チオりん酸ジエチル4-ニトロフェニル

Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. If a leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray to disperse vapors and to provide protection for firefighters. Water spray may be used to flush spills away from exposures. Fight advanced or massive fires from a safe distance or from a protected location. Special protective clothing should be worn; normal protective clothing may be penetrated.

Use water spray, dry powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

CAUTION: Parathion is a cholinestorase inhibitor. It has been reported that as little as one drop of parathion can endanger life if splashed in the eye. Toxicity is highest by inhalation.

(General first aid procedures)

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Total p-nitrophenol in urine = 0.5 mg/g' Sample at end of shift; [ACGIH, 2020]]

0.1 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective.

Self contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure demand, or other positive pressure mode /should be used in firefighting/.

If material /is/ on fire or /is/ involved in fire, extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. ... Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Parathion and compressed gas mixture/

If material /is/ on fire or involved in fire, extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. ... Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Parathion mixture, dry/

If material /is/ on fire or involved in fire, do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Parathion mixture, liquid/

All parathion containers shall be protected from ... corrosion, mechanical damage, and sources of ignition. ... Outdoor storage facilities shall be located at least 20 feet from any dwellings, or a populated area and shall be equipped with a sprinkler system, where feasible.

Pesticides containers must be provided with labels indicating the degree of toxicity of the product they contain. The labels must not only give a short description of how to use the prepn, but also state basic precautions to be taken when applying it. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

1. VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL OR LEAK. 2. COLLECT FOR RECLAMATION, OR ABSORB IN VERMICULITE, DRY SAND, EARTH, OR A SIMILAR MATERIAL.

If material is not on fire & is not involved in fire ... build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if ... /it can be done/ without hazard. ... If material leaking (not on fire) consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location & weather conditions.

Air spill: Apply water spray to knock down vapors.

Spills of parathion on floors ... absorbed with an absorbing clay. Sweeping compound ... facilitate the removal of all visible traces of parathion contaminated clay.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for PARATHION (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

In case of leaks or spills, special protective clothing should be worn. Use water spray to disperse vapors and flush spills away. Ventilate area of spill or leak. Spills may be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material. (EPA, 1998)

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P089, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration, with a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of seconds. Also, a potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration, with a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C, and a residence time of seconds. Also, a potential candidate for liquid injection incineration with a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C, and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for parathion: Reverse osmosis.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Treat remaining liquid with an alkaline substance. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ATSDR Toxicological Profile for Parathion - Succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information.

Ranking: 279 (total points: 756.95)

Blood of victims of parathion poisoning (caused by dermal contact during harvesting of tobacco less than 24 hr after application of parathion) contained 34 ng/l of parathion(1). Range of serum parathion levels in 5 workers 3, 7, and 24 hr after a 5 hr exposure to parathion in a cotton field 24 hr after treatment were 3 to 13, 3 to 12, and 1 to 8 ppb, respectively(2). Orchard workers dermally absorbed an avg of 2 mg parathion per each application, in addition to an inhalation exposure of 0.020 mg/hr(3).

If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.

COMBINED EFFECTS OF TWO ORGANOPHOSPHATES CAN ... BE ... ANTAGONISTIC ... /MALATHION/ PLUS PARATHION & DRUGS THAT COMPETE WITH ORGANOPHOSPHATES FOR TARGET ESTERASES MAY ENHANCE ORGANOPHOSPHATE TOXICITY OR VICE VERSA. ... METHYLMERCURY ENHANCES ANTICHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY OF PARATHION IN QUAIL ...

... TREATMENT OF RATS WITH DDT, /PHENOBARBITAL, OR BENZO(A)PYRENE/ ... LESSENED TOXICITY OF PARATHION, BUT ... /OTHERS/ DEMONSTRATED THAT ALTHOUGH TREATMENT OF MICE WITH CHLORDANE AFFORDED PROTECTION, DDT DID NOT.

Incubation of both parathion and chlorpyrifos at various concn with mouse hepatic microsomes resulted in the inhibition of prodn of paraoxon, p-nitrophenol, chlorpyrifos oxon, and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, which was characteristic of mixed-type inhibition. This kinetic behavior could arise as a result of competitive interactions of one and two with multiple forms of microsomal cytochrome p450.

