硫酸/アルミニウム/カリウム,(2:1:1)

ALUMINUM WAS RECOVERED FROM ALUM SLUDGE AT A WATER TREATMENT PLANT BY ADDN OF SULFURIC ACID. OPTIMUM PH WAS 2.0 FOR ALUMINUM RECOVERY. UNDER OPTIMAL CONDITIONS, THE RECOVERED ALUM IS AS EFFICIENT AS VIRGIN ALUMINUM IN TREATMENT OF SEWAGE FOR PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL. /ALUMINUM/

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 1 mg/cu m (respirable fraction). /Aluminum metal and insoluble compounds/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Aluminum metal and insoluble compounds/

A body burden of 100 mg/70 kg man with a daily dietary intake of approximately 36 mg. ... The total body burden of aluminum in humans can be estimated to range from 60-100 mg. /Aluminum/

THE NORMAL BLOOD LEVEL OF ALUMINUM IS 17 UG ALUMINUM /100 ML AND MOST SOFT TISSUES CONTAIN BETWEEN 0.2 AND 0.6 PPM. HUMAN BODY BURDEN OF ALUMINUM IS 50 TO 150 MG & IS APPARENTLY UNAFFECTED BY EITHER NORMAL DAILY INTAKE LEVELS ESTIMATED TO BE APPROXIMATELY 10 TO 100 MG OR CONSIDERABLY HIGHER DOSES. /ALUMINUM/

Aluminum content of normal human brain ranged from 0.1-3.9 ug/g dry weight. In a study of 208 samples taken from 7 patients, ... a mean aluminum content of 1.9 + or - 0.07 ug/g dry weight of gray matter /was found/ to be abnormal. In a study of 585 areas sampled from the brain tissue of 10 patients with Alzheimer's disease they found 28% had an aluminum concn > 4 ug/g. The range of the 585 samples was 0.4-107 ug/g. /Aluminum/

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

In a case study of patients on long-term dialysis, systemic aluminum absorption with concurrent oral citrate (as an alkalinizing agent) and aluminum containing phosphate binder (eg, aluminum hydroxide or carbonate) was significantly increased. Based on the proposed mechanism and pharmacologic similarity, an interaction may be expected to occur between citric acid and other aluminum salts (eg, aluminum phosphate, aluminum glycinate, attapulgite, dihydroxyaluminum, kaolin, magaldrate). It has been shown that following concurrent administration of citric acid (from lemon juice) and aluminum hydroxide there is an increase in serum levels of a nonionized aluminum citrate complex, which is postulated to easily pass the gastrointestinal barrier. Simultaneous administration of citric acid and aluminum hydroxide should be avoided since significant systemic absorption of aluminum may occur. This may be of additional concern in patients on long-term dialysis or with impaired renal function. /Aluminum salts/

... 25 Dialysis patients that experienced accidental exposure to aluminum and parathyroid hormone were examined. At the same time as parathyroid hormone decreased, serum calcium increased. Based on this observation it has been suggested that aluminum is incorporated, instead of calcium, into the bone and that this leads to the osteomalacia characteristic of aluminum-induced bone disease. Instead of being incorporated into osteoid bone tissue, calcium returns to the circulation which in turn inhibits the parathyroid hormone release from the parathyroid. In support of this hypothesis, ... a strong correlation between bone aluminum content and the amount of bone occupied by unmineralized osteoid in humans was found. Experimental support for the hypothesis of calcium aluminum interactions has also been provided in studies on chicks. /Aluminum/

Groups of 120 Atlantic salmon fry (Salmo salar, 1 g mass) were kept in through flow tanks of water (pH 5) containing various concn of aluminum and silicic acid. The aluminum concn in all but the control tank (0.85 umol aluminum/l) were 6-7 umol/l, at acutely toxic levels. Silicon levels were 0.66 umol/l (control), 93.06, 24.89, 5.46, and 0.60 umol/l, corresponding to silicon:aluminum ratios of 13.0, 3.7, 0.9, and 0.1. Exchangeable aluminum, ie, aluminum retained on Amberlite, was 6.00, 5.00, 4.11, and 1.52 umol/l in test tanks, respectively. Fish were exposed for 96 hr, and the proportion of dead fish was recorded at 12-hr intervals. The whole experiment was run three times; data are from all runs combined. At a silicon:aluminum ratio of 13, acute toxicity of aluminum was eliminated and gill structures of the fish were normal. Percent survival versus time was higher for the higher silicon:aluminum ratio groups. Accumulation of aluminum by fish fell sharply as the exchangeable aluminum increased. aluminum and silicon levels in fish were 0.44 and 0.01 (control), 0.40 and 0.54 (silicon:aluminum ratio of 13), 2.04 and 0.35 (slicon:aluminum ratio of 3.7), 2.49 and 0.33 (silicon: aluminum ratio of 0.9), 2.38 and 0.08 (silicon:aluminum ratio of 0.1) umol per g dry mass, respectively. /Aluminum/

