thallium(I) acetate

3.765 at 278.6 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

3.68

3.68 @25 °C

Soluble (NTP, 1992)

SOL IN ALCOHOL AND WATER

VERY SOL IN CHLOROFORM

Soluble in water and ethanol

Insol in acetone

230 °F (NTP, 1992)

131 °C

131 °C

Thallium acetate is a white odorless crystalline solid. Density 3.68 g / cm3. A dangerous poison.

White deliquescent solid; Soluble in water; [Merck Index] White or cream-colored wet crystalline aggregates; [MSDSonline]

DELIQUESCENT

Exists in two oxidation states, /thallous/ (Tl(I)) and /thallic/ (Tl(III)). /Thallium/

In reducing environments, thallous may precipitate as a sulfide; otherwise, it will remain in solution. /Thallium/

... Thallium(I), forms relatively few complexes with the exception of those with halogen, oxygen, and sulfur ligands. In this & several other respects, thallium(I) has chemical properties similar to those of the alkali metal cations. /Thallium (I)/

Danger

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P284, P301+P316, P304+P340, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 46 reports by companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Warning

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

Chemical: Acetic acid, thallium(1+) salt

Acetic acid, thallium(1+) salt: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Thallium is one of the more toxic elements both as an acute and a chronic poison. Effects of exposure are cumulative and onset of symptoms may be delayed 12 to 24 hours. May be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the skin. Irritating to skin and eyes. Readily absorbed through the skin and digestive tract. Ingestion of soluble thallium compounds has caused many deaths. Ingestion of sublethal quantities may cause nausea, vomiting, diarhea, abdominal pain, and bleeding from the gut accompanied or followed by drooping eyelids, crossed eyes, weakness, numbness, tingling of arms and legs, trembling, tightness and pain in the chest. Loss of hair may occur in two to three weeks. Severe intoxication may cause prostration, rapid hearbeat, convulsions, and psychosis. Some effects may be permanent. (USCG, 1999)

A skin and eye irritant; Can be absorbed through skin; May be fatal by inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion; [CAMEO] An irritant; [MSDSonline] The fatal human dose by ingestion is approximately 8 mg/kg. [HSDB] See Thallium and the linked occupational disease.

USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Thallium (1980) EPA 440/5-80-074

RANGEL GUERRA R ET AL; THALLIUM INTOXICATION: CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH 14 CASES; REV INVEST CLIN 32 (4): 381-90 (1980). CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH 14 CASES OF THALLIUM INTOXICATION IS DISCUSSED.

Ludolph A et al; Trace Elem Med 3 (3): 121-5 (1986). Clinical and electrophysiological data from chronic thallium exposure in cement plant workers are presented.

Sharma J et al; Toxicol Environ Chem 11 (2) (1986). A review with 152 references on environmental pollution by thallium, and its toxicity and metabolism in humans and laboratory animals.

For more Special Reports (Complete) data for THALLIUM(I) ACETATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

U214; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when thallium(I) acetate, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U214, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Thallium acetate is a poor candidate for incineration.

Chemical Treatability of Thallium Concentration Process: Activated carbon; Chemical Classification: Metals; Scale of Study: Literature Review; Type of Wastewater Used: Unkown; Results of Study: GAC treatment after time precipitate yielded 84% reduction; /Soluble thallium cmpd/

Chemical Treatability of Thallium; Concentration Process: Chemical Precipitation; Chemical Classification: Metals; Scale of Study: Literature Review; Type of Wastewater Used: Unknown; Results of Study: 54% reduction with lime. /Soluble thallium cmpd/

Chemical Treatability of Thallium; Concentration Process: Chemical Precipitation; Chemical Classification: Metals; Scale of Study: Pilot Scale; Type of Wastewater Used: Synthetic wastewater; Results of Study: 30% reduction with ferric chloride, 31% reduction with aluminum (3 coagulants used: 220 ppm of alum @ pH= 6.4. 40 ppm of ferric chloride @ pH= 6.2, 415 ppm of lime @ pH= 11.5; Chemical coagulation was followed by dual media filtration.) /Soluble thallium cmpd/

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers.

