Beta-Pinene

log Kow = 4.16

4.43

CHARACTERISTIC TURPENTINE ODOR; DRY, WOODY OR RESINOUS AROMA

PINEY, TURPENTINE-LIKE ODOR

Terpene odor

0.860 at 25 °C

0.867-0.871

0.86

INSOL IN WATER; SOL IN ALC, ETHER, BENZENE, & OTHER SOLVENTS; VERY SOL IN CHLOROFORM /D- & L-ISOMER/

ALMOST INSOL IN PROPYLENE GLYCOL

Soluble in benzene, ethanol and ethyl ether

Soluble in alcohol and chloroform

Insoluble in water; soluble in oils

Insoluble (in ethanol)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.1% (3 of 2276) of reports.

Danger

H226 (99.7%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P321, P331, P332+P317, P333+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2276 reports by companies from 38 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Danger

Chemical: Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene-

Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 (amended)

Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene-: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

Turpentine and the monoterpenes (alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, 3-carene) are skin and mucous membrane irritants, and in high concentrations, are central nervous system (CNS) depressants. A dermal sensitizer; [ACGIH] A skin and mucous membrane irritant; Absorption of large doses may cause delirium, ataxia, and injury to the kidneys; [HSDB] A skin and mucous membrane irritant; Can be absorbed through skin; May cause kidney damage and CNS effects; [MSDSonline] See Turpentine. See TERPENES.

Beta-Pinene is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice, and 2) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part.

The Flavor and Fragrance High Production Volume Consortia; Revised Robust Summaries for Bicyclic Terpene Hydrocarbons Submitted to the EPA under the HPV Challenge Program. 202 pp. (November 9, 2006). Available from a search of http://www.epa.gov/chemrtk/pubs/summaries/bictrphy/c13610tc.htm as of October 8, 2008

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substances may be transported hot. /alpha-Pinene/

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /alpha-Pinene/

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /alpha-Pinene/

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /alpha-Pinene/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for BETA-PINENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Flam. Liq. 3 (99.7%)

Aspiration hazard - category 1

Flammable liquids - Category 3

Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin... /(-)-Beta-pinene/

...Irritant to skin and mucous membranes

EXTINGUISHING MEDIA. Suitable: For small (incipient) fires, use media such as "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. For large fires, apply water from as far as possible. Use very large quantities (flooding) of water applied as a mist or spray; solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. /(-)-Beta-pinene/

FIREFIGHTING. Protective Equipment: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and protective clothing to prevent contact with skin and eyes. Specific Hazard(s): Flammable liquid. Emits toxic fumes under fire conditions. Specific Method(s) of Fire Fighting: Use water spray to cool fire-exposed containers. /(-)-Beta-pinene/

If material on fire or involved in fire: If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped or safely confined. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Pinene/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Observe all federal, state, and local environmental regulations. /(-)-Beta pinene/

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Do not breathe vapor. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing. Avoid prolonged or repeated exposure. /(-)-Beta pinene/

Wash thoroughly after handling. Wash contaminated clothing before reuse. /(-)-Beta pinene/

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Pinene/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for BETA-PINENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Beta-Pinene is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice, and 2) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part.

20.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 20 ppm

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

20 ppm [2001]

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT Respiratory: Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU). Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Hand: Compatible chemical-resistant gloves. Eye: Chemical safety goggles. /(-)-Beta pinene/

ENGINEERING CONTROLS. Safety shower and eye bath. Use nonsparking tools. Mechanical exhaust required.

LC50; Species: Green algae; Concentration: 1.44 mg/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20.1 °C, pH 7.90 + or -0.05, oxygen concentration 8.2 mg/mL; Concentration: 1.25 mg/L for 48 hr /99% pure 1S(-)-isover. Measured purity 97%/

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout, age 1-4 days); Conditions: freshwater, flow through, 10-11 °C, pH 8.2, hardness 100 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 90%; Concentration: 1400 ug/L for 60 days /99% purity/

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout, age 1-7 days); Conditions: freshwater, flow through, 10-11 °C, pH 8.2, hardness 100 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 90%; Concentration: 930 ug/L for 60 days (95% confidence interval: 820-1000 ug/L) /99% purity/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Conditions: freshwater, semi-static, 24.2 °C, pH 7.60 + or -0.1, oxygen concentration 6.6 mg/mL; Concentration: 0.50 mg/L for 96 hr /99% pure 1S(-)-isover. Measured purity 97%/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 4,400(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 4.16(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that beta-pinene is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of beta-pinene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.16 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). beta-Pinene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2.93 mm Hg(5). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2008). However, by analogy to alpha-pinene which reached 95% of its theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(6), biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process for beta-pinene in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 4,400(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 4.16(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that beta-pinene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.16 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 5 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 340 days if adsorption is considered(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 320(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). beta-Pinene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2008). However, by analogy to alpha-pinene which reached 95% of its theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(8), biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process for beta-pinene in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), beta-pinene, which has a vapor pressure of 2.93 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase beta-pinene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.9 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.89X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of beta-pinene with ozone has been estimated as 1.2X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 23 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(4). beta-Pinene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

