カコジル酸

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

General First Aid:

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of water sources and sewers.

KEEP WELL CLOSED.

DO NOT STORE NEAR FERTILIZERS, SEEDS, INSECTICIDES, /OR/ FUNGICIDES.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D004, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U136, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Storage: To convert the gas-cleaning residues obtained during the metallurgical processing of arsenic-containing ores into a portable and less water-soluble form, the metals are precipitated as hydroxides by using an excess of lime water and the arsenic is precipitated as calcium arsenate and calcium arsenite. This "arsenic sludge" is recycled, on the one hand, in order not to lose the valuable metals, and on the other, in order to reduce the problem of arsenic sludge disposal.

A poor candidate for incineration.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material. Keep upwind. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

Immediate precautionary measure

Tolerances are established for residues of the defoliant cacodylic acid (dimethylarsenic acid), expressed as As2O3, in or on raw agricultural commodities as follows: 2.8 ppm in or on cottonseed; 1.4 ppm in the kidney and liver of cattle; and 0.7 ppm in meat, fat, and meat byproducts (except kidney and liver) of cattle.

Tolerances for total residues of combined arsenic (calculated as As) in food are established as follows: (a) In edible tissues & in eggs of chickens & turkeys: 0.5 ppm in uncooked muscle tissue; 2 ppm in uncooked edible by-products; & 0.5 ppm in eggs. (b) In edible tissues of swine: 2 ppm in uncooked liver & kidney; 0.5 ppm in uncooked muscle tissue & by-products other than liver & kidney. /Arsenic/

Urinary excretion of arsenic has been directly correlated with worker exposure to dimethylarsenic acid(1,2). Blood levels of arsenic does not seem to be correlated with worker exposure to dimethylarsenic acid(1). Herbicide workers using poor handling and application techniques had urine arsenic levels as high as 1.8 ppm which corresponded to an exposure of at least 0.036 mg As/kg body wt/day(2); proper handling techniques and protective gear reduced exposure by an order of magnitude(2). In forestry workers, the urinary dimethylarsenic acid level during an 11 week observation period ranged from 24-172 ug/24 hr compared to a range of 26-73 ug/24 hr for non-exposed workers(1). Urine samples of humans were found to contain an average of 15 ug/l of dimethylarsenic acid which constituted an average of 66% of the total urinary excretion of arsenic(3).

Arsenic poisoning can be treated by chelation therapy, using chelating agents such as dimercaprol, EDTA or DMSA. Charcoal tablets may also be used for less severe cases. In addition, maintaining a diet high in sulfur helps eliminate arsenic from the body. (L20)

Aggressive decontamination with gastric lavage is recommended if the patient has consumed a potentially life-threatening dose and if the patient is not vomiting. Administer charcoal as a slurry (T36).

The influence of the methyltransferase inhibitor periodate oxidized adenosine on the metabolism of arsenite was investigated in mice and rabbits. Groups of male NMRI-mice and New Zealand rabbits were given intraperitoneal (ip) injections of 100 um periodate oxidized adenosine per kilogram (kg) 15 min before an intravenous injection of 0.04 mg/kg (74)As labeled arsenite or injections of (74)As labeled arsenite only. These animals were kept for 16 to 72 hr in metabolic cages designed to separate urine and feces. The urinary concn of dimethylarsenic acid (DMA), the major arsenic metabolite, was measured. Other groups of animals were injected with (74)As labeled arsenite and periodate oxidized adenosine or (74)As labeled arsenite only and killed between 1 to 72 hr. Blood, liver, kidney, lung, epididymis, and portions of skin were removed and measured for (74)As content in a gamma scintillation counter. Also, subcellular fractionation of liver tissue was performed and the concentration of (74)As was ascertained. The urinary excretion of (74)As was lower in mice and rabbits treated with periodate oxidized adenosine prior to arsenite administration than in animals treated with arsenite only. Injection of periodate oxidized adenosine prior to arsenite produced a 25 to 70% decrease in the production of dimethylarsenic acid, implying that S-adenosylmethionine was the methyl donor for the methylation of inorganic arsenic in vivo. The fecal excretion of (74)As was less than 4% of the dose, independent of treatment and animal species. Periodate oxidized adenosine treated animals had 2 to 6 times higher concentrations of (74)As in tissues than that in controls, the effect being first observed in liver tissues. The subcellular distribution of (74)As in liver of mice was not affected by periodate oxidized adenosine treatment in that 50% was found in the soluble cytoplasmic fraction and 20 to 30% was found in thenuclear fraction, independent of the treatment.

Arsenic poisoning can lead to death from multi-system organ failure, probably from necrotic cell death, not apoptosis. Arsenic is also a known carcinogen, especially in skin, liver, bladder and lung cancers. (T1, L20)

Hypovolemia from capillary leakage (third-spacing of fluids) is a common, serious, early effect. Muscle cramps, facial edema, bronchitis, dyspnea, chest pain, dehydration, intense thirst, and fluid-electrolyte disturbances are also common following significant exposures. A garlic-like odor of the breath and feces may also occur. After absorption, arsenic may cause multi-organ failure by inhibiting sulfhydryl-containing enzymes. Encephalopathy, with headache, lethargy, mental confusion, hallucinations, emotional lability, memory loss and delirium may occur; seizures, stupor, convulsions, coma, and death may follow within 24 hours of a severe acute exposure. Dysrhythmias (particularly QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes), cardiomyopathy, ARDS, hepatitis, rhabdomyolysis, hemolysis, and renal failure may develop over several days. The sequence of chronic poisoning involves hyperpigmentation, and eczematoid and allergic dermatitis. muscle fasciculations; gross tremors; ataxia; incoordination; and mental confusion. Muscular weakness, limb tenderness and difficulty walking may follow. The final phase consists of peripheral sensory neuropathy of the hands and feet. That may be associated with a motor neuropathy as well (T36).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: ... /CACODYLIC ACID/ REACTS /IN SOIL/ WITH TRIVALENT CHROMIUM, SILVER NITRATE & OTHER METAL IONS ... MAY FORM CYCLIC TYPES OF CMPD UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: CHEM & BIOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF ARSENICAL IN SOIL: IN SOIL CACODYLIC ACID MAY UNDERGO SALT FORMATION, ADSORPTION, ION EXCHANGE, DEMETHYLATION (OXIDATIVE), REDN, & METHYLATION (REDUCTIVE). /FROM TABLE/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: CACODYLIC ACID FORMED INSOL CMPD WITH SOIL.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Dimethylarsenic acid is expected to have low mobility in soils(1-4). Organoarsenicals, such as dimethylarsinic acid, are adsorbed by clays soils(1). After rapid initial adsorption, changes occur which result in the redistribution of dimethylarsinic acid into a less soluble form associated with aluminum in the soil(1). The dimethylarsinic acid is fixed by iron and aluminum in the soil, although not as strongly as inorganic arsenate(1). Arsenic residues in browse and herbaceous vegetation in Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, and western larch forests in which trees were treated with cacodylic acid, sodium salt for thinning were relatively low(1). Large quantities of arsenic did not move from the forest floor into the soil, indicating that arsenic residues were tightly bound in the foliage(1). Only small amounts of arsenic were detected in streams in forests treated with cacodylic acid or its sodium salt(1). A pKa of 1.57(5) indicates that dimethylarsenic acid will ionize in water(SRC); therefore, dimethylarsenic acid is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from moist soil surfaces(SRC). Dimethylarsenic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 4.6X10-3 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(6). Generation of C-14 labeled CO2 from C-14 labeled dimethylarsenic acid in a clay loam soil reached about 13% (over 98 days of incubation) in soil that had been adapted to dimethylarsenic acid, but was less than 2% in unadapted soil(7); the degradation was presumably microbial in nature(7). Incubation of dimethylarsenic acid in two Japanese soils for a period of six weeks resulted in 4-43% degradation(8); 0% degradation occurred in sterile controls(8). In another study in soil, 36% of dimethylarsenic acid was converted to a volatile organoarsenical compound and 47% to carbon dioxide and arsenate within a 24-week period(9).

For more Environmental Fate (Complete) data for DIMETHYLARSENIC ACID (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Oral (L2) ; inhalation (L2); dermal (L2)

Oral (L2) ; inhalation (L2); dermal (L2)

Arsenic and its metabolites disrupt ATP production through different mechanisms. At the level of the citric acid cycle, arsenic inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase and uncouples the oxidative phosphorylation by competing with phosphate. This leads to inhibition of energy-linked reduction of NAD+, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP synthesis. Hydrogen peroxide production is increased, leading to oxidative stress due to the formation of reactive oxygen species. Arsenic's carginogenicity is influenced by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. The binding of other arsenic protein targets may also cause altered DNA repair enzyme activity, altered DNA methylation patterns and cell proliferation. (T1, A17)

