Acrylonitrile

In advanced or massive fires, fire fighting should be done from a safe distance or a protected location. Isolate for 1/2 mile in all directions if tank car or truck is involved in fire.

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Refer for medical attention .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

Warning: Effects, including skin reactions, may be delayed. Caution is advised. Vital signs should be monitored closely. Heart palpitation may begin within minutes after exposure.

General First Aid:

(General first aid procedures)

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol resistant" foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for Acrylonitrile (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Recommended storage temperature 2 - 8 °C. Light sensitive. Storage class (TRGS 510): Flammable liquids.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Isolate from alkalies and oxidizing materials. Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet. Outside or detached storage is preferred. Do not store uninhibited acrylonitrile.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

Remove solutions containing acrylonitrile by vacuum cleaning to prevent an increase in airborne concentrations.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. Apply "universal" gelling agent to immobilize spill.

Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Combustion products include corrosive or toxic vapors.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for Acrylonitrile (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U009, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Acrylonitrile is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Nitrogen oxides removed from effluent gas by scrubbers and/or thermal devices.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Acrylonitrile (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ATSDR Toxicological Profile for Acrylonitrile - Succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information.

Ranking: 225 (total points: 861.53)

Antidotes to cyanide poisoning include hydroxocobalamin and sodium nitrite, which release the cyanide from the cytochrome system, and rhodanase, which is an enzyme occurring naturally in mammals that combines serum cyanide with thiosulfate, producing comparatively harmless thiocyanate. Oxygen therapy can also be administered. (L97)

Gastrointestinal

[brain tumors, lung & bowel cancer]

Pre-treatment with cyanide was found to greatly enhance the toxicity of acrylonitrile, and to cause a three-fold increase in the cyanide level in the blood of treated rats.

Rats chronically exposed to acrylonitrile (ACN) have shown a dose-dependent increase in the incidence of astrocytomas in the brain. The mechanism(s) by which ACN induces cancer in rodents has not been established. ACN does not appear to be directly genotoxic in the brain and thus a nongenotoxic mode of action has been proposed. Inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) has been shown to be a property of many nongenotoxic carcinogens. The present study examined the effects of ACN on GJIC in a rat astrocyte transformed cell line, DI TNC1 cells (a target cell for ACN carcinogenicity) and primary cultured hepatocytes (a nontarget cell for ACN carcinogenicity). ACN inhibited GJIC in rat astrocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of GJIC was observed following 2 h treatment with 0.10 mmol/L and 1.00 mmol/L ACN. However, in primary cultured hepatocytes, ACN exposed did not result in inhibition of GJIC even after 48 h of continued treatment. In the astrocytes, GJIC inhibition plateaued after 4 h of treatment and remained blocked throughout the entire experimental period examined. Inhibition of GJIC in DI TNC1 cells was reversed by removal of ACN from the culture medium after 4 or 24 h of treatment. Cotreatment of astrocytes with vitamin E reduced the effect of ACN-induced inhibition of GJIC. Similarly, inhibition of GJIC was prevented by treatment with 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTC), a precursor of glutathione synthesis. Decreasing cellular glutathione by treatment with buthionine sulfoxamine alone (without ACN) did not affect GJIC in astrocytes. Collectively, these results demonstrate that treatment with ACN caused a selective inhibition of GJIC in rat DI TNC1 astrocytes (the target cell type), but not in rat hepatocytes (a nontarget tissue). Inhibition of GJIC in astrocytes was reversed by treatment with antioxidants and suggests a potential role for oxidative stress in ACN-induced carcinogenesis.