beta-Pinene was detected in the aromas of 20 out of 26 and 19 out of 63 fresh wild mushrooms by dynamic headspace concentration and solvent extraction, respectively(1). A purge and trap gas chromatogram technique revealed a 0.0015 ppm beta-pinene concentration in fresh grapefruit juice(2). beta-Pinene was identified as one of the flavor compounds in tea derived from fresh pine sprouts or pine needles harvested from Korean red pine trees (Pinus densiflora Sieb. Et Zucc.) in May-June 1995(3). The compound was identified as a volatile odor compound from 30%, 12% and 5% of total emmsions from fat frankfurters at mean concentrations of 3,330, 3,570 and 5,060 relative peak areas (1 ng of bromobenzene = 100), respectively(4).

beta-Pinene emissions from Loblolly Pine, Shortleaf Pine, Sweet Gum, Elm, Cypress, Maple and Red oak located in the forested areas near Baton Rouge, LA were 2600, 5400, 1400-3300, 510, 380, 4500, and 20 ug/kg-foliage/hr, respectively(1). Hydrocarbon emission rates for beta-pinene from 3 spruce species, Picea glauca, P. abies, and P. pungens, at 30 °C were 0.19, 0.43 and 0.12 ug C/g-hr, respectively, at 1000 umol-sq m/sec photosynthetically active radiation(2). The Mediterranean oak species Quercus ilex L. emits monoterpenes of which 22.92% is beta-pinene(3). Levels above a Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) forest at Oshiba plateau, Nagano Prefecture, Japan were measured from May to November 2000; maximum monthly concentrations reported were 50, 100, 60, 20 and 92 parts per trillion volume in May, June, August, September and October, respectively(4). beta-Pinene exhibited seasonal emission variations in Australian Eucalyptus globulus trees sampled under natural growing conditions from June 1996 to May 1997. Monthly average relative proportions were beginning with May and sampled for the following 11 months were: 83; 79; 95; 83; 80; 98; 74; 81; 82; 78; 67; 81%(5). Sampling was conducted in the Scandanavian boreal zone in Asa Research Park, Sweden and Mekrijarvi Research Station, Finland in the spring and summer of 1997; relative percent composition for beta-pinene from Scots pine at Asa and Mekrijarvi were 2 and 4%, respectively(6). beta-Pinene was detected, not quantified in ambient air around Pinus halepensis trees located in Bab-Ezzouar, a suburb of Algiers(7). The compound was identified at a relative abundance of between 1 and 10% of total identified peaks in emissions from leaves of Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus salgina and Eucalyptus citriodora(8).

An emission source profile was constructed based on data obtained from the Cassiar tunnel of Cairo, Egypt which revealed a 0.49% by weight concentration of beta-pinene in roadway emissions and 0.30% by weight in motorcycle emissions(1). Emissions of 0.36 and 0.77% by weight beta-pinene were obtained from regular and high grade whole gasoline emissions, respectively(1). The compound was detected, not quantified in emissions from a composting facility in Joyceville, Ontario, Canada(2). beta-Pinene emissions from the Fresh Kills Landfill in Staten Island, NY ranged from 0.2-0.7%(3).

beta-Pinene has been identified as a volatile organic ingredient of wood-based furniture with its possible source being an ecological coating system based on natural resins, nitrocellulose, and/or softwood construction(1). Building materials when humidified can support microbial growth of mold fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes and basdiomycetes which can produce metabolites such as beta-pinene(2).

beta-Pinene was identified in emissions from food preparation sites in Mexico City(1). There are more than 30,000 registered places where food is cooked and more than 2,500 sidewalk meal vendors; there are no control mechanisms to reduce emissions from these sources. Sampling was conducted from March 20-31, 1998. beta-Pinene concentrations were 0.37, 0.04, 0.58, 0.28 and 0 ppb C% ot total emissions from restaurants using charcoal grills, tortillerias, rotisseries, food frying places and restaurants using LP gas stoves, respectively(1). Mean concentrations of beta-pinene in residential wood combustion emissions using softwood and hardwood from Denver, CO were determined; emissions from a fireplace were 48.77 and 2.81 mg/kg, respectively; emission from a wood stove using hard wood was 15.37 mg/kg(2).

The Koc of beta-pinene is estimated as 4,400(SRC), using a log Kow of 4.16(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that beta-pinene is expected to have slight mobility in soil.

THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF A SARDINIAN SAMPLE OF MYRTUS COMMUNIS WAS EXAMINED BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY (GLC-MS); 22 PEAKS WERE SEPARATED, FOR WHICH THE MASS SPECTRA ARE SHOWN, TOGETHER WITH THE RETENTION TIMES, THE AREAS OF THE PEAKS, & PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION. THE TERPENE CONTENT WAS VERY HIGH; ALPHA-PINENE & BETA-PINENE CONