重水

VP: 1.999 kPa at 20 °C

20.6 mm Hg at 25 °C

Liquid

Clear liquid; [Sax]

Specific heat of liquid (4-25 °C): 1.028 cal/g/deg C. Heat of fusion: 1.501 jcal/mol. Heat of evaporation: 9,917 kcal/mol. Dielectric constant (25 °C): 78.06

Dipole moment in benzene (25 degC): 1.78, in dioxane: 1.87

... present to the extent of approximately one part in 6500 or ordinary water

The viscosity at 25 °C is 1.23 times as great as that of water

Heat of Vaporization: 1226 J/mol at 20.4 K

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 99.6% (226 of 227) of all reports.

Not Classified；Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 226 of 227 companies (only 0.4% companies provided GHS information). For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Aggregated GHS information provided per 227 reports by companies from 3 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.；Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 226 of 227 reports by companies.；There is 1 notification provided by 1 of 227 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).；Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Chemical: Water-d2

Water-d2 is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Water-d2 are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 12-04-2021 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/24625

Deuterated water: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

Small Spill: Dilute with water and mop up, or absorb with an inert dry material and place in an appropriate waste disposal container. Finish cleaning by spreading water on the contaminated surface and dispose of according to local and regional authority requirements.

Large Spill: Absorb with an inert material and put the spilled material in an appropriate waste disposal. Finish cleaning by spreading water on the contaminated surface and allow to evacuate through the sanitary system.

Personal Protection in Case of a Large Spill: Splash goggles. Full suit. Boots. Gloves. Suggested protective clothing might not be sufficient; consult a specialist BEFORE handling this product.

Do not let product enter drains.

Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Waste must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Personal Protection: Safety glasses. Lab coat.

Engineering Controls: Provide exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep the airborne concentrations of vapors below their respective threshold limit value.

The authors investigated the effects of heavy water (D2O) on intrameningeal fibrosis and on the expression of cytokine production in mice with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus. Mice in which kaolin was injected into the cisterna magna were divided into two groups: 1) Group H, which had free access to H2O as tap water; and 2) Group D, which had free access to 30% D2O as tap water before and after kaolin injection. A distilled water-injected group, which had free access to H2O as tap water was designated the sham-operated group. The authors examined the effects of D2O within 28 days after injection on the development of hydrocephalus and intrameningeal fibrosis, as well as on the expression levels of several inflammatory and fibrogenic cytokines: transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB, and interleukin (IL)-6. The cerebral ventricles were less expanded, and intrameningeal fibrosis was milder in Group D than in Group H. The proliferation of fibroblasts was assessed by applying the bromodeoxyuridine labeling index, which was lower in Group D than in Group H. Expression of TGFbeta1 in the macrophages, choroid plexus, and meninges was inhibited in Group D but not in Group H. The serum level of total TGFbeta1 was significantly lower in Group D than in Group H on Day 14, whereas the levels of FGF2, PDGF-BB, and IL-6 did not differ significantly among the groups. Administration of D2O prevented the development of kaolin-induced hydrocephalus in mice and inhibited intrameningeal fibrosis and upregulation of TGFbeta1.

Bleomycin (BLM) lacks many side effects of other cytostatic drugs. Pulmonary toxicity is the major dose-limiting effect of BLM. This is based in part on generation of free radicals. It is conceivable that deuterium in body fluids lessens the production of free radicals, thus preventing or diminishing the morphologic expression of pulmonary BLM toxicity. We therefore studied the effect of moderate deuteration of body fluids on BLM-induced lung damage in BALB/c-mice. In addition to conventional histopathological methods, we used a vertical sectioning design for stereological estimation of pulmonary volumes and surface areas. BLM (low/medium/high dose: 25/50/75 IU/kg body weight) was injected i.p. once a week for 6 weeks. Half the mice drank deuterated water before, during and after BLM treatment. Three weeks after the last injection, the lungs were fixed by airway instillation. Deuterated animals treated with BLM lacked signs of irreversible BLM-induced pulmonary damage. Conversely, focal sub-pleural fibrosis and fibrosing alveolitis were present in BLM-treated mice drinking tap water. Deuterated mice had stereological values for almost all lung parameters that were lower than in non-deuterated mice. The organ-specific advantage of deuteration was offset by marked enhancement of systemic toxicity of BLM. We conclude that (1) moderate concentrations of deuterium may prevent the development of fibrosing alveolitis in BLM-treated mice, possibly by reducing proliferation of alveolar fibroblasts, and, less probably, by impairing generation or enhancing capture of free radicals; (2) the toxicity of BLM was enhanced by ingestion of deuterium, resulting in morphological liver alterations and increased mortality.

