)(v) and 2.125(e)(4)(iv) is effective December 31, 2010. Removal of Part 2.125(e)(1)(iii) is effective June 30, 2011. Removal of 2.125(e)(2)(iv) and Part 2.125(e)(4)(viii) is effective December 31, 2013. /Ozone-Depleting Substances/

Use of ozone-depleting substances in foods, drugs, devices, or cosmetics. (a) As used in this section, ozone-depleting substance (ODS) means any class I substance as defined in 40 CFR part 82, appendix A to subpart A, or class II substance as defined in 40 CFR part 82, appendix B to subpart A. (b) Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, any food, drug, device, or cosmetic that is, consists in part of, or is contained in an aerosol product or other pressurized dispenser that releases an ODS is not an essential use of the ODS under the Clean Air Act. (c) A food, drug, device, or cosmetic that is, consists in part of, or is contained in an aerosol product or other pressurized dispenser that releases an ODS is an essential use of the ODS under the Clean Air Act if paragraph (e) of this section specifies the use of that product as essential. For drugs, including biologics and animal drugs, and for devices, an investigational application or an approved marketing application must be in effect, as applicable. ... (e) The use of ODSs in the following products is essential: ... (2) Metered-dose short-acting adrenergic bronchodilator human drugs for oral inhalation. Oral pressurized metered-dose inhalers containing the following active moieties: ... (iv) Pirbuterol. ... (4) Other essential uses. (iii) Anesthetic drugs for topical use on accessible mucous membranes of humans where a cannula is used for application. ... (vi) Metered-dose atropine sulfate aerosol human drugs administered by oral inhalation. ... (viii) Metered-dose ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate, in combination, administered by oral inhalation for human use. (ix) Sterile aerosol talc administered intrapleurally by thoracoscopy for human use. /Ozone-Depleting Substances/

HCFC-124 has been studied with the other halocarbons due to structural similarities (all contain a geminal dihalomethyl group [-CHX2]) with halothane, a known hepatotoxin. Only the results for HCFC-124 and it's comparison to the other compounds is discussed here. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was excreted in urine following 6 hour exposure to 1% HCFC-124 - 15.6 umol/12hour/kg. TFA excretion rank order HCFC-123=halothane>HCFC-124>HCFC-125. HCFC-124 showed a pattern of TFA-proteins (microsomal and cytosolic) similar to that seen following halothane exposure, although the immunoreactivity of individual bands was lower. TFA-protein formation rank order halothane=HCFC-123>>HCFC-124>HCFC-125. ... The proposed bioactivation scheme for halothane and HCFC-124 is: cytochrome P-450 catalyzed hydrogen abstraction to yield the intermediate 1,1-dihalo-2,2,2,-trifluoroethyl radical: oxygen rebound would give the geminal halohydrin: loss of HX would give trifluoroacetylchloride or fluoride which may undergo oxidation to give TFA or may react with nucleophilic sites in proteins to give TFA-protein. The data support the theory that cytochrome P-450-catalyzed formation of halohydrins is the rate-limiting step in the production of TFA and TFA-protein adducts. The data demonstrates increasing fluorination on the dihalomethyl group (CHX2) decreases in vivo metabolism.

Metabolism studies were conducted using Fischer 344 and Sprague-Dawley rats following inhalation exposure to 1.0% (v/v) air atmospheres of 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123), 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124), 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b), bromochlorodifluoromethane (Halon 1211), and perfluorohexane (PFH) for 2 hr. There were no remarkable differences in results between the two strains of rats. Animals exposed to HCFC-123 or HCFC-124 excreted trifluoroacetic acid in their urine. Urinary fluoride concentrations were increased in rats exposed to HCFC-124, and urinary bromide levels were increased in rats exposed to Halon 1211. ...

Gas-uptake pharmacokinetics & metab of the chlorofluorocarbon replacement 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124) were investigated in rats, mice, & hamsters. Species differences in the rate of uptake of HCFC-124 and urinary excretion of trifluoroacetic acid were observed. In rats & mice, the uptake of HCFC-124 was described by both saturable & first-order components, whereas in the hamster only first-order uptake was observed. The in vivo metabolic rate constants obtained from computer simulation of the gas-uptake data were: for rats-KM= 1.2 mg liter-1 (8.79 mmol liter-1, Vmaxc= 0.35 : 0.01 mg kg-1 hr-1 (2.56 : 0.01 mmol kg-1 hr-1), & kfc= 1.25 : 0.01 hr-1 kg231; for mice-KM= 1.2 mg liter-1 (8.79 mmol liter-1), Vmaxc= 1.78 : 0.01 mg kg-1 hr-1 (13.0 : 0.007 mmol kg-1 hr-1), & kfc= 4.08 : 0.01 hr-1 kg-1; & for hamsters-kfc= 1.47 : 0.02 hr-1 kg-1. The production & excretion of trifluoroacetic acid, the major urinary metabolite of HCFC-124, were also simulated in rats & mice, but not in hamsters, by the physiologically based pharmacokinetic model when the in vivo metabolic rate constants obtained in the gas-uptake simulation studies were used. The blood:air partition coefficient of HCFC-124 in the hamster was lower than in the rat or mouse. A low blood:air partition coefficient may limit the pulmonary uptake of volatile chemicals.