Arsenic and its metabolites disrupt ATP production through several mechanisms. At the level of the citric acid cycle, arsenic inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase and by competing with phosphate it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, thus inhibiting energy-linked reduction of NAD+, mitochondrial respiration, and ATP synthesis. Hydrogen peroxide production is also increased, which might form reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Arsenic's carcinogenicity is influenced by the arsenical binding of tubulin, which results in aneuploidy, polyploidy and mitotic arrests. The binding of other arsenic protein targets may also cause altered DNA repair enzyme activity, altered DNA methylation patterns and cell proliferation. (T1, A17)

THE DEFOLIANT FORMULATION BOLLS-EYE, WHICH CONTAINS CACODYLIC ACID & ITS SODIUM SALT, & INORGANIC ARSENIC WAS SPRAYED ON COTTON & RESIDUES WERE DETERMINED 2, 4, 8, & 25 DAYS AFTER APPLICATION. TOTAL ARSENIC, METHANEARSINIC ACID & TOTAL CACODYLICS & ARSENATE PEAKED IMMEDIATELY AFTER SPRAYING & DECLINED. BY DAY 8 THE LEVELS WERE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY ABOVE PRE-APPLICATION BACKGROUND LEVELS. COTTON SEED (TOTAL ARSENIC) LEVELS WERE LOW, SUGGESTING NO DETECTABLE TRANSPORT.

Exposure to lower levels of arsenic can cause nausea and vomiting, decreased production of red and white blood cells, abnormal heart rhythm, damage to blood vessels, and a sensation of “pins and needles” in hands and feet. Breathing high levels of inorganic arsenic can provoque sore throat or irritated lungs. Arsenic also affects the brain, causing neurological disturbances such as headaches, confusion, and drowsiness. (A1)

Initial signs and symptoms of arsenic ingestion include burning lips, throat constriction and dysphagia, followed by excruciating abdominal pain, hemorrhagic gastritis, gastroenteritis, severe nausea, projectile voting, profuse "rice water-like" diarrhea, with hypovolemia that may result in hypotension and an irregular pulse. The sequence of chronic poisoning involves weakness, anorexia, hepatomegaly, jaundice, and gastrointestinal complaints, followed by conjunctivitis, irritation of the throat and respiratory tract. ther effects of chronic exposure include conjunctivitis with irritation and lacrimation; hair, skin and nail changes; hyperkeratosis of feet and hands; and melanosis, with pigment spots in corneal and conjunctival epithelium. Peripheral nervous system symptoms may include numbness, burning, and tingling of the hands and feet; pain; paresthesias; tenderness (T36).

Organoarsenicals, such as dimethylarsinic acid, are adsorbed by clays soils(1). After rapid initial adsorption, changes occur which result in the redistribution of dimethylarsinic acid into a less soluble form associated with aluminum in the soil(1). The dimethylarsinic acid are fixed by iron and aluminum in the soil, although not as strongly as inorganic arsenate(1). Leaching tests conducted in specially constructed boxes with clay, silt loam, and sandy soils noted strong adsorption to all soils, although a small degree of leaching did occur(2). The adsorption of dimethylarsenic acid to sediments and soil was found to depend on clay content, iron oxide content, and pH(3,4); adsorption increases with increasing clay and iron oxide content and with higher pH(3,4). Herbicidal applications of dimethylarsenic acid that were applied to forest floors in the northwestern US were found to be tightly bound, and did not leach in soil(5).

U136; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when cacodylic acid, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA, as amended in 1988, were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Cacodylic acid is found on List B. Case No: 2080; Pesticide type: Herbicide; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): cacodylic acid; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 06/07/91, 03/03/95, 10/13/95; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

Tolerances are established for residues of the defoliant cacodylic acid (dimethylarsenic acid), expressed as As2O3, in or on raw agricultural commodities as follows: in or on cottonseed; in the kidney and liver of cattle; and in meat, fat, and meat byproducts (except kidney and liver) of cattle.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Arsenical cmpd, liquid, NOS/

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Arsenical cmpd, solid, NOS/

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Dimethylarsenic acid is included on this list.

(a) The owner or operator of an existing glass melting furnace subject to the provisions of this subpart shall comply with either paragraph (a)(1) or (a)(2) of this section ... (1) Uncontrolled total arsenic emissions from the glass melting furnace shall be less than 2.5 Mg (2.7 ton) per year, or ... (2) Total arsenic emissions from glass melting furnace shall be conveyed to a control device and reduced by at least 85%. /Total arsenic/

(b) The owner or operator of a new or modified glass melting furnace subject to the provisions of this subpart shall comply with either paragraph (b)(1) or (b)(2) of this section ... (1) Uncontrolled total arsenic emissions from the glass melting furnace shall be less than 0.4 Mg (0.44 ton) per year, or ... (2) Total arsenic emissions from glass melting furnace shall be conveyed to a control device and reduced by at least 85%. /Total arsenic/

The owner or operator of each copper converter subject to the provisions of this subpart shall reduce inorganic arsenic emissions to the atmosphere by meeting the following design, equipment, work practice, and operational requirements: (1) Install, operate, and maintain a secondary hood system on each copper converter. Each secondary hood system shall consist of a hood enclosure, air curtain fan(s), exhaust system fan(s), and ductwork that conveys the captured emission to a control device ... (2) Optimize the capture of secondary inorganic arsenic emission by operating the copper converter and secondary hood systems at all times ... . /Inorganic arsenic/

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1 lb or 0.454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Arsenic & cmpd/

For the maximum protection of human health from the potential carcinogenic effects due to exposure of arsenic through ingestion of contaminated water & contaminated aquatic organisms, the ambient water concn should be zero based on the nonthreshold assumption for this chemical. However, zero level may not be attainable at the present time. Therefore, the levels which may result in incremental increase of cancer risk over the lifetime are estimated at 1X10-5, 1X10-6, & 1X10-7. The corresponding criteria are 22 ng/l, 2.2 ng/l, & .22 ng/l, respectively .... For consumption of aquatic organisms only, excluding consumption of water, the levels are 175 ng/ml, 17.5 ng/l, & 1.75 ng/l, respectively. /Arsenic/

D004; A solid waste containing arsenic may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.

(AZ) ARIZONA 10 ug/L /Arsenic/

(CT) CONNECTICUT 10 ug/l /Arsenic/

Used as a herbicide; [Sullivan, p. 981] Used as a drug (dermatological and veterinarian); [Merck Index] Used as a preharvest desiccant, a soil sterilant, a chemical warfare agent, a timber thinning defoliant, and a sugarcane ripener; [HSDB] Used as a defoliant and herbicide registered to control weeds under non-bearing citrus trees, around buildings, and for lawn renovation; [Reference #1]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For Dimethylarsenic Acid (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 012501) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

PREHARVEST DESSICANT

Herbicide; soil sterilant; chemical warfare; timber thinning.

Cacodylic acid is a contact herbicide which defoliates or desiccates a large variety of plants.

(1978) 1.27X10+9 G

(1981) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 2.27X10+6 G

ALKYLATION OF DISODIUM METHANEARSONATE WITH METHYL CHLORIDE FOLLOWED BY ADDITION OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID.

MOST CACODYLIC ACID IS MADE COMMERCIALLY BY REACTING THE MONOSODIUM SALT OF METHANEARSONIC ACID WITH METHYL CHLORIDE @ 5 PSI & 80 °C ... .

By distilling a mixture of arsenic trioxide and potassium acetate, and oxidizing the resulting product with mercuric oxide.

... Prepared commercially by the alkylation of methanearsonic acid, disodium salt with methyl chloride, followed by addition of hydrochloric acid ... .

USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 012501; Trade Names: Silvisar 510; Arsan; Phytar 560, component of (with 012502); Rad-E-Cate 35.

PHYTAR 560 (2.48 LB/GAL CACODYLIC ACID EQUIVALENT AS SODIUM SALT); PHYTAR 138 (65% CADODYLIC ACID); PHYTAR 160 (3.25 LB/GAL CACODYLIC ACID EQUIV).

Fisher purified cacodylic acid contains 95.5% cacodylic acid.

Concentrated solution

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for DIMETHYLARSENIC ACID (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Arsinic acid, As,As-dimethyl-: ACTIVE

CACODYLIC ACID WAS KNOWN PRIOR TO 1900 & WAS USED MEDICALLY. ... CACODYLIC ACID PROVED TO BE A BETTER SOIL STERILIZER THAN METHANEARSONIC ACID, SODIUM ARSENITE, & SEVERAL OTHER ... & /WITH/ DALAPON SPRAYS CONTROLLED ORCHARDGRASS & KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS.

Used as a directed spray, postemergence. Rates: 3 to 10 lb/acre. Mix with water plus 2 qt surfactant per 100 gal of solution and apply at 40 gallons per acre. All formulations are 100% water soluble.