Single pass perfusion of mouse livers in situ with parathion resulted in formation of the cholinesterase inhibitor paraoxon, p-nitrophenol, p-nitrophenyl sulfate, and p-nitrophenyl glucuronide. Daily pretreatment of mice with phenobarbital (80 mg/kg, ip) for 4 days induced hepatic cytochrome p450 content, as well as oxidative activation and oxidative detoxification of parathion, as measured in vitro. Phenobarbital pretreatment did not alter production of paraoxon from parathion in mouse livers perfused in situ, although it increased production of p-nitrophenol, p-nitrophenyl sulfate, and p-nitrophenyl glucuronide. Additionally, phenobarbital pretreatment antagonized the acute toxicity of parathion in mice. These results indicate that phenobarbital pretreatment clearly induces that form(s) of cytochrome p450 catalyzing conversion of parathion to paraoxon. Increased amounts of catalyzed conversion of parathion to paraoxon. Increased amounts of paraoxon do not exit perfused livers from phenobarbital pretreated mice, but the enhanced detoxification of parathion to p-nitrophenol, p-nitrophenyl sulfate, and p-nitrophenyl glucuronide likely results in the observed antagonism of parathion's acute toxicity.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for PARATHION (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Endocrine (Glands and Hormones), Immunological (Immune System), Neurological (Nervous System)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, blood cholinesterase

Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.

LD50 DENDROCYGNA BICOLOR (FULVOUS WHISTLING-DUCK) ORAL 0.125-0.250 MG/KG /SAMPLE PURITY, 98.76%/

LD50 MALLARD ORAL 2.13 MG/KG (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 1.54-2.96 MG/KG), 3-4 MO OLD MALES /98.76% TECHNICAL GRADE/

LD50 ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS (MALLARD) ORAL 1.90 MG/KG (95% CONFIDENCE LIMIT 1.37-2.64 MG/KG), 2-3 MO OLD FEMALES /SAMPLE PURITY, 98.76%/

LD50 PHASIANUS COLCHICUS (PHEASANT) ORAL 12.4 MG/KG, 2-3 MO OLD MALES /SAMPLE PURITY, 98.76%

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for PARATHION (43 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

AQUATIC FATE: ... PARATHION ... SHOWN TO BE 2-3 TIMES MORE PERSISTENT THAN METHYL PARATHION IN NATURAL WATER SYSTEMS.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: PERSISTENCE OF PARATHION WAS PARTIALLY DEPENDENT ON SOIL TYPE. IN SOME SOILS DEGRADATION WAS RAPID & PROBABLY THROUGH COMBINATION OF HYDROLYSIS & STRONG MICROBIAL ACTIVITY. IN OTHER SOILS ... LOSS WAS SLOW & ATTRIBUTABLE TO HYDROLYSIS.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 314 to 15,860(2) indicate that parathion is expected to have moderate to no mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of parathion from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.98X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(4). Parathion is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon a vapor pressure of 6.68X10-6 mm Hg at 20 °C(4). The half-life for photodecomposition of parathion on 3 soils with various water contents ranged from 31 to 70 hr(5). After 8 weeks of incubation in an organic and a mineral soil, <2 and 6%, respectively, of the 1 ppm parathion applied remained; in sterilized controls 80 and 95% remained(6). Prior exposure of soils to p-nitrophenol resulted in increased mineralization of parathion to carbon dioxide(7). Metabolic pathways involve both oxidative and reductive reactions(8). The primary oxidative pathway involves an initial hydrolysis to p-nitrophenol and diethylthiophosphoric acid; a second oxidative pathway involves oxidation to paraoxon(8). Under low oxygen conditions reduction to aminoparathion occurs(8).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), sediment Koc values ranging from 3,086 to 38,000(2) indicate that some adsorption of parathion to suspended solids and sediment in the water column is expected(SRC). Parathion is not expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.98X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(4). According to a classification scheme(5), BCFs ranging from 63 to 462(6), suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high(SRC). Irradiation of parathion for 10 hr in aerated distilled water resulted in 88% degradation(7). 20% of parathion was lost by photolysis in 2 hr in Okeefenokee Swamp water(8). Reported hydrolysis half-lives at 20 °C at environmentally relevant pHs range from 3 weeks at pH 9(9) to 43 weeks at pH 5(10); the half-life for hydrolysis in sterile sea water has been reported to be approximately 1 yr at 4 °C(11). It is thought that divalent cations catalyze hydrolysis(11). Parathion biodegrades in acclimated natural waters within several weeks(12,13). Parathion, 5 ppm, completely degraded within 2 weeks in acclimated water from Holland Marsh, Ontario, being almost quantitatively converted to aminoparathion; only 10% degradation occurred in 16 weeks when the water was sterilized(12). After 30 days incubation in non-sterile (sterile) coastal river water, only 21, 14, and 6% (64, 57, and 49%) of parathion remained at pH values of 6,7, and 8.16, respectively(14).