To elucidate the interaction between aluminum and certain essential trace metals, an experiment was performed on rats fed diets with suboptimal or optimal levels of zinc or copper. Half of each group of animals were fed the same diet but with 1000 ppm aluminum added. Changes were noted after 120 days. Severe testicular damage was seen in rats fed either the low zinc or the low copper diet. The lesions included a wide range of spermatogenic cell degeneration and tubular atropy. When aluminum was added to the diet, the testicular destruction of zinc deficient rats was significantly reduced. This indicated that the presence of aluminum in the diet projected the testis against the damage cauesd by zinc deficiency. Pituitary glands were examined. Hypertrophy of basophiles was more pronounced in rats fed the suboptimal zinc or copper diet. When aluminum was added to their diet, the changes were reversed. The mechanims by which aluminum protects male gonadal functions against zinc deficiency are discussed. This study is the first to demonstrate the preventivve effect of aluminum against testicular damage caused by zinc deficiency. /Aluminum/

For more Interactions (Complete) data for ALUM, POTASSIUM (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Aluminum targets the nervous system and causes decreased nervous system performance and is associated with altered function of the blood-brain barrier. The accumulation of aluminum in the body may cause bone or brain diseases. High levels of aluminum have been linked to Alzheimer's disease. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740)

AQUATIC FATE: The adsorption of aluminum by fine particulates was studied in Whitray Beck, a hill stream in England. ... Uptake of aluminum by the particles increased with total aluminum, with pH, and with particle concentration, although the fraction of aluminum bound at a given pH and particle concentration decreased with total aluminum ... . /Aluminum/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Air dried, <2 mm fractions of 3 soil samples from The Netherlands and 1 from New Hampshire, were taken from the surface and subsurface horizons of two podzols (Haplorthods) and of a recent driftsand (Udipsamment). Duplicate samples of each emulsion soil horizon were leached ... with aqueous hydrogen chloride (pH 3.0). ... Charge balances of the leachates indicate that dissolved aluminum is present mainly as aquo-aluminum (+3). Only in leachates of podzol Bhs horizons is a significant fraction (20-30%) of dissolved aluminum organically complexed. Dissolved aluminum concn are significantly correlated with the organic (tetrasodium pyrophosphate extractable) aluminum content of the soil sample. Mobility of aluminum in the Hubbard Brook soils is significantly lower than in the Dutch soils, because of higher soil-solution pH values. /Aluminum cmpd/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Albic and spodic soil horizons were sampled from old growth eastern white pine/mixed northern hardwoods. Adirondacks, and an ochric soil horizon was sampled from the Appalachian plateau of NY State. 21 Three horizon forest floor and 21 forest floor/mineral soil (field moist equivalent of 12.0 oven dry albic, spodic, or ochric mineral soil) columns were leached in triplicate with either 10 uM nitric acid (pH 5), 5 uM sulfuric acid (pH 5), 100 uM nitric acid (pH 4), 50 uM sulfuric acid (pH 4), 1000 uM nitric acid (pH 3), 500 uM sulfuric acid (pH 3), or distilled, deionized water (pH 5.7) control treatment). Nitric acid leached more aluminum than did sulfuric acid from forest floor/spodic soil columns. Increasing the nitric acid concn from pH 3-5 increased total aluminum concn in leachates from 0.70 to 0.85 mM, while increasing sulfuric acid had no effect. Addition of pH 3 sulfuric acid to forest floor/spodic columns raised leachate pH relative to pH 3 nitric acid and controls, and resulted in the lowest aluminum concn of all treatments in the first 3 of 4 sequential leachings. /Aluminum/