Fischer rats, 200g, were individually exposed to 1% (10,000 ppm) HCFC-124 in a small exposure chamber, which was periodically "topped up" with oxygen. Following the end of exposure, animals were immediately transferred into a metabolism cage, 20 hour urine collected and stored frozen until analysis by (19)F-NMR. During the exposure, chamber concentrations of HCFC-124 decreased with time, with similar rates of decrease between 30-90 minutes of the 2 hour exposure. The reduction demonstrates uptake by the rat. The (19)F-NMR analysis showed the urine sample contained trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, 156 umol) and fluoride (not quantified). No other metabolites were detected. Average excretion rate of 1.3 umol of TFA/24 hours was estimated.

... Main factor affecting fate of fluorocarbons is body fat, where they are concentrated & slowly released into blood at concentrations that should not cause any risk of cardiac sensitization. Fluorocarbons/

There is a significant accumulation of fluorocarbons in brain, liver & lung compared to blood levels, signifying a tissue distribution of fluorocarbons similar to that of chloroform. /Fluorocarbons/

Abosrption of fluorocarbons is much lower after oral ingestion (35-48 times) than after inhalation. ... The lung generally has the highest fluorocarbon concentrations on autopsy. /Fluorocarbons/

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for 2-CHLORO-1,1,1,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Used as a foam blowing agent and refrigerant; [eChemPortal: SIDSUNEP]

HCFCs: Used as refrigerants, blowing agents, cleaning agents, and fire extinguishing agents (CFC alternatives); [HSDB]

Used in some sterilant mixtures and as a component in some replacements for CFCs as a refrigerant or for halon as a fire suppressant. Replaces CFC-114 in some heat pumps and special air conditioning equipment.

Minimally used as a refrigerant; its primary use as a refrigerant is in blends, mainly R-401A, in industrial process and transport refrigeration equipment. As a stand-alone refrigerant, it has found some niche applications that reach high condensing temperatures as well as an alternative for CFC-114 in some naval chillers.

HCFC-124 is classified as a partially halogenated chorofluorocarbon and was developed as a substitute for fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons. HCFC-124's main use is in commercial applications as a blowing agent for polystyrene and polyolefin foams in addition to being a component in refrigerant blends. HCFC-124 is used either in closed systems (for refrigeration uses) or in well-ventilated areas with exhaust systems (in the case of appliance manufacturing)

HCFC-124 is a potential substitute for CFC-11 and CFC-12 use as blowing agent in polyurethane foams. /1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane/

The purity of the substance is about 99.7%. Impurities include a variety of saturates and unsaturates.

Chlorofluoroalkanes (and also the alternative HCFCs and HFCs) produced on an industrial scale are subject to stringent standards. Impurities must not exceed the following limits (vol %): acids, 0; moisture, <0.001; higher-boiling fractions, <0.05; and other gases, 2. /Chlorofluoroalkanes/

Chlorofluoroalkanes (and also the alternative HCFCs and HFCs) produced on an industrial scale are subject to stringent standards. Impurities must not exceed the following limits (vol %): acids, 0; moisture, <0.001; higher-boiling fractions, <0.05; and other gases, 2. /Chlorofluoroalkanes/

2023: 25,000,000 - <75,000,000 lb

1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoromethane is not produced in commercial quantities.

A small amount of HCFC-124 is produced on a small scale - several kilotons/yr. /world production/

Based on the Montreal Protocol, a virtual phase out in the production of HCFC-124 is scheduled by 2020.

Ethane, 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro- is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for 2-CHLORO-1,1,1,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Refrigeration/air conditioning, 43%; foam blowing agents, 20%; polymer precursors, 13%; solvent cleaning, 12%; aerosol propellants, 2%; medical equipment sterilization, 3%; other, 7% /Fluorocarbons/

Refrigeration/air conditioning, 46%; fluoropolymer precursors, 28%, foam blowing agents, 20%; solvent cleaning, 3%; Miscellaneous, including aerosol propellants, medical equipment sterilization, food freezing and halon manufacture 3% /Fluorocarbons/

Common methods of production of HCFC-124 are hydrofluorination of tetrachloroethylene or hydrodechlorination of 1,1-dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (CFC-114a). The grade of HCFC-124 purity obtained from either process is greater than 99%.