Results for parathion from the US FDA's Total Diet studies of pesticides and other chemicals in Infant and Toddler Total Diet samples in which typical 14-day diet samples are collected from urban areas throughout the US (Fiscal Year - average intake (ug/kg body weight/day)) are: Infants FY77 0.011, FY78 0.005, FY79 0.002, FY80 0.003, FY81/82 0.003; Toddlers FY77 <0.001, FY78 0.003, FY79 0.002, FY80 ND, FY81/82 0.002(1,2). For FY81/82 this represented an average daily intake of 0.021 ug and 0.0227 ug for infants and toddlers, respectively(1). The food classes contributing to this input were vegetables and fruit/fruit juices where the average concentrations were 0.1 and 0.2 ppb, respectively(1). Results from the US FDA's Adult Total Diet Study in which the typical 14-day diet of a 16-19 yr male was collected from market basket composite samples in 12 food groups through the US (Fiscal Year-average intake (ug/kg body wt/day)) are: FY65-70 average 0.01(4), FY71-76 average 0.001(3), FY77 0.002, FY78 0.004, FY79 0.002(5), FY80 0.001, FY81/82 0.002(6). For FY81/82, 27 cities were sampled. There were 17 positive samples out of the 27 composite samples from each of the 12 food groups, containing trace to 0.0010 ppm of parathion(6). The average 70 kg man would have an intake of 0.166 ug/day(6). The food classes which contained parathion are (class, average concn, (ppm), (no positive)): leafy vegetables 0 vegetable 0.0001(2), root vegetable 0.0001(6), and fruits 0.0003(4). Dairy products, meat/fish/poultry, sugar and adjuncts, and beverages (including drinking water) were negative in all surveys(3-6). In a Canadian total diet study which took winter and summer composite samples of 11 food classes in 5 Canadian cities, parathion was identified in leafy vegetable composites from Montreal (summer) and Vancouver (winter) and winter fruit composites from Montreal at contributions of 0.04, 0.02, and 3.3 ug/day(7). Parathion has been recommended for application to lettuce at the rate of 0.5 lb/acre not less than 7 days before harvest(8). Head lettuce sprayed with an emulsifiable concentrate at this rate contained a parathion residue of 59 ppb on the field lettuce head 7 days after spraying and 1010 ppb on the trimmed head(8). The harvested sample contained 152 ppb on the trimmed head(8). Parathion applications have been recommended for the control of insects on spinach at the rate of 0.5 lb/acre not less than 14 days before harvest(7). When parathion was applied at this rate as in emulsifiable concentrate formulation, the field spinach contained 206 ppb 14 days after spraying(9).