If employees' clothing may have become contaminated with soluble thallium compounds, employees should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. Clothing contaminated with soluble thallium compounds should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of soluble compounds from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the soluble thallium compounds, the person perfoming the operation should be informed of soluble thallium compounds's hazardous properties. Non-impervious clothing which becomes contaminated with soluble thallium compounds should be removed promptly and not reworn until the soluble thallium compound is removed from the clothing. /Soluble thallium compounds/

Skin that becomes contaminated with soluble thallium compounds should be promptly washed or showered to remove any soluble thallium compounds. Eating and smoking should not be permitted in areas where soluble thallium compound is handled, processed, or stored. Employees who handle soluble thallium compounds should wash their hands thoroughly before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities. /Soluble thallium compounds/

0.1 [mg/m3], as Tl

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 mg/cu m, skin. /Thallium and soluble cmpd, as Tl/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Thallium and soluble cmpd, as Tl/

0.077 [mg/m3]

4.3 [mg/m3]

26 [mg/m3]

Wear self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus and full protective clothing. (USCG, 1999)

Respirator selection: 0.5 mg/cu m: Any dust and mist respirator, if not present as a fume. 1 mg/cu m: Any dust and mist respirator except single-use and quarter-mask respirators, if not present as a fume/Any supplied-air respirator. 2.5 mg/cu m: Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous flow mode/Any powered, air-purifying respirator with a dust and mist filter, if not present as a fume. 5 mg/cu m: Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency particulate filter/Any supplied-air respirator that has a tight-fitting facepiece and is operated in a continuous-flow mode/Any powered, air-purifying respirator with a tight-fitting facepiece and a high-efficiency particulate filter/Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece/Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece. 15 mg/cu m: Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. Emergency or planned entry into unknown concentrations or IDLH conditions: Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode/Any supplied-air respirator that has a full face piece and is operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. Escape: Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency particulate filter/Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus. /Thallium (soluble cmpds, as Tl/

DURING PERIOD 1932-35 SEVERAL CASES OF RETROBULBAR OR OPTIC NEUROPATHY RESULTED FROM USE OF DEPILATORY, KOREMLU CREAM, CONTAINING APPROX 7% THALLIUM ACETATE.

THERE HAVE BEEN MANY CASES OF FATAL & NON-FATAL POISONING FROM MEDICINAL USE OF THALLIUM ... . THE LETHAL DOSE FOR HUMAN BEINGS NEARLY APPROX TO THE THERAPEUTIC DOSE (8 MG OF THALLIUM ACETATE PER KG BODY WT) & SINCE DEATH HAS BEEN RECORDED IN A 10 YR OLD BOY AFTER INGESTION OF 166 MG OF THALLIUM ACETATE, IT HAS BEEN SUGGESTED THAT THE MINIMUM LETHAL DOSE FOR AN ADULT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED ABOUT 0.8 G CORRESPONDING TO ABOUT 12 MG/KG BODY WT.

A case of intellectual impairment, residual ataxia and spastic paraparesis in a 42 yr old man who was given oral thallium acetate for scalp ringworm at the age of 7 is reported.

Based on the limited data available, children seem to be no more sensitive to the acute toxic or lethal effects of thallium than adults. In a series of 8,006 children estimated to have been given single oral doses of 3.1-7.8 mg Tl/kg body weight of thallous acetate as a depilatory, 447 (6%) became ill and eight (0.1%) died.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for THALLIUM(I) ACETATE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/INVESTIGATOR FOUND/ IN CHRONIC POISONING ONE OF THE MOST STRIKING FEATURES IS LOSS OF HAIR. ... GIVING THALLIUM ACETATE TO RATS IN A DOSAGE BY MOUTH OF ABOUT 0.45 MG/KG DAILY FOUND THAT THEY ALL DIED SUDDENLY AT THE END OF 4 MO, ALL HAVING SHOWN TYPICAL DEPILATORY ACTION @ END OF 6 WK. THE ONLY PRECEDING SYMPTOMS HAD BEEN LOSS OF WT & APPETITE. ... OTHER DISORDERS /FROM FEEDING 0.1 MG DAILY TO YOUNG RATS/ ... INCL BONE LESIONS RESEMBLING OSTEITIS FIBROSA, EYE LESIONS, KERATITIS, CATARACT, RETROBULBAR ... NEUROPATHY, PARTIAL OPTIC ATROPHY & HORMONE DYSFUNCTION. ... /ALSO/ PROLIFERATIVE LESIONS IN FORESTOMACH ... PAPILLOMAS & EPITHELIAL CYSTS EXTENDING INTO MUCOSA BUT NOT TO MAIN STOMACH OR OTHER ORGANS.

SHEEP SHOW ANOREXIA, DEPRESSION, WEAKNESS, RECUMBENCY & TORTICOLLIS. THERE IS USUALLY A DISCHARGE FROM MOUTH & NOSTRILS, & ULCERATION OF TONGUE, WITH RUMINAL PARESIS & CONSTIPATION. AS THE CONDITION PROGRESSES, ALOPECIA DEVELOPS. CHIEF LESIONS ARE AN INTENSE HEMORRHAGIC GASTROENTERITIS WITH ULCERATION, PARTICULARLY OF THE STOMACH OR ABOMASUM; ENLARGEMENT & FATTY DEGENERATION OF LIVER; CONGESTION OF SPLEEN & KIDNEYS, WITH EVIDENCE OF PARENCHYMATOUS NEPHRITIS, & HYPEREMIA OF BRAIN.