Albic and spodic soil horizons were sampled from old growth eastern white pine/mixed northern hardwoods sites in the Adirondacks, and an ochric soil horizon was sampled from the Appalachian Plateau of NY State. 9 Three horizon forest floor, 9 mineral soil (field moist equivalent of 12.0 oven dry albic, spodic, or ochric mineral soil) and 9 forest floor/mineral soil columns were leached with 60 ml of (a) 10 mM ammonium nitrate (control), (b) 1.0 mM nitric acid in 10 mM ammonium nitrate (pH 3), and (c) 1.0 mM ammonium nitrate (pH 3) at the rate of 10 ml/hr. The above procedure was repeated on each mineral soil without a forest floor, except leaching soln were 0.5 mM calcium nitrate or calcium sulfate, each in 10 mM ammonium nitrate. Adding 2 and 0.5 cmol sub c (H+)/kg to forest floor and minera soils, respectively, simulated snowmelt additions. Total aluminum concn in leachates from forest floor/albic or forest floor/ochric columns were greater than the sum of concn in leachates from the forest floor and mineral horizon when leached separately. This positive synergistic behavior of the forest floor-mineral horizon sequences was also observed in the forest floor-spodic horizon sequence when leached with control soln, but the synergism was negative for both labile and non-labile aluminum when leached with the acids. Sulfuric acid leached less aluminum from the spodic horizon than did nitric acid, regardless of the presence of a forest floor, but nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and control soln leached similar concn of aluminum from the albic and ochric horizons. The forest floor effects on the mineral soil leachates were attributed to effects of calcium, sulfate, nitrate, and dissolved organic carbon leached from the forest floor to the mineral horizon since forest floor removed nearly all added H+. /Aluminum/

The main target organs of aluminum are the central nervous system and bone. Aluminum binds with dietary phosphorus and impairs gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorus. The decreased phosphate body burden results in osteomalacia (softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralization) and rickets. Aluminum's neurotoxicity is believed to involve several mechanisms. Changes in cytoskeletal protein functions as a results of altered phosphorylation, proteolysis, transport, and synthesis are believed to be one cause. Aluminum may induce neurobehavioral effects by affecting permeability of the blood-brain barrier, cholinergic activity, signal transduction pathways, lipid peroxidation, and impair neuronal glutamate nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway, as well as interfere with metabolism of essential trace elements because of similar coordination chemistries and consequent competitive interactions. It has been suggested that aluminum's interaction with estrogen receptors increases the expression of estrogen-related genes and thereby contributes to the progression of breast cancer (A235), but studies have not been able to establish a clear link between aluminum and increased risk of breast cancer (A15468). Certain aluminum salts induce immune responses by activating inflammasomes. (L739, A235, A236)

Inhalating aluminum dust causes coughing and abnormal chest X-rays. A small percentage of people are allergic to aluminium and experience contact dermatitis, digestive disorders, vomiting or other symptoms upon contact or ingestion of products containing aluminium. (L739, L740)

Patients who had died with dialysis encephalopathy syndrome had brain gray matter aluminum levels that were 3 times higher (approximately 12 mg/kg dry weight) than those seen in patients who had been comparably dialyzed but did not have dialysis encephalopathy syndrome (approximately 4 mg/kg dry weight). Both of these groups were markedly higher than the 1 mg/kg dry weight level seen in controls. These data clearly indicate elevated brain levels of aluminum in dialyzed patients and emphasize the fact that only the highest levels of brain aluminum are associated with dialysis encephalopathy syndrome. /Aluminum/

X ray spectrometric evidence of aluminum accumulation in neurofibrillary tangle bearing neurons of human brains was reported. Quite in contrast to the extensive literature on aluminum in dialysis encephalopathy syndrome, there appears to be only a small amount of additional corroborating evidence for elevated brain levels of aluminum in Alzheimer's disease patients. ... Much of the argument for a role of aluminum in Alzheimer's disease has been built on the fact that in experimental animals, such as cat and rabbit, intracerebral injections of small amounts of aluminum result in neural degeneration which is characterized by the development of neurofibrillary tangles. ... Aluminum induced tangles in experimental animals are composed of single 10 nm filaments while those from Alzheimer's disease are paired, helically wound filaments. ... In spite of the apparent similarities in the two types of tangles, there are sufficient differences to warrant caution in interpreting that the tangles in humans are caused by aluminum as they are in experimental animals. /Aluminum/

Genetic predisposition to Alzheimer's disease and other similar neuroencephalopathies has become more widely appreciated. For example, paired hellical filaments containing neurons have been found to be common in patients on the island of Guam who have been diagnosed with a particular type of encephalopathy, referred to as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with Parkinsonism dementia complex (ALS-PD complex of Guam). Elevation of aluminum levels of drinking water in Guam have been associated with the high incidence of this complex, but it appears that only the indigenous population of Guam is affected suggesting a genetic predisposition. /Aluminum/

THERE IS SOME EVIDENCE THAT @ INTAKE LEVELS CONSIDERABLY HIGHER THAN NORMAL THERE IS TENDENCY FOR BODY TO BECOME DEPLETED OF /PHOSPHORUS/, OWING TO BINDING OF DIETARY PHOSPHATE BY ALUMINUM IN DIGESTIVE TRACT. /ALUMINUM/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ALUM, POTASSIUM (28 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Bottled water shall, when a composite of analytical units of equal volume from a sample is examined by the methods described in paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section, meet the standards of chemical quality and shall not contain sulfate in excess of 250.0 mg/l. /Sulfate/

Aluminum potassium sulfate used for multiple purposes in food for human consumption is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice.

Aluminum potassium sulfate used as a general purpose food additive in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.

(AZ) ARIZONA 73 ug/l /Aluminum/

(CA) CALIFORNIA 200 ug/l /Aluminum/

(ME) MAINE 1430 ug/l /Aluminum/

Used in dyeing and printing fabrics; manufacturing dyes, lakes, paper, vegetable glue, marble cement, porcelain cement, explosives, aluminum salts, artificial stones, and statuary; tanning; waterproofing; hardening gelatin; purifying water; clarifying sugar; hardening plaster casts; and electrolytic copper plating; Also used as a catalyst in synthesis of ammonia, a mordant in staining (with carmine, eosine, and hematoxylin), a clarifier (as alumina cream), a hardening agent in microscopy, an additive (matches, paints, baking powder, and foods), a water correcting agent used in brewing industry, an astringent, a veterinary antiseptic and antimycotic, and in taxidermy; [HSDB] Used as a coagulating agent for latex and as a styptic pencil; [CHEMINFO] Potassium aluminum sulfate (alum) is used as a hardener in photographic processing; Also used as a mordant in textile dyeing (textile arts); [www.ci.tucson.az.us/arthazards/medium.html]

Electroplating [Category: Plate]

Textile arts [Category: Hobbies]

IN DYEING, PRINTING FABRICS; MFR DYES, LAKES, PAPER, VEGETABLE GLUE

MFR OF MARBLE CEMENT, PORCELAIN CEMENT, EXPLOSIVES, IN TANNING, HARDENING GELATIN, BAKING POWDERS

IN PURIFYING WATER, CLARIFYING SUGAR, HARDENING PLASTER CASTS; ELECTROLYTIC COPPERPLATING.

ALUM IS PREPARED FROM THE MINERAL BAUXITE AND SULFURIC ACID, WITH ADDITION OF ... POTASSIUM SULFATE ... .

From alunite, leucite or similar mineral. Also derived by crystallization from a solution made by dissolving aluminum sulfate and potassium sulfate.

MFR FROM 2:1 BLEND OF EXSICCATED POTASSIUM ALUM & SODIUM BICARBONATE.

GRADES: NF (NATIONAL FORMULARY).

TECHNICAL PRODUCT IS ALSO KNOWN AS ALUMINUM FLOUR, ALUMINUM MEAL, CUBE ALUMINUM. IT IS ABOUT 99.5% PURE. /DODECAHYDRATE/

STYPTIC PENCILS ... MADE BY FUSING POTASSIUM ALUM, USUALLY WITH THE ADDITION OF SOME POTASSIUM NITRATE, & POURING INTO SUITABLE MOLDS.

... ASTRINGENT & ANTIPERSPIRANT PREPARATIONS IN CONCENTRATIONS OF 0.5-25%.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for ALUM, POTASSIUM (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Food additives

Food Additives -> ACIDITY_REGULATOR; FIRMING_AGENT; RAISING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Food Additives -> ACIDITY_REGULATOR; FIRMING_AGENT; RAISING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Food Additives -> ACIDITY_REGULATOR; FIRMING_AGENT; RAISING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Cosmetics -> Antiperspirant; Deodorant

Food, beverage, and tobacco product manufacturing

Sulfuric acid, aluminum potassium salt (2:1:1): ACTIVE

WHEN ALUM IS DISPENSED IN POWDERS WITH PHENOL, SALICYLATES, OR TANNIC ACID, GRAY OR GREEN COLORS MAY BE DEVELOPED DUE TO TRACES OF IRON IN THE ALUM.

IT IS SLIGHTLY ASEPTIC, PROBABLY DUE TO BACTERIOSTASIS THROUGH LIBERATION OF ACID ON HYDROLYSIS.

Used to produce the first synthetic gem in 1837

CAUTION: DO NOT CONFUSE STYPTIC PENCILS /MADE WITH POTASSIUM ALUMINUM/ WITH CAUSTIC PENCILS ... THE LATTER CONTAIN SILVER NITRATE.