リナロール

Cosmetics ingredient -> Anticaking/Absorbents; Conditioning/Emollient; Flavor; Fragrance; Moisturizing/Humectant; Other (Specify); Preservative/Stabilizer; Surfactant

Deodorant

log Kow = 2.97

2.97

2.97

Odor similar to that of bergamot oil and French lavender

Typical floral odor free from camphoraceous and terpenic notes

Floral, spicy, wood odor

Flowery-fresh odor and reminiscent of Lily of the Valley

Taste characteristics at 30 ppm: Floral, woody, sweet with a green, spicy tropical nuance

Flavor characteristics: light, floral

Spicy, citrus taste

0.865 at 15 °C

Density: 0.870 g/cu cm at 15 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.9

0.858-0.867

Colorless liquid

Colorless to pale yellow liquid

In water, 1590 mg/L at 25 °C

Soluble in alcohol, ether, fixed oils, propylene glycol; insoluble in glycerin

1.59 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 0.16

soluble in fixed oils, propylene glycol; insoluble in glycerol and water

1 ml in 4 ml 60% alcohol; 1 ml in 2 ml 70% alcohol (in ethanol)

Warning

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

P261, P272, P280, P302+P352, P321, P333+P317, P362+P364, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Warning

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

P261, P272, P280, P302+P352, P321, P333+P317, P362+P364, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Chemical: 1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-

Hazard Traits - Fragrance Allergen

Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 (amended)

1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of 1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 22-02-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14501

Linalool: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

A skin and eye irritant; May cause liver injury; [ICSC] Emergency treatment: Linalool; A skin and eye irritant; [HSDB] Safe to use as a flavoring agent in food; [JECFA] Slight sedative effects after inhalation; Not a sensitizer; Not mutagenic; Causes effects on liver and kidneys in 28-day rat feeding study (72.9% linalool) with a NOAEL of 160 mg/kg/day; [OECD SIDS: Linalool - 2002] Included in list of established contact allergens in humans; [EC: Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety: Fragrance allergens in cosmetic products (2011)]

Synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants /for human consumption/ that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, within the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Linalool is included on this list.

Synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants /for animal drugs, feeds, and related products/ that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, within the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Linalool is included on this list.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; Screening Information Data Set for Linalool (78-70-6) 157 pp. (March 2002).This OECD Initial Assessment of HPV Chemicals is part of a series of OECD SIDS documents published by UNEP Chemicals to facilitate the access to information needed for health and environmental risk assessments of chemicals.[Available from, as of November 9, 2015: http://www.chem.unep.ch/irptc/sids/OECDSIDS/sidspub.html]

Letizia CS, Cocchiara J, Lalko J, Api AM; Fragrance material review on linalool. Food Chem Toxicol 41 (7): 943-64 (2003). A toxicologic and dermatologic review of linalool when used as a fragrance ingredient, is presented.

Bickers D, Calow P, Greim H, Hanifin JM, Rogers AE, Saurat JH, Sipes IG, Smith RL, Tagami H. A toxicologic and dermatologic assessment of linalool and related esters when used as fragrance ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 41 (7): 919-42 (2003)

Api AM et al; RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, Linalool, CAS registry number 78-70-6. Food Chem Toxicol 82: S29-S38 (2015)

New Active Ingredients ... includes chemicals not previously registered as pesticides, as well as pesticide active ingredients initially registered after November 1, 1984 and that currently have active product registrations. By law, these pesticides must meet new safety standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 and, if new safety standards are met, will be reviewed again on a 15-year cycle. Linalool is designated by EPA as a New Pesticide Active Ingredient. Active Ingredient Number: 128838; Type of Pesticide: biological - insecticide/repellent; Use Site: food use, domestic, pets; Year: 1985.

1 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause significant irritation.

2 - Materials that must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperatures before ignition can occur. Materials would not under normal conditions form hazardous atmospheres with air, but under high ambient temperatures or under moderate heating could release vapor in sufficient quantities to produce hazardous atmospheres with air.

0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture: Carbon oxides.

CO, CO2

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Protective equipment: full fire-fighting equipment including pressure breather. Extinguishing Medium: foam, powder, carbon dioxide, water mist. Unsuitable Medium: water jet (splash hazard).

Extinguishing methods: Alcohol foam.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Recommended storage temperature 2-8 °C. Store under inert gas. Storage class (TRGS 510): Combustible liquids.

Safe Storage of Pesticides. Always store pesticides in their original containers, complete with labels that list ingredients, directions for use, and first aid steps in case of accidental poisoning. Never store pesticides in cabinets with or near food, animal feed, or medical supplies. Do not store pesticides in places where flooding is possible or in places where they might spill or leak into wells, drains, ground water, or surface water. /Residential uses/

Container: tightly closing, stainless steel, glass, enamel, polyethylene. Unsuitable Container: aluminum. ... Test plastics before use.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas.; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

After Applying a Pesticide, Indoors or Outdoors. To remove pesticide residues, use a bucket to rinse tools or equipment three times, including any containers or utensils that you used when mixing the pesticide. Then pour the rinsewater into the pesticide sprayer and reuse the solution by applying it according to the pesticide product label directions. After applying any pesticide wash your hands and any other parts of your body that may have come in contact with the pesticide..To prevent tracking pesticides inside, remove or rinse your boots or shoes before entering your home. Wash any clothes that have been exposed to a lot of pesticide separately from your regular wash. /Residential uses/

If a spill occurs, clean it up promptly. Don't wash it away. Instead, sprinkle the spill with sawdust, vermiculite, or kitty litter. Sweep it into a plastic garbage bag, and dispose of it as directed on the pesticide product label./Residential uses/

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

Outdoor Applications. Never apply pesticides outdoors on a windy day (winds higher than 10 mph). Position yourself so that a light breeze does not blow pesticide spray or dust into your face. /Residential uses/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for LINALOOL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Acrylamide (ACR) is a water-soluble monomer which has broad application in different industries and also can form in food during heating process. This monomer is a potent neurotoxicant and damages the central and the peripheral nervous system in human and animals. Oxidative stress has been mentioned as an important pathway in ACR neurotoxicity, therefore the purpose of the current study was evaluation of possible effects of linalool which is a natural enantiomer monoterpene compound. Linalool has shown antioxidant properties in several studies. Male Wistar rats were treated with ACR (50 mg/kg ip) alone or with linalool (12.5, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg ip) for 11 days. In another 2 groups rats were treated with linalool (12.5 mg/kg ip) 3 days after and before ACR administration. Then behavior index (gait score) was examined for rats. After that, rats were sacrified and malondialdehyde (MDA) as a marker of lipid peroxidation and glutathione (GSH) content were determined in brain tissue. Exposure to ACR led to severe gait abnormalities and treatment with linalool significantly reduced abnormalities. ACR reduced GSH content and increased level of MDA in cerebral cortex. Linalool increased GSH content while decreased ACR-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain tissue and the best protocols were initiation of supplementation before or simultaneous with ACR administration.

We studied the protective effect of monoterpenes myrcene, eucalyptol and linalool against t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH) induced genotoxicity in reverse mutation assay with Escherichia coli WP2 IC185 strain and its oxyR mutant IC202, and with the comet assay in human hepatoma HepG2 and human B lymphoid NC-NC cells. The monoterpenes were tested in concentration ranges 0.05-1.5 mg/plate and 0.01-1.0 ug/mL in bacteria and mammalian cells, respectively. Suppression of t-BOOH induced mutagenesis was detected only in IC202 strain, and correlated with the observed inhibition of lipid peroxidation by the three monoterpenes. Linalool and myrcene strongly suppressed t-BOOH induced mutagenesis. Eucalyptol, in addition to moderate suppression of t-BOOH induced mutagenesis, suppressed also spontaneous mutagenesis. In NC-NC cells linalool and myrcene reduced t-BOOH induced DNA damage by about 50% at 0.01 ug/mL, while eucalyptol was less efficient (about 50% reduction at 1.0 ug/mL). In HepG2 cells linalool and eucalyptol reduced DNA damage by 30% and 40%, respectively, while myrcene was ineffective. The repair of t-BOOH induced DNA damage, studied in HepG2 cells, was not affected by monoterpenes. The results indicate that linalool, eucalyptol and myrcene have substantial protective effect against oxidant induced genotoxicity, which is predominately mediated by their radical scavenging activity.