We examined the effect of 5% deuterium oxide (D20) in drinking water on systolic blood pressure, platelet cytosolic free calcium, aortic calcium uptake and plasma insulin, glucose and triglycerides in rats with fructose-induced hypertension. Eighteen male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, age 8 weeks, were divided into 3 groups of 6 animals each. Animals in group I were given water; group II, 8% fructose and group III, 8% fructose + 5% D20 as their drinking water for the next 15 weeks. Systolic blood pressure in the fructose treated rats was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than in animals on water after 2 weeks and remained higher throughout the study. At 15 weeks, systolic blood pressure, platelet cytosolic calcium, aortic calcium uptake and plasma glucose, insulin and triglycerides were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the fructose treated rats compared with rats from other groups. Deuterium oxide given together with fructose prevented development of high blood pressure and the associated increase in platelet cytosolic calcium, aortic calcium uptake and plasma triglycerides. D20 treatment did not prevent fructose induced increases in plasma insulin and glucose. The parallel increase in systolic blood pressure, cytosolic free calcium, and in vascular calcium uptake suggests that an increased cytosolic free calcium is involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension. D20 prevents this hypertension by normalizing cytosolic free calcium.

The antineoplastic effect of heavy water on the growth of xenotransplanted human carcinoma was compared to that of 2 cytostatic drugs. Seven-week-old BALB/c-nu/nu mice were inoculated subcutaneously with a poorly differentiated oropharyngeal squamous-cell carcinoma, or with variants of carcinoma of the large intestine. After tumor inoculation, 3 subgroups of mice were treated by: (i) moderately deuterated drinking water; (ii) i.p. injections of 5-Fluoro-uracil (5-FU) or Bleomycin; (iii) a combination of deuterated drinking water and of the cytostatic drugs. Control mice were not treated. Heavy water delayed growth of all carcinoma variants. The cytostatic drugs slowed down the growth of the 2 poorly differentiated tumor variants. Conversely, 5-FU did not retard the growth of the moderately well differentiated colon carcinoma. Heavy water combined with either cytostatic drug showed synergistic effects in the 2 poorly differentiated tumor variants. The tumors of treated animals weighed 36% to 90% less than those of control animals. The antineoplastic effects were more conspicuous in poorly than in moderately well differentiated tumor variants. Cytokinetic parameters such as labelling indices following application of 5-125I-Iodo-2'deoxyuridine, and of Ki-67, a monoclonal antibody (MAb) directed against an antigen of proliferating cells, or mitotic indices and tumor volume doubling time, combined with the results of histologic evaluation of the tumors, suggested an underlying deuterium-induced prolongation of tumor-cell cycle times and a reduction of the growth fraction.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for Deuterium oxide (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Heavy water (D2O) induces characteristic shape changes and a distinct type of movement in human neutrophil granulocytes. In contrast to front-tail polarity as evoked by chemotactic peptides and microtubule-disassembling agents, D2O-based media produce non-polar neutrophils with many small or long surface projections. This phenotype is similar to that elicited by both phorbol myristate acetate and diacylglycerols, but the surface projections are smaller and more densely placed and are often associated with a single large projection. D2O-induced non-polar cells with surface projections perform continuous shape changes without front-tail polarity and without the unidirectional movement and cytoplasmic streaming seen in cells with front-tail polarity. Some of the cells show circus movements of a large projection indicating circular polarity. In neutrophils suspended in D2O, F-actin is shifted to the cell periphery, mainly into the surface projections of activated cells. The D2O-induced effects are reversed in H2O-based medium. D2O is dominant over the chemotactic peptide, N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP), colchicine and taxol in that the combined action of D2O with any of these agents results in the D2O-induced phenotype. In contrast, cytochalasin B alone and in combination with fMLP induces a considerable decrease of non-polar cells and an increase of spherical cells similar to non-stimulated cells in H2O-based medium. Earlier studies indicated that D2O acts on microtubules. Our results suggest that D2O may act on the microfilament system. Neutrophils suspended in D2O-based medium may represent a useful model to study the relationship between shapes, movements, and particular functions of these cells.