Some of the more striking expressions of toxicity are the tremors and seizures observed approximately 100 min after exposure of rats to an acutely toxic dose of acrylonitrile (AN). ... For AN, at least two chemical entities could produce these toxic effects, namely the parent AN molecule, the metabolically-released cyanide, or both. Which of these two agents is responsible for each of the symptoms of acute intoxication is not known. To help dissect the toxicity, it was anticipated that an effective inhibitor of the oxidative metabolism of AN to cyanide could help ... to understand which toxic symptoms might be associated with each agent. Three inhibitors of oxidative metabolism were tested, namely SKF-525A, 1-benzylimidazole and metyrapone and one alternative substrate, ethanol. As compared to SKF-525A and metyrapone, both 1-benzylimidazole and ethanol were highly effective in reducing blood cyanide levels to insignificant levels in rats treated with an LD90 dose of AN. In addition, both agents abolished the early seizure activity, suggesting that this first phase of seizures is due to cyanide and not the parent molecule. 1-Benzylimidazole did not prevent the severe clonic convulsive phase preceding death, suggesting that these terminal convulsions are due to the toxic effects of the parent AN molecule. The CNS depressant ethanol was only partially effective in attenuating the terminal convulsions. None of these agents affected the incidence of AN-induced mortality, clearly establishing that, even in the absence of cyanide, the parent AN molecule is acutely toxic. The partial effectiveness of ethanol suggested that anticonvulsants might be of benefit. Both phenobarbital and phenytoin protected rats from both the early and terminal convulsions, while valproic acid was ineffective. These effects were not related to a reduction in blood cyanide levels but rather due to their inherent anticonvulsant activity.

Hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide enhance acrylonitrile toxicity in experimental animals.

... For most nitriles, the in vitro metabolism was inhibited when the incubation mixture contained either SKF-525A, carbon monoxide, or microsomes from mice treated with carbon tetrachloride. When mice were dosed with ethyl alcohol, metabolic enhancement of nitriles was seen compared with the control. However, ethyl alcohol, when added to the incubation mixture, inhibited the in vitro metabolism of nitriles. /Nitriles/

Cancer, Developmental (effects during periods when organs are developing), Gastrointestinal (Stomach and Intestines, part of the digestive system), Neurological (Nervous System), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Respiratory

Eyes, skin, cardiovascular system, liver, kidneys, central nervous system

Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: static bioassay; Concentration: 2600 ug/L for 30 days

LC50; Species: /Lagodon rhomboides/ (Pinfish); Conditions: saltwater, static bioassay; Concentration: 24,500 ug/L for 24 hr

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill); Conditions: static bioassay; Concentration: 11,800 ug/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: flow through; Concentration: 10,100 ug/L for 96 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Acrylonitrile (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 29(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.25(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that acrylonitrile is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of acrylonitrile from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.38X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). Acrylonitrile is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 109 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). Complete biodegradation of a low concentration of acrylonitrile was <2 days to 6 days depending on soil type with slow degradation reported in unacclimated soils exposed to high concentrations of acrylonitrile(6); these findings suggest that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil under certain conditions(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 29(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.25(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that acrylonitrile is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.38X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7 hrs and 4 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF of 48(7) suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). Acrylonitrile was stable to aqueous hydrolysis in the pH range of 4-10 over a 10-day observation period(8) suggesting that hydrolyis is not important under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Complete degradation in 6-20 days using various freshwater inoculums(8,9) suggests that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), acrylonitrile, which has a vapor pressure of 109 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acrylonitrile is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.5 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.11X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The half-life for reaction with ozone in air is estimated to be 83 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.38X10-19 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4). Acrylonitrile does not absorb UV light at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Other Poison - Chemical Asphyxiant

Compound with “good evidence” of ototoxic properties in animal studies.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L96) ; inhalation (L96) ; dermal (L96)

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Acrylonitrile is a clear, colorless liquid at room temperature. Acrylonitrile is used as a monomer for acrylic and modacrylic fibers and whiskers, in copolymers with styrene and butadiene (ABS resins), in the manufacture of adiponitrile, and in nitrile rubbers. Acrylonitrile is no longer used as a fumigant and nitrile resins made with acrylonitrile are no longer used to make beverage bottles. HUMAN STUDIES: Dermal exposure to acrylonitrile causes irritation, burns, and blisters. Additionally, dermal exposure to acrylonitrile can lead to systemic toxicity and lethality. Chronic effects can also occur after exposure to acrylonitrile vapors or liquid. 576 Japanese workers exposed to 5-20 ppm acrylonitrile over 10 yr showed headache, fatigue, nausea, and weakness with symptoms of anemia, jaundice, conjunctivitis, and abnormal whole blood and serum specific gravity, cholinesterase, urobilinogen, bilirubin, urinary protein, and sugar values, indicative of liver injury and a general toxic effect. In cultured human bronchial epithelial cells acrylonitrile induced cytotoxicity, sister chromatid exchanges and DNA single strand breaks. Acrylonitrile affected semen quality among exposed workers. Acrylonitrile or its metabolites could induce reproductive defects as an in vivo multipotent genotoxic agent by inducing DNA strand breakage and sex chromosome non-disjunction in spermatogenesis. Exposure to acrylonitrile in pregnant workers caused increasing risk of preterm delivery and birth defects. ANIMAL STUDIES: After a single oral dose of 46.5 mg/kg bw acrylonitrile, moderate to marked hyperplasia of the Clara cells lining the bronchioles was observed in male rats. A 10% aqueous solution administered to the eyes of a rabbit caused a trace of pain and slight conjunctival irritation immediately following contact. There was no corneal injury at any time. The conjunctiva was completely normal within 24 hours. Intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg bw acrylonitrile daily for three weeks to adult rats resulted in loss of body weight, leukocytosis, functional disturbances in the liver and kidneys, slight damage to the neuronal cells of the brain stem and cortex and parenchymal degeneration of the liver and kidneys. A single intravenous dose of 150 mg/kg bw (15 mg/animal) acrylonitrile administered to rats produced bilateral adrenocortical hemorrhage and necrosis. Acrylonitrile was administered in the drinking water to rats for 2 yr at dose levels of 35, 100, and 300 ppm. A statistically significant incidence of tumors was observed in the brain (astrocytomas), ear canal (Zymbal gland), stomach (nonglandular portion), mammary gland (females only), tongue, pituitary gland, pancreas (males only), and uterus. Rats exposed by inhalation to 40 or 80 ppm of acrylonitrile had no statistically significant changes in reproductive success or fetal development. Only the pups of rats administered acrylonitrile per os (65 mg/kg) for days 6 to 15 of gestation had an increase in malformations. At the high dose level there was a significant increase in acaudate or short-tailed fetuses. The majority of other abnormalities including short trunk, anteriorly displaced ovaries, missing ribs, and imperforate anus were observed in the acaudate and short-tailed fetuses whether these animals were from the control or experimental group. The only anomaly that occurred solely in treated animals was a right-sided aortic arch, which appeared in one fetus from the 25 mg/kg/day group and one fetus from the 65 mg/kg/day group. Acrylonitrile, in aqueous or gas phases, induced reverse mutations in Salmonella typhimurium TA1530, TA1535, TA1950, TA100, TA1538, TA98 and TA1978 in the presence of metabolic activation.

U009; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when acrylonitrile, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Acrylonitrile is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

Acrylonitrile has been designated as a hazardous air pollutant under section 112 of the Clean Air Act.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Acrylonitrile is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Acrylonitrile is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 10,000 lbs.

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations.

Acrylonitrile is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

The levels for acrylonitrile through ingestion of contaminated water and contaminated aquatic organisms ... which may result in incremental increase of cancer risk over the lifetime are estimated at 1X10-5, 1X10-6, and 1X10-7. The corresponding criteria are 0.58 ug/L, 0.058 ug/L, and 0.006 ug/L, respectively. For consumption of aquatic organisms only, excluding consumption of water, the levels are 6.5 ug/L, 0.65 ug/L, and 0.065 ug/L, respectively.

Acrylonitrile

1

10000

Flammable chemical that can be released at a facility.