... The present work ... reports data evaluating the chemopreventive effects of limonene and five other monoterpenes with various chemical structures using a 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis model. The terpenes tested include: oxygenated ((-)-menthol) and non-oxygenated (d-limonene) monocyclic forms, oxygenated (1,8-cineole) and non-oxygenated ((+/-)-alpha-pinene) bicyclic forms and oxygenated ((+/-)-linalool) and non-oxygenated (beta-myrcene) acyclic forms. Dietary additions of each of the monocyclic terpenes, d-limonene or (-)-menthol resulted in a significant inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis. Furthermore, menthol was found to be a more potent chemopreventive agent than limonene during the DMBA initiation of rat mammary tumors. The acyclic and bicyclic terpenes had no significant chemopreventive activities at the dose levels used in these studies.

The sedative properties of the essential oil of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller) and of its main constituents--linalool and linalyl acetate--were investigated in mice followed up in a series of experimental procedures. The significant decrease in the mobility of female and male laboratory animals under standardized experimental conditions is found to be closely dependent on the exposure time to the drugs. Nevertheless after an injection of caffeine into mice a hyperactivity was observed which was reduced to nearly a normal motility only by inhalation of these fragrance drugs. ...

... The present work ... reports data evaluating the chemopreventive effects of limonene and five other monoterpenes with various chemical structures using a 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis model. The terpenes tested include: oxygenated ((-)-menthol) and non-oxygenated (d-limonene) monocyclic forms, oxygenated (1,8-cineole) and non-oxygenated ((+/-)-alpha-pinene) bicyclic forms and oxygenated ((+/-)-linalool) and non-oxygenated (beta-myrcene) acyclic forms. Dietary additions of each of the monocyclic terpenes, d-limonene or (-)-menthol resulted in a significant inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis. Furthermore, menthol was found to be a more potent chemopreventive agent than limonene during the DMBA initiation of rat mammary tumors. The acyclic and bicyclic terpenes had no significant chemopreventive activities at the dose levels used in these studies.

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout) juvenile, average length 63 mm (57-72 mm), weight 2.12 g (1.51-2.75 g); Conditions: static, 180 mg CaCO3/L hardness, 14 + or - 0.5 °C; Concentration: 27.8 mg/L for 96 hr (95% confidence limit: 22.9-33.7 mg/L) /dl-Linalool purity 97.8%/

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow Trout); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 28800 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 25700-31900 ug/L) /100% purity/

LC50; Species: Leuciscus idus (Golden orfe) average length 6.0 (5.5-7.1) cm, weight 1.8 (1.2-2.8) g); Conditions: static, 21 °C; Concentration: 22-46 mg/L for 96 hr /97.7% purity/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (water flea); Conditions: static, 21 + or - 1 °C; Concentration: 59 (95% confidence limit: 53-65) mg/L for 48 hr; Effect: immobilization /dl-Linalool purity 97.8%/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for LINALOOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 75(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that linalool is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of linalool from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.15X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(3). Linalool exists as a liquid environmentally at standard temperature and pressure, therefore, it is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.159 mm Hg(4). A 90% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(5) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). A variety of screening tests have found linalool to be readily biodegradable(6). In the soil and sediment compartments, linalool is expected to be readily biodegraded under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 75(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that linalool is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.15X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 54 hours and 20 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 42(SRC), from its log Kow of 2.97(6) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). A 90% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(7) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC). A variety of screening tests have found linalool to be readily biodegradable(8). In the aquatic compartment, linalool is expected to be readily biodegraded under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions(8). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), linalool, which has a vapor pressure of 0.159 mm Hg at 23.5 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase linalool is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.3 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.70X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 23 deg(3). Linalool is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone and nitrate radicals. The half-life for the reaction with ozone is estimated to be 0.7 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.1X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 23 °C(3). The half-life for the reaction with nitrate radicals is estimated to be 4 minutes(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.12X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4). The nitrate radical (NO3) is the dominant atmospheric oxidant during the night-time in most atmospheric environments(5); therefore, night-time degradation appears to be a major fate process for linalool(SRC). Linalool does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(6) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Linalool has been detected as a volatile components of pineapple guava (2.67 ug/g)(1), in three different varieties of nectarines (<10 ppb, 10 ug/kg, and 500 ug/kg)(2,9), in edible Korean chamchwi(3), in apricots (671, 365, and 150 ug/kg)(4), in plums (18 and 8 ug/kg)(4), Harvester peaches(5), orange essences(6), unpasteurized orange juices(7), chicken(8), Kogyoku apple juice(10). Linalool has been qualitatively identified as a volatile flavor compound in pine sprout tea and pine needle tea(11), frankfurters(12), and Australian yellow box honey(13). Both raw and roasted earth-almonds have been found to contain linalool(14). Linalool was identified as a flavor-aroma component of lemon-lime carbonated beverages such as Sprite, Sierra Mist and 7UP(15).