Parathion was detected in 4 composite samples of carrots with an average concn of 0.06 ng/kg(1). Parathion was detected in 2 composite samples of peaches with an avg concn of 0.05 ng/kg(2). Parathion was detected by the FDA Los Angeles District on 119 various agricultural commodities at concn ranging from 0.05 to 2 ppm(3). Parathion was found in 1 of 20 grain and cereal samples for adults at a mean concentration of 0.0001 ppm, with a range from 0 to 0.001 ppm, and in 3 of 20 leafy vegetable samples at a mean concn of 0.0004 ppm, with a range from trace amounts to 0.006 ppm, and in 1 of 20 legume vegetable samples at a mean concentration of 0.0001 ppm, with a range from 0 to 006 ppm, (FDA: Total Diet Study)(4). Parathion was detected in 30% of rice, 80% of avocados, 70% of strawberries, 70% of tomatoes, and 20% of lettuce sampled in Mexico(5). Parathion was detected in unspecified fruits in China at concns ranging from 0.0 to 5.7 ug/kg, avg 2.0 ug/kg(6). During a total diet study conducted between April 1991 and March 1993 in Belgium, parathion was detected in the following fresh food commodities (% positive samples, max value, mean value): endive (2.7%, 0.1, 0.005), celery leaves (9.0%, 0.8 ppm, 0.029 ppm), lettuce (0.9%, 0.026 ppm, 0.005 ppm), spinach (7.3%, 2.65 ppm, 0.067 ppm), parsley (6.0%, 0.22 ppm, and 0.012 ppm), leeks (1.8%, 0.04 ppm, 0.006 ppm), lamb's lettuce (1.0%, 0.06 ppm, 0.003 ppm), carrots (3.8%, 0.23 ppm, 0.009 ppm), currants (2.3%, 0.02 ppm, 0.006), oranges (1.8%, 0.02 ppm, 0.002 ppm), lemons (3.6%, 0.11 ppm, 0.005 ppm), and grapes (3.7%, 0.2 ppm, 0.007 ppm)(7). Parathion was detected in unspecified foods during the 1994 regulatory monitoring by the U.S. FDA(8). Parathion was detected in 39 Total Diet study foods between 1984 to 1986; it occurred in 2% of foods between 1984 and 1986 and 3% between 1982 and 1984(9). Parathion was detected in 8% of 556 food samples collected from retail markets in the urban area of Rome(10). During fiscal year 1988 (1989), parathion was detected in 0.264% of 13,980 (0.236% of 13,085) food samples in the US(11).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin, by ingestion and through the eyes.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral(L633) ; inhalation (L633) ; dermal (L633).

P089; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when parathion, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).

Tolerances are established for residues of the insecticide parathion or its methyl homolog in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: alfalfa (fresh); alfalfa hay; almonds; almond hulls; apples; apricots; artichokes; avocados; barley; beans; beet greens (alone); beets (with or without tops); beets, sugar; beets, sugar (tops); blackberries; blueberries (huckleberries); boysenberries; broccoli; brussels sprouts; cabbage; carrots; cauliflower; celery; cherries; citrus fruits; clover; collards; corn; corn, forage; cottonseed; cranberries; cucumbers; currants; dates; dewberries; eggplants; endive (escarole); figs; filberts; garlic; gooseberries; grapes; grass (forage); guavas; hops; kale; kohlrabi; lettuce; loganberries; mangoes; melons; mustard greens; mustard seed; nectarines; oats; okra; olives; onions; parsnips (with or without tops); parsnip greens (alone); peaches; peanuts; pears; peas; peas, forage; pecans; peppers; pineapples; plums (fresh prunes); potatoes; pumpkins; quinces; radishes (with or without tops); radish, tops; rape seed; raspberries; rice; rutabagas (with or without tops); rutabaga tops; safflower seed; sorghum; sorghum fodder; sorghum forage; soybeans; soybean hay; spinach; squash; strawberries; summer squash; sugarcane; sugarcane fodder; sugarcane forage; sunflower seed; sweet potatoes; Swiss chard; tomatoes; turnips (with or without tops); turnips greens; vetch; walnuts; wheat; and youngberries.

While petitions for tolerances for negligible residues are pending and until action is completed onthese petitions, interim tolerances are established for residues of the listed pesticide chemicals in or on raw agricultural commodities as follows: parathion or its methyl homolog, herbicide /SRP: Insecticide/, rye.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Parathion is found on List A, which contains most food use pesticides and consists of the 194 chemical cases (or 350 individual active ingredients) for which EPA issued registration standards prior to FIFRA, as amended in 1988. Case No: 0155; Pesticide type: insecticide; Registration Standard Date: 09/03/86; Case Status: OPP is reviewing data from the pesticide's producers regarding its human health and/or environmental effects, or OPP is determining the pesticide's eligibility for reregistration and developing the Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Parathion; Data Call-in (DCI) Date(s): 10/19/92, 11/23/93, 10/13/95, 03/14/96; AI Status: The producers of the pesticide has made commitments to conduct the studies and pay the fees required for reregistration, and are meeting those commitments in a timely manner.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Parathion is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Parathion is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 lbs.

Freshwater aquatic organisms and their uses should not be affected unacceptably if the four day average concn of parathion does not exceed 0.013 ug/l more than once every three years on the average and if the one hour average concn does not exceed 0.065 ug/l more than once every three years on the average.

Designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance.

(AZ) ARIZONA 30 ug/l

(CA) CALIFORNIA 40 ug/l

(FL) FLORIDA 42 ug/l

(ME) MAINE 0.2 ug/l

Parathion is primarily used as an insecticide on fruit, cotton, wheat, vegetables, and nut crops.

