피로리돈 하이드로트리브로마이드

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 17(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2-pyrrolidone is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2-pyrrolidone from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.06X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(3). 2-Pyrrolidone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9.49X10-3 mm Hg(4).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 17(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2-pyrrolidone is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.06X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(4,SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(3,SRC), from a log Kow of -0.85(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-pyrrolidone, which has a vapor pressure of 9.49X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-pyrrolidone is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 28 hrs(SRC) calculated from its rate constant of 1.35X10-11 cu cm/molecule sec(SRC), determined using a structure estimation method(3).

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Pain. Redness. Blurred vision.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for 2-pyrrolidone can be estimated to be about 17(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2-pyrrolidone is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

Samples of adult lake trout or walleye collected in 1977 from each of the Great Lakes and Lake St. Clair with each sampling site consisting of 20 large fish composited into one sample; 2-pyrrolidone was detected in trout from Lake Michigan, concentration not specified(1).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for 2-pyrrolidone(SRC), using a log Kow of -0.85(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

The Henry's Law constant for 2-pyrrolidone is estimated as 1.06X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its vapor pressure, 9.49X10-3 mm Hg(1), and miscibility in water(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2-pyrrolidone is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). 2-Pyrrolidone's estimated Henry's Law constant(1,2) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces will not occur(SRC). 2-Pyrrolidone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9.49X10-3 mm Hg(1).

PYRROLIDONE ADMINISTERED BY GASTRIC GAVAGE TO RATS SHOWED LD100, LD50, & MAXIMUM TOLERABLE DOSES OF 10, 7.3 & 4 G/KG, RESPECTIVELY. TOPICAL APPLICATION TO THE EYES OF RABBITS CAUSED IRREVERSIBLE CLOUDING OF THE CORNEA.

NO EPILEPTOID ACTIVITY WAS OBTAINED WITH ADMIN OF 4-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID LACTAM (18 MMOL/KG, IP) IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS. THE EEG WAS DESYNCHRONIZED.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A VARIETY OF AMIDE-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS WERE STUDIED TO DETERMINE THE STRUCTURAL FEATURES REQUIRED FOR INDUCTION OF LEUKEMIA CELL DIFFERENTIATION. SUBSTITUED AMIDES WERE EFFECTIVE INDUCERS OF THE DIFFERENTIATION OF MURINE ERYTHROLEUKEMIA (FRIEND) CELLS, AS JUDGED BY THE CELLULAR ACCUMULATION OF HB. ERYTHROID DIFFERENTIATION WAS ASSESSED BY MEASURING THE PERCENTAGE OF BENZIDINE-POSITIVE (IE, HEMOGLOBIN-CONTAINING) CELLS. 2-PYRROLIDONE EXERTED A HIGH INDUCTION (89% BENZIDINE-POSITIVE CELLS) AT A CONCN OF 100 MMOL AFTER 6 DAYS OF CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE.

THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS POLAR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ON THE OVERALL TRANSCRIPTION OF CHROMATIN FROM FRIEND-VIRUS-INFESTED ERYTHROLEUKEMIA CELLS WITH E COLI RNA POLYMERASE WAS INVESTIGATED. ALL OF THE COMPOUNDS, INCLUDING 2-PYRROLIDONE, WERE FOUND TO STIMULATE TRANSCRIPTION & INDUCE HEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS IN FRIEND CELLS. THE OVERALL TRANSCRIPTION INCREASED BY A FACTOR OF 1.3 AT A 230 MMOL CONCN OF 2-PYRROLIDONE.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2-PYRROLIDONE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-pyrrolidone with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.35X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1 day at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the reaction of 2-pyrrolidone with the hydroxyl radical in aqueous solution is 2.2X10+9 l/mol sec(2) with a half life of 1 year(SRC) assuming a hydroxyl radical concentration of 1X10-17 mol/l(3). 2-Pyrrolidone is not expected to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1,215 workers (259 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 2-pyrrolidone in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 2-pyrrolidone may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where pyrrolidone is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to pyrrolidone via ingestion of fish(2) and drinking water(3).

Used as an intermediate in the manufacture of polyvinylpyrrolidone and polypyrrolidone (a polymer, formed in presence of alkaline catalysts); as high-boiling solvent in petroleum processing and acrylonitrile manufacture; in specialty printers inks; as an industrial solvent for polymers, chlordane, DDT, sorbitol, glycerol, iodine, and sugars; as plasticizer and coalescing agent for acrylic-styrene emulsion-type floor polishes; as a chemical intermediate for n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and nylon 4 fibers; as a monomer for copolymers with vinyl compounds; as constituent of pharmaceutical preparations; for polyhydroxylic alcohols and ethyl acetate; [HSDB]

Intermediate in mfr of polyvinylpyrrolidone & polypyrrolidone (polymer, formed in presence of alkaline catalysts); used as high-boiling solvent in petroleum processing, acrylonitrile mfr; in specialty printers inks; industrial solvent for polymers, Chlordane, DDT, sorbitol, glycerol, iodine, sugars; as plasticizer & coalescing agent for acrylic-styrene emulsion-type floor polishes

CHEM INT FOR N-VINYL-2-PYRROLIDONE; CHEM INT FOR NYLON 4 FIBERS; SOLVENT; MONOMER FOR COPOLYMERS WITH VINYL COMPOUNDS

USED AS CONSTITUENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS

Polyhydroxylic alcohols and ethyl acetate.

(1972) 6.22X10+7 GRAMS

(1975) 3.23X10+7 GRAMS

2023: 40,000,000 - <55,000,000 lb

(1972) 7.7X10+9 GRAMS

REACTION OF GAMMA-BUTYROLACTONE AND AMMONIA

From acetylene & formaldehyde by high-pressure synth.

Prepd on large scale from butyrolactone by Reppe process.

Printing Ink Manufacturing

2-Pyrrolidinone: ACTIVE