The most important commercial method for manufacturing CFCs and HCFCs is the successive replacement of chlorine by fluorine using hydrogen fluoride. The traditional, liquid-phase process uses antimony pentafluoride or a mixture of antimony trifluoride and chlorine as catalysts. Continuous vapor-phase processes that employ gaseous hydrogen fluoride in the presence of heterogenous chromium, iron, or fluorinated alumina catalysts also are widely used. Carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and hexachloroethane (or tetrachloroethylene plus chlorine) are commonly used starting materials for one- and two-carbon chlorofluorocarbons. The extent of chlorine exchange can be controlled by varying the hydrogen fluoride concentration, the contact time, or the reaction temperature. /CFCs and HCFCs/

The most important commercial method for manufacturing CFCs and HCFCs is the successive replacement of chlorine by fluorine using hydrogen fluoride. The traditional, liquid-phase process uses antimony pentafluoride or a mixture of antimony trifluoride and chlorine as catalysts. Continuous vapor-phase processes that employ gaseous hydrogen fluoride in the presence of heterogenous chromium, iron, or fluorinated alumina catalysts also are widely used. Carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and hexachloroethane (or tetrachloroethylene plus chlorine) are commonly used starting materials for one- and two-carbon chlorofluorocarbons. The extent of chlorine exchange can be controlled by varying the hydrogen fluoride concentration, the contact time, or the reaction temperature. /CFCs and HCFCs/

Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing

Ethane, 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-: ACTIVE

SRP: The EPA has organized groups of chemicals into two classes according to their ozone-depletion potential. Class I controlled substances are those with an ozone-depletion potential of 0.2 or higher. Class II controlled substances are those with an ozone-potential of less than 0.2. Class II controlled substances are all hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).

Class II controlled substances are compounds that have an ozone depletion potential (ODP) less than 0.2, and are all hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). HCFCs were developed as transitional substitutes for Class I substances and are subject to a later phaseout schedule than Class I substances. ... Although there are currently 34 controlled HCFCs, only a few are commonly used. The most widely used have been HCFC-22 (usually a refrigerant), HCFC-141b (a solvent and foam-blowing agent), and HCFC-142b (a foam-blowing agent and component in refrigerant blends). ... As a Party to the Montreal Protocol, the U.S. must incrementally decrease HCFC consumption and production, culminating in a complete HCFC phaseout in 2030. The major milestones that are upcoming for developed countries are a reduction in 2010 to at least 75 percent below baseline HCFC levels and a reduction in 2015 to at least 90 percent below baseline. Section 605 of the Clean Air Act sets the U.S. phaseout targets for Class II substances. In 1993, the EPA established the phaseout framework and the "worst-first" approach that focused first on HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, and HCFC-142b because these three HCFCs have the highest ODPs of all HCFCs. To meet the required 2004 reduction, the EPA phased out HCFC-141b in 2003 and froze the production and consumption of HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b. In 2009, EPA reduced the production and import of virgin HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b and limited the use of those compounds to meet the Montreal Protocol's 2010 milestones.

The numbers in the "ODP1" column are from the Montreal Protocol. Some numbers have been updated as per amendments to the protocol. The "ODP2" column numbers are from the stratospheric ozone protection regulations at 40 CFR Part 82, as required by Title VI of the Clean Air Act amendments. These numbers include the amendments of July 18, 2003 (68 FR 42892). Data in the "ODP3" column come from WMO's /World Meteorological Organization/ Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006. ODP values listed are semi-empirical and can be found in Table 8-1 of the document. All GWP values represent global warming potential over a 100-year time horizon. The numbers in the "GWP1" column are from Table 1-6 of The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002, a report of the World Meteorological Association's Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project. The GWPs in the "GWP1" column that were not provided Table 1-6 of the 2002 report have not been updated since 1998 and are from The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 1998. "GWP2" column numbers are from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Third Assessment Report: Climate Change 2001, and "GWP3" column numbers are from 40 CFR Part 82, stratospheric ozone protection regulations required by Title VI of the Clean Air Act amendments. The data in the "GWP4" column come from the IPCC Special Report on Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System: Issues related to Hydrofluorocarbons and Perfluorocarbons ("SROC"). The values listed are for direct radiative forcing and can be found in Table 2.7 in the document. The numbers in the "GWP5" column come from the WMO's Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006. The values listed are for direct radiative forcing and can be found in Table 8-2 of the document.

EPA ensures that HCFC consumption in the U.S. is 75% below the U.S. baseline (as required under the Montreal Protocol) by issuing allowances to producers and importers of HCFCs. The "2010 HCFC Allocation Rule" allocated allowances for each year between 2010 and 2014. To meet the stepdown, the number of allowances for HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b were less than for the 2003-2009 control periods. EPA also issued allowances for HCFC-123, HCFC-124, HCFC-225ca, and HCFC-225cb. The rules also limited the use of virgin HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b to existing refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment. The "Pre-Charted Appliances Rule" banned the sale or distribution of air-conditioning and refrigeration products containing HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, or blends containing one or both of these substances, beginning January 1, 2010. ... The "2010 HCFC Allocation Rule" was challenged in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit in Arkema v EPA. In August, 2010, the court decided against EPA. EPA interprets the Court's decision as vacating the portion of the rule that establishes company-by-company production and consumption baselines and calendar-year allowances for HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b. All other aspects of the rule are intact. On August 5, 2011, EPA issued an interim final rule that establishes new company-by-company HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b baselines and allocates production and consumption allowances for 2011.