(AZ) ARIZONA 0.15 ug/L

(FL) FLORIDA 8 ug/L

(NH) NEW HAMPSHIRE 0.06 ug/L

(ME) MAINE 0.6 ug/L

Acrylonitrile is primarily used in the manufacture of acrylic and modacrylic fibers. It is also used as a raw material in the manufacture of plastics (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and styrene-acrylonitrile resins), adiponitrile, acrylamide, and nitrile rubbers and barrier resins.

Used as a monomer in the production of acrylic fibers and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins; Also used to produce adiponitrile; Was used in the past as a fumigant and to make nitrile resins for beverage bottles; [ACGIH] Used in the plastics, coatings, and adhesive industries; [Merck Index]

No longer used as a fumigant in the U.S. [EPA Pesticides]

Working with Glues and Adhesives [Category: Other]

For acrylonitrile (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 000601) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

... Cyanoethylation of cotton; synthetic soil blocks (acrylonitrile polymerized wood pulp); ... monomer for a semiconductive polymer that can be used like inorganic oxide catalysts in dehydrogenation of tert-butanol to isobutylene and water.

The major impurity is water, which is usually present at a maximum of 0.5%.

Acetone, 300 ppm max; acetonitrile, 500 ppm max; aldehydes, 100 ppm max; hydrogen cyanide, 10 ppm max; hydroquinone monomethyl ether (inhibitor), 35-50 ppm; iron, 0.10 ppm max; nonvolatile matter, 100 ppm max; peroxides, 0.5 ppm max; water, 1.3882-1.3892 wt% max.

(1978) 1.09X10+11 G

(1983) 3.88X10+11 G

(1977) 109,000 million tons

(1985) 4.28X10+11 g

For more U.S. Exports (Complete) data for Acrylonitrile (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(1977) 8.54X10+7 G

(1982) 1.00X10+6 G

(1985) 2.00X10+5 g

Negligible

2023: 1,000,000,000 - <2,500,000,000 lb

(1983) 9.53X10+11 G

(1978) 7.95X10+11 G

(1977): 745,000 million tons

(1985) 1.06X10+12 g

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for Acrylonitrile (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

COMONOMER FOR ACRYLIC & MODACRYLIC FIBERS, 51%; COMONOMER FOR ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE RESINS, 18%; CHEM INT FOR ADIPONITRILE, 13%; CHEM INT FOR ACRYLAMIDE, 6%; COMONOMER FOR NITRILE ELASTOMERS, 3%; COMONOMER FOR STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILE RESINS, 2%; OTHER USES, 7% (1983)

In 1976, 282 million kg were used to make acrylic and modacrylic fibers.

Acrylic & modacrylic fibers, 45%; acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer resins, 20%; styrene acrylonitrile polymer resins, 9%; adiponitrile, 13%; acrylamide, 6%; miscellaneous, 7% (1984)

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Acrylonitrile. Exports, 43%; acrylic and modacrylic fibers, 28%; acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and styrene-acrylonitrile resins, 15%; adiponitrile, 7%; acrylamide, 4%; miscellaneous, including nitrile rubber and barrier resins, 3%.

For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for Acrylonitrile (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Acrylonitrile is produced commercially by the catalytic vapor-phase propylene ammoxidation process developed by SOHIO. ... The commercial process uses a fluidized bed reactor in which propylene, ammonia, and air contact a solid catalyst at 400-510 °C and 50-200 kPa gauge. The process uses a stoichiometric excess of ammonia and oxygen (as air). It is a single-pass process with about 98% conversion of propylene that typically consumes about 1.1 kg of propylene per kilogram of acrylonitrile produced or less with the recent generations of highly selective catalysts.

Technical grade acrylonitrile is a highly purified product with greater than 99% purity.

Acritet = 34% acrylonitrile, 60% CCl4; ventox = acritet; carbacryl: equal volumes of acrylonitrile and CCl4; acrylofume: 3.95% acrylonitrile, 30% CCl4, 30% chloroform, 0.5% chloropicrin.