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ We assessed, by light and electron microscopy, the influence of deuterium oxide on the dynamics of mitosis and on the morphology of the mitotic apparatus in HeLa cells grown in vitro. A 2-hr incubation of HeLa monolayers with low concentrations of D2O (1%-25%) in the medium increased the frequency of multipolar divisions up to 20 times the control level. Substitution of 10% and 25% D2O for H2O induced changes in the proportions of mitotic phases. These changes could be fully reversed to the control pattern after 1 hr of recovery in non-deuterated medium. Fifty % D2O strongly inhibited, and 75% D2O blocked the cell cycle before prophase and at (pro-)metaphase. In cells treated with 50% D2O conspicuous morphological changes of the interphase chromatin as well as ultrastructural abnormalities of all mitotic phases were regularly observed. Overall, these results confirmed the antimitotic activity of deuterium oxide and revealed that it could also influence the cell cycle before mitosis. It is suggested that interference with diverse cellular constituents rather than a specific influence on microtubule turnover could be responsible for the disorganization of the cell cycle in HeLa cells by D2O.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ The disruptive effects of microtubule-specific agents on pronuclear movement illustrate the requirement of an intact cytoskeletal system for movement. In this study, we investigated the effects of high hydrostatic pressure and deuterium oxide (D2O) on fertilized Rana pipiens eggs during the time of pronuclear migration. The eggs were either pulsed for six min with 3000, 5000, or 7000 psi or placed for ten min in 80% D2O between the time of second polar body emission and first cleavage. Both treatments disrupted male pronuclear migration as shown by eccentric first cleavage furrows. Treatment of eggs prior to pronuclear association resulted in haploid production. The androgenetic origin of the haploid embryos was demonstrated using morphological and isozymal markers produced by the cross Rana pipiens female x Rana utricularia male. Eggs treated with D2O also yielded embryos with neural defects identical to those following ultraviolet irradiation. This study complements the recent reports on pressure-suppression of the second polar body and of first cleavage by showing that the selective suppression of microtubular function between these two events produces an entirely different set of genetic and developmental consequences.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Replacement of H2O with D2O in seawater causes exogastrulation in larvae of the sea urchins, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, Strongylocentrotus intermedius and S. nudus. When larvae at any stages before mesenchymal blastula stage are transferred to 40% D2O-seawater all of them develop gradually to exogastrulae and finally up to plutei with evaginated archenterons. Effects of D2O are partly reversible at limited steps of the way to exogastrulation. Fertilisation and cleavage are not affected appreciably by D2O (50% or less) except for the delay of cleavage.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ The heavy water (deuterium oxide, D2O) in which ordinary hydrogen (H) is replaced by its stable heavy isotope has various malformations upon living organisms, such as interference of mitosis in eggs of the sea urchins and mice. In human, D2O has been used as the tracer to quantify total body water of the pregnant mothers. 30% or 50% D2O in tap water was administered to the pregnant mice (Jcl:ICR) from day 0 (G0) of gestation. In 30% D2O-treated group dams were sacrificed on G13, and on 11, 13 and 18 in 50% group. Distilled water was used as control. Live pups were observed the external malformations and measured the crown-rump length. Abnormal embryos were studied on the histological and ultramicroscopic findings. D2O treated alive pups were observed the growth retardation in general. Effects of D2O on the development are as follows: 1) On G13, the incidences of resorptions were increased in a dose dependent manner (50% D2O:95.2%; 30% D2O:24.7%); 2) Incidence of alive pups in 30% D2O group was significantly lower (72.0%) than in control. In external malformations, the incidences of live embryos with abnormalities were significantly increased by D2O (G13-30%:11.9%; G11-50%:61.9%) and the neural tube defects were most frequently observed (G13-30%:9.0%; G11-50%:61.9%). The hypoplasia of the hip (G13-30%) and cystic form of the head and chest (G11-50%) were observed. This abnormal feature of the cystic embryo is very rare type of the congenital anomalies in mice. The results of the histological observations are as follows: 1) Degeneration of the neuroepithelium and the mesenchyme was observed in the affected lesion of the neural-tube-defect embryos; 2) Dilated blood vessels filled with the blood cells and bleeding lesion were observed around the neural tube; 3) Enlarged blood cells with the rich cytoplasm were observed; 4) Enlargement of the nuclear pores was observed in G11-50% D2O treated group. Considering