In the U.S. parathion may be used only by licensed applicators on alfalfa, barley, corn, cotton, sorghum, soybeans, sunflowers, and wheat. [EXTOXNET]

Use on fruit, nut and vegetable crops cancelled by EPA in 1992; [EXTOXNET]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

... Parathion controls a variety of insects such as aphids, mites, beetles, Lepidoptera, leaf hoppers, leafminers, and other pests found on fruits, cotton, vegetables, and forage crops. It also controls several soil insects such as wireworms, rootworms, and symphilids.

Used for control of nematodes in beet & ornamentals

The following impurities were identified in one sample of technical-grade parathion: O,O-diethyl thiophosphoryl chloride; O,O,O-triethyl thiophosphate; O,O-diethyl S-ethyl thiophosphate; O,O-diethyl S-ethyl dithiophosphate; nitrophenetole; nitrophenol; parathion isomers; & the dithio analogue of parathion.

The analysis of technical organophosphorus insecticides by (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance showed the major known toxic contaminants to be simple trialkyl phosphorothio- and -dithioic acid esters and the S-alkyl insecticide isomers. Small amt of the bis derivatives & the dithiopyrophosphate were also detected. These contaminants included both byproducts from the synthesis as well as degradation products. This procedure was used to analyze the following technical grade products: ronnel, sulfotepp, methyl parathion, dimethoate, malathion, methidathion, ethion, phosalone, & fenitrothion. /Organophosphorous insecticides/

INSECTICIDE FOR WHEAT, 49%; DECIDUOUS FRUITS & NUTS, 14%; VEGETABLES, 14%; SORGHUM, 11%; COTTON, 4%; CITRUS, 1%; OTHER FIELD CROPS EG, BARLEY & OATS, 7% (1982 AGRICULTURAL CROP USE)

(1978) 3.27X10+9 G (CONSUMPTION)

(1982) 3.90X10+9 G (CONSUMPTION)

PARATHION ... /IS/ PREPARED BY THE REACTION OF DIETHYL ... PHOSPHOROCHLORIDOTHIOATE WITH SODIUM P-NITROPHENATE.

In the 1st step, ethyl dithiophiosphone acid ... /is/ prepared by reacting ... anhydrous ethyl alcohol with ... phosphorous pentasulfide. ... The chlorination step follows & may use elemental chlorine, sulfur monochloride or sulfur dichloride. ... A production & waste schematic for the overall process of parathion manufacture /for a typical plant producing 20,000 tons per year/ is. ... /described by/ Gruber GI (TRW Systems Group); Report EPA/530/SW-118c, Washington, DC, USEPA (April 1975). To ... thiophosphoryl chloride ... an approx 20% soln of sodium ethylate in ethyl alcohol /is added/. ... To this mixture ... p-nitrophenol ... /was added/ & to this resulting solution was added. ... Approx 20% soln of sodium ethylate in ethyl alcohol ... water /is added to the reaction mixture/ in order to dissolve sodium chloride & to separate the O,O-diethyl O-p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate from the residual alcohol.

Original prepn: Thurston, FIAT Report 949 (1946); Coates, Topley, BIOS Final Report 1808 (1947). See also Fletcher et al., J Am Chem Soc 70, 3943 (1948).

From sodium ethylate, thiophosphoryl chloride, and sodium p-nitrophenate.

Technical parathion is available as a dark brown liquid containing 98.5% active ingredient & 1.5% inert ingredients.

... Granules, ULV liquid ...

Wettable powder; emulsifiable concentrate; granule; dispersible powder; capsule suspension; aerosol.

Mixtures (parathion +) endosulfan; ethion; lindane; oxydemeton-methyl; petroleum oil; tetradifon; malathion; malathion + methoxychlor; parathion-methyl; thiometon; methamidophos.

Acaricides, Insecticides

INSECTICIDES

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Parathion (technical grade) as Class IA: extremely hazardous; Main Use: insecticide. According to the PIC /Prior Informed Consent/ Convention, export of /Parathion/ can only take place with the prior informed consent of the importing Party. ...(further information can be found at: http://www.pic.int/).

A restricted use pesticide in the USA.

Discontinued formulations include parathion plus chlorbenside.

Compatible with other insecticides & fungicides.

For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for PARATHION (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.