REPEATED DAILY INGESTION OF THALLIUM 1+ ACETATE INCORPORATED IN DIET WAS TOLERATED @ 0.001% LEVEL BY RATS; 0.003% WAS LETHAL TO MALE, BUT NOT FEMALE, RATS (15 WK)... .

CHIEF FUNCTIONAL DISTURBANCES IN NERVOUS SYSTEM ARE HYPOTONIA & ATAXIA. PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES ARE CONFINED TO CONTROL & PERIPHERAL AXONS OF PRIMARY NEURONS & ARE OF DYING BACK TYPE.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for THALLIUM(I) ACETATE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1e-05

SCREEN Current

5e-05

PPRTV Current

LD50 Rat oral 41.2 mg/kg (

LD50 Rat ip 29.6 mg/kg

Thallium Acetate

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

2012

7.80e-01

1.20e+01

2.00e-01

2.00e+00

4.1e-05

1e-05

2.30e+00

3.50e+01

6.00e-01

2.00e+00

1e-05

Volatile

U214; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when thallium(I) acetate, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

(AZ) ARIZONA 13 ug/l /Thallium/

(MN) MINNESOTA 0.6 ug/l /Thallium/

The action of thallium acetate on phasic transmitter release in the mouse neuromuscular junction ... thallium irreversibly block phasic transmitter release, whereas spontaneous transmitter release is reversibly enhanced.

The actions of chronically admin thallous acetate were studied electrophysiologically at a central noradrenergic synapse in the rat. ... Thallium intoxication causes a redn in techolaminergic input into central neurons. Such changes may contribute to the neurological sequelae of thallium toxicosis.

Light scattering and electron microscopic exam of rat liver mitochrondria treated with the nitrate or acetate of monovalent thallium showed that the toxic effect of thallium on the mitochondria is associated with both its penetration into intramitochondrial space, with its interaction with mitochondrial membranes.

In the isolated phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm preparation from the rat, thallium acetate induced a dose dependent irreversible paralysis. From these results it is suggested that thallium interferes with synaptic transmission by presynaptically antagonizing calcium ion dependent processes.

For more Mechanism of Action (Complete) data for THALLIUM(I) ACETATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

BODY BURDEN AS % OF ADMIN DOSE WAS DETERMINED IN RATS FOLLOWING ADMIN OF (204)THALLIUM ... OVER A PERIOD OF 21 DAYS. BODY CLEARANCE /OCCURRED/ ... EXPONENTIALLY WITH HALFTIME 3.3 DAYS ... AT THE END OF 21 DAYS ... 1% OF ADMIN DOSE REMAINED. ... WITH BIOLOGICAL HALF-TIME OF 3.3 DAYS ... DAILY DOSING /GIVES/ AN EQUILIBRIUM ... @ 20 DAYS. /SOLUBLE THALLIUM SALTS/

The distribution of thallium among body organs and brain regions was investigated in male and female Wistar rats. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with a thallium acetate solution. The dose used was 16 mg/kg as thallium, half the median lethal dose for adult rodents. Rats were sacrificed from 0.125 to 3 days after dosing. Tissue thallium concentrations peaked at about 1 day and then began to decrease. Higher levels of thallium were found in testes, kidney and heart than were noted in brain and liver. The testes lost thallium more rapidly than the kidney and heart. Brain contained significantly lower levels of thallium than all other organs examined. No significant differences were noted in thallium concentration between the various brain regions. Peak concentration of thallium in the cortex was attained at 1 to 2 days after injection. All other organs reached their maximum concentration between 0.75 and 1 day. Thallium began to decrease at different rates, depending on the region. Rats ranging in age from newborn to 20 days old were injected with thallium; regional brain content in the cortex, hypothalamus and cerebellum was analyzed 1 day later. Rats did not show differences in the thallium contents in brain regions until 5 days after birth, when cortical concentration was less than that of the newborn.

In acute thallium poisoning, human brain areas densely populated with neurons were found to accumulate thallium more than other areas, and the gray matter contained higher thallium levels than nonneural tissues. /Soluble thallium cmpd/

Used as rodenticide, insecticide, fireworks dye, depilatory, and in optical glass; [Merck Index] Used in ore flotation and separation; [Hawley]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

HIGH SPECIFIC GRAVITY SOLN USED TO SEPARATE ORE CONSTITUENTS BY FLOTATION

MEDICATION

Acetic acid, thallium(1+) salt (1:1): ACTIVE

REACTS WITH IODINE AND AN ALKENE GIVING THE TRANS-IODOACETATE DERIVATIVES IN 90% YIELD