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ It was reported earlier that malformed or absorbed embryos were observed in pups of D2O-treated mice. To clarify these causal mechanisms we analyzed chromosomes in embryos from D2O-treated mice. Further, embryos of day 12 and 13 were studied histologically. Through SEM observation of the head of day 13 embryos with exencephaly, no significant difference was found between D2O-treated and non-treated mice. The number of metaphase cells of the neuroepithelium in growth-retarded (11.3%) or normal embryos (11.4%) were significantly more than those in the exencephaly (9.5%). Differentiation of neuroepithelial cells in growth-retarded embryos was delayed in comparison with normal embryos from control. Chromosomes of affected parts in embryos having external anomalies, such as exencephaly were analyzed. Total rate of chromosomal anomalies of 30% D2O-treated mice was 56.2%. This is higher than our previous data (whole embryo; 22.4%), and is caused by a high incidence of aneuploidy (53.1%) in comparison with our previous data (whole embryo; 9.1%). Polyploidy was rarely found, corresponding with results of histological studies. In these histological and chromosomal studies it is suggested that chromosomal anomalies induced by D2O derailed the morphogenesis of the embryos.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Deuterium oxide (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

Chemical: Water-d2

Water-d2 is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Water-d2 are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 12-04-2021 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/24625

Deuterated water: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

The patterns of radioactively labeled proteins from cultured chicken embryo cells stressed in the presence of either D2O or glycerol were analyzed by using one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These hyperthermic protectors blocked the induction of stress proteins during a 1-hour heat shock at 44 degrees C. The inhibitory effect of glycerol but not D2O on the induction of heat shock proteins could be overcome by increased temperature. By using transcriptional run-on assays of isolated nuclei and cDNA probes to detect hsp70- and hsp88-specific RNA transcripts, it was shown that the D2O and glycerol blocks occurred at or before transcriptional activation of the hsp70 and hsp88 genes. After heat-stressed cells were returned to 37 degrees C and the protectors were removed, heat shock proteins were inducible by a second heating. This result and the fact that the chemical stressor sodium arsenite induced stress proteins in glycerol medium indicated that the treatments did not irreversibly inhibit the induction pathways and that the stress response could be triggered even in the presence of glycerol by a stressor other than heat. In principle then, cells incurring thermal damage during a 1-hour heat shock at 44 degrees C in D2O or glycerol medium should be competent to respond by inducing heat shock proteins during a subsequent recovery period at 37 degrees C in normal medium. We found that heat shock proteins were not induced in recovering cells, suggesting that glycerol and D2O protected heat-sensitive targets from thermal damage. Evidence that the heat-sensitive target(s) is likely to be a protein(s) is summarized. During heat shocks of up to 3 hours duration, neither D2O nor glycerol significantly altered hsp23 gene activity, a constitutively expressed chicken heat shock gene whose RNA transcripts and protein products are induced by stabilization (increased half-life). During a 2-hour heat shock, glycerol treatment blocked the heat-induced stabilization o

Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.

Drugs used to protect against ionizing radiation. They are usually of interest for use in radiation therapy but have been considered for other purposes, e.g. military.

Used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes. [ChemIDplus] Deuterium oxide is present in nature. Water contains about 1 part per 6500. [Hawley]

To study chemical reaction rates and mechanisms. The cross section of deuterium for the capture of thermal neutrons is very low which makes it useful, in the form of heavy water, as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors. Produces a considerable decrease in neutron energy per collision.

2023: 110,000 lb；2022: 44,000 lb

Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: Water-D2. National Production Volume: 18,369 lb/yr.

Industrial Gas Manufacturing

Water-d2: ACTIVE

The isotopes of hydrogen are probably the best known and most widely used nuclides, and have therefore been given individual names: (2)H is called deuterium and is abbreviated D; (3)H is called tritium and is abbreviated T.