Linalool occurs in apple, citrus juices, berries, grapes, guava, celery, peas, potato, tomato, cinnamon, cloves, cassia, cumin, ginger, mustard, nutmeg, pepper, thymus, cheeses, grape wines, butter, milk, rum, cider, tea, passion fruit, olive, mango, beans, coriander and rice(1).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Linalool is a colorless liquid with a spicy herbal odor. It is used as fragrance component in perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, and detergents; flavoring agent in foods. It is also used as a synthetic intermediate. It is registered for pesticide use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Linalool at concentrations up to 20% was consistently found not to be a sensitizer in human maximization tests. It was not phototoxic or photoallergenic in human tests. Linalool can cause allergic contact dermatitis. Linalool was not genotoxic when tested in vitro by the micronucleus test on peripheral human lymphocytes. ANIMAL STUDIES: Linalool was irritating to rabbit skin. Series of Draize tests with fragrance materials indicated that linalool was not a sensitizer in guinea pigs. Repeated application on sheep skin caused signs comparable to acanthosis. Rats were admin linalool 1500 mg/kg/day by gavage for 5 days. Absolute and relative liver weights were increased in treated animals; microsomal protein content was decreased. Psychopharmacological evaluation of linalool in vivo in rats showed that it has marked dose-dependent sedative effects on the central nervous system, including hypnotic, anticonvulsant and hypothermic properties. The study reports an inhibitory effect of linalool on glutamate binding in the rat cortex. In cats signs of toxicosis include hypersalivation, muscle tremors, ataxia, depression, and hypothermia. The sedative properties of linalool were investigated in mice. The significant decrease in the motility of female and male laboratory animals under standardized experimental conditions is found to be closely dependent on the exposure time. 10/sex/treatment rats received daily oral doses of 160, 400 or 1000 mg/kg bw linalool during 28 days. One male and one female of the high dose group were found dead. From a 28-day subchronic toxicity study with the essential oil of coriander with 72.9% linalool and 22.3% other identified terpenoids no remarkable effects on the primary reproductive organs in both females (ovaries and uteri) and males (testes and epididymides) was noted in any animal from any dosage group up to 1000 mg/kg bw/day, both macroscopically at dissection and also microscopically during histopathology of every (10 male, 10 female) high-dose animal. The genotoxic potential of linalool has been evaluated for mutagenicity in bacteria and in cultured mouse L5718Y tk+/. cells, and by cytogenicity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells via SCE, a chromosome aberration study, and an in vivo micronucleus test. The mutagenicity and clastogenicity data are sufficient to indicate that linalool is not genotoxic. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: For linalool, LC50 > 28.8 ppm for Rainbow Trout, a LC50 of 36.8 ppm for Bluegill, and a LC50 of 36.7ppm for aquatic invertebrates.

A 1999 study was extrapolated the daily per capita intake of linalool to 72 ug/kg/day for Europeans and 21 ug/kg/day for US Americans(1). A 2001 estimate, based on data published by the FAO/WHO Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), calculated a daily intake of 0.0438 mg/kg/d for both US and EU populations(1).

Annual consumption /of linalool/ is 21,500 lb. Individual consumption is 0.01822 mg/kg/day.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Avian acute toxicity testing is not required for biopesticide products with indoor uses only. However, the registrant did cite or submit acute dietary toxicity data (for the Bobwhite Quail). The /EPA/ determined that the data were acceptable to support a LC50 > 5620 ppm which is considered practically non-toxic. For outdoor uses, a waiver request from the requirement of a guideline study for avian testing was granted because there is no direct exposure of Linalool to birds...

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Aquatic organism testing is not required for indoor use only biopesticides. However, the registrant did cite or submit fresh water fish (Rainbow Trout and Bluegill) studies and aquatic organism testing studies. The /EPA/ determined that the data were acceptable to support an LC50 > 28.8 ppm for Rainbow Trout, a LC50 of 36.8 ppm for Bluegill, and a LC50 of 36.7ppm for aquatic invertebrates. The above LC 50s for fresh water fish and aquatic organisms are considered practically non-toxic and slightly toxic respectively. For outdoor uses of linalool, a waiver was requested and granted for aquatic organism testing based on rationale stated above for the waiver sought and granted for avian testing.

/FIELD STUDIES/ As part of its environmental risk assessment of linalool, EPA considered any effects from the use of linalool on non-target species. Since linalool products registered for outdoor use (candles and fragrance generators) only affect (repel) biting insects and indoor uses preclude any exposure to other non-targets, EPA has determined that there is no exposure to non-target organisms ... . Linalool uses preclude any exposure to aquatic sites and/or drinking water.

Linalool has been qualitatively detected in the headspace and essential oil of honeysuckle(1). A linalool concentration of 6854 ug/kg was measured in freshly opened Japanese honeysuckle flowers; blossoms open for 12 and 24 hours contained 186 ug/kg and 3858 ug/kg linalool, respectively(2). The rhizome of the ginger plant has been found to contain linalool(3). Linalool has been qualitatively detected in emissions collected from the leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora(4), Quercus ilex(5) and Callicarpa japonica Thunb(6). Linalool was identified as a major scent component (38.06%) of Glochidion plants(7). The Plumeria alba L. (Apocynaceae) plant grown in Nigeria was found contain linalool in the leaf oil (13.2%) and flower oil(7.9%)(8). Analysis of the essential oil composition of flowering aerial parts of Iranian Silene morganae Freyn (Caryophyllaceae) found linalool (7.4%)(9).

Linalool has been qualitatively detected in fruiting bodies of the wild mushrooms Lepista nuda, Mycena rosea, Tricholoma sulfureum, Clitocybe odora, Hydrum repandum, Lactarius salmonicolor, Gomphidius glutinosus, Agrocybe aegerita, Boletus erythropos, Clitocybe nebularis, and Tricholoma saponaceum(1). The optically active forms (d- and l-) and optically inactive form occur in more than 200 oils from herbs, leaves, flowers and wood(2).

Linalool was detected in Gueyoto shoots (Origanum sipyleum L.;Lamiaceae) at a concentration range of 0-35 ppm. The compound was detected in Funk's thyme shoots (Thymus funkii COUSS.;Lamiaceae) at a range of 0-35 ppm(1).

Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain.

Synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants /for human consumption/ that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, within the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Linalool is included on this list.

Synthetic flavoring substances and adjuvants /for animal drugs, feeds, and related products/ that are generally recognized as safe for their intended use, within the meaning of section 409 of the Act. Linalool is included on this list.

New Active Ingredients ... includes chemicals not previously registered as pesticides, as well as pesticide active ingredients initially registered after November 1, 1984 and that currently have active product registrations. By law, these pesticides must meet new safety standards, such as those described in the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 and, if new safety standards are met, will be reviewed again on a 15-year cycle. Linalool is designated by EPA as a New Pesticide Active Ingredient. Active Ingredient Number: 128838; Type of Pesticide: biological - insecticide/repellent; Use Site: food use, domestic, pets; Year: 1985.

... The specific toxic effect of linalool on animals is therefore likely to be caused by its neurotoxic respectively neuropharmacological mode of action. In turn, this may explain the use of linalool-containing natural products (aromatic herbs and spices or their essential oils respectively extracts) in traditional medicinal systems, specifically for their sleep-inducing and anticonvulsant purposes. Moreover, it also accounts for the widespread traditional use of herbs containing linalool for stored-food pest control for the use of linalool-containing extracts as a pet flea insecticide.

... Metabolites isolated from urine of rats after oral administration of linalool (VII) were 8-hydroxy-linalool (VIII) and 8-carboxy-linalool (IX). After three days of feeding rats with either geraniol or linalool, liver-microsomal cytochrome P-450 was increased. Both NADH- and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities were not significantly changed during the six days of treatment. Oral administration of these two terpenoids did not affect any of the lung-microsomal parameters measured.

Based on experiments with rats using (14)C-labelled substance ... subsequent to absorption, linalool is metabolized rapidly, with urinary excretion of (14)C activity starting without delay. Several hours after gavage, substantial amounts of radioactivity were detected in the expired air as (14)CO2, evidencing complete intermediary metabolism. Fecal excretion of radioactivity was delayed and found mostly between 36 and 48 hours after dosing, suggesting entero-hepato-biliary re-circulation ... Entero-hepato-biliary re-circulation may have the effect of enhancing the metabolic load on the liver over a certain period.

For the induction study 600 mg linalool/kg bw was administered /to male IISc strain rats/ once daily for 6 days by gastric tube as a suspension in 1% methyl cellulose solution. Control rats were only given the vehicle. For the identification of metabolites, 800 mg linalool/kg bw was administered once daily for 20 days ... . 8-Hydroxy-linalool and 8-carboxy-linalool were identified in the urine, showing selective oxidation of the C8-methyl in linalool. The 8-hydroxylase present in both lung and liver microsomes was shown to be mediated by a cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) system. After 3 days of dosing, liver and lung microsomal CYP450 was increased; on the other hand, both NADH- and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities were not significantly changed during the 6 days of treatment. /Purity > 99.5%/

... Hydrolysis occurs more rapidly at the low pH of gastric fluids. The reaction products are linalool and acetic acid (ester hydrolysis). This is supported by the findings of the hydrolysis study ... at pH 4, 7 and 9. Therefore it is expected that linalool is the substance that will enter the systemic circulation after oral uptake of linalyl acetate. Linalool is probably converted to geraniol and its metabolites, 1,5-dimethyl-hexadiene-1,6-dicarboxylic acid and 7-carboxy-5-methylocto-6-enoic acid ... /linalool acetate/

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for LINALOOL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Linalool may permeate porcine (and by extension also human) buccal mucosa in function of its concentration (14.46% w/w) and of formulation /as in the essential oil of Salvia desoleana Atzei & Picci/

Based on experiments with rats using (14)C-labelled substance, linalool is rapidly absorbed from the intestinal tract following oral uptake ... judging from the delay in fecal excretion, intestinal absorption is complete. Subsequent to absorption, linalool is metabolized rapidly, with urinary excretion of (14)C activity starting without delay. Several hours after gavage, substantial amounts of radioactivity were detected in the expired air as (14)CO2, evidencing complete intermediary metabolism. Fecal excretion of radioactivity was delayed and found mostly between 36 and 48 hours after dosing, suggesting entero-hepato-biliary re-circulation; this re-circulation was confirmed in a second experiment involving cross-linking a treated and an untreated rat with a biliary-to-intestinal cannula and subsequent radio-analysis. Overall, approximately 60% of the total excreted dose was found in urine over 72 hours after administration; approximately 23% of activity was detected in exhaled air and approximately 15% was found in the feces; there is no indication of tissue accumulation of linalool whatsoever. The study suggests that large doses of oral linalool will be metabolized in the rat by conjugation and excretion in urine and bile, while a substantial proportion will enter intermediary metabolisms up to the formation of carbon dioxide and pulmonary excretion. Entero-hepato-biliary re-circulation may have the effect of enhancing the metabolic load on the liver over a certain period.

After a 1 hour inhalation of 27 mg linalool ... /mouse/ plasma levels of linalool 30, 60 and 90 min after exposure: about 1, 2.7 and 2.9 ng/mL.

Linalool applied to mouse skin was not absorbed within two hours.

Main component of linaloe oil; Also found in oils of Ceylon cinnamon, sassafras, orange flower, and bergamot; [Merck Index] Found in citrus peel oils (especially orange); [Hawley] Used in perfumes, fragrances, flavoring agents, household cleaners, and insecticidal pet treatments; (direct application to pet and indoor area); [HSDB]

For linalool (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 128838) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Fragrance component in perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, and detergents; flavoring agent in foods. Synthetic intermediate.

... Used to prepare a mixture of terpenes useful for enhancing the aroma or taste of foodstuffs, chewing gums, and perfume compositions.

Linalool /as a registered pesticide/ is used directly on dogs and cats (shampoos, dips and sprays) and as an area treatment on indoor sites (sprays, powders and foggers) to repel fleas, mites, spiders and ticks. Linalool is also used outdoors in electronic fragrance generators or scented candles to repel mosquitoes. Uses are primarily residential.

For more Uses (Complete) data for LINALOOL (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2023: 10,000,000 - <25,000,000 lb

1200 tons (1980)

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#1852]

1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl- is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: 1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-. National Production Volume: 18,597,739 lb/yr.

Linalool

78-70-6 (Linalool):; 1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-; 2,6-Dimethyl-2,7-octadien-6-ol; 2,7-Octadien-6-ol, 2,6-dimethyl-; 3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol; 3,7-Dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol; Coriandrol; Licareol; Linalyl alcohol; 126-90-9 (d-Linalool):; (S)-3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol; 1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (S)-; 126-91-0 (l-Linalool):; (R)-3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol; 1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (R)-

IFRA_STD_187.pdf

38

IFRA 51st Amendment - Guidance for the use of IFRA Standards

Specification: This material should be used only if it meets the criteria stated in the Standard

Derivation: Citrus peel oils, especially from oranges. Made synthetically from geraniol. Method of purification: rectification.

It can be prepared synthetically starting from myrcene or from dehydrolinalool; it can be obtained by fractional distillation and subsequent recitification from the oils of Cajenne rosewood (Licasia guaianensis, Ocotea caudata), Brazil rosewood (Ocotea parviflora), Mexican linaloe, shiu (Cinnamomum camphora Sieb. var. linalooifera) and coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum L.).

The pyrolysis of 2-pinanol at 500 °C gives linalool. (-)-Linalool is formed from (+)-cis- and (-)-trans-2-pinanol, and (+)-linalool from (-)-cis- and (+)-trans-2-pinanol. The process is used industrially.

The addition of acetylene to acetone under Favorski-Babayan conditions gives methylbutynol which can be hydrogenated to methylbutenol using a Lindlar catalyst. When this is treated with methyl propenyl ether (the vinyl ether of acetone), trans-etherification takes place to give /an intermediate/, which then undergoes a Claisen-Cope rearrangement to give methylheptenone. Addition of acetylene produces dehydrolinalool, a key intermediate for subsequent conversions. For example, Lindlar hydrogenation gives linalool ... .

For more Methods of Manufacturing (Complete) data for LINALOOL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Linalool Technical (Wellmark International): Active ingredient: linalool 98.0%.

Holiday Concentrated Dog & Cat Shampoo (Wellmark International): Active ingredient: linalool 3.7%.

Demize E.C. (Wellmark International): Active ingredient: linalool 37.0%; piperonyl butoxide 40.0%.

Permalool Plus Home and Carpet Spray (Wellmark International): Active ingredient: MGK 264 0.50%; permethrin 0.20%; linalool 1.00%; pyriproxyfen 0.02%.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for LINALOOL (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Cosmetics product ingredient: 1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl- (LINALOOL)

Information on 1245 consumer products that contain Linalool in the following categories is provided:

Fragrance Ingredients

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavoring Agents -> JECFA Flavorings Index

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Cosmetics -> Deodorant

Wholesale and Retail Trade

1,6-Octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-: ACTIVE

It has been estimated that it is present in 90% of all fine fragrances.

Constitutes 78% of Bois de Rose oil /from table/

Linalool (3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol) is an important fragrance chemical, frequently used in scented products because of its fresh, flowery odor. Linalool is an unsaturated hydrocarbon and is therefore susceptible to oxidation in the presence of air. The primary oxidation products, that is, hydroperoxides, formed in the autoxidation process, are reactive compounds that can be suspected to act as sensitizers. In the present investigation, we studied the autoxidation of linalool with emphasis on the formation of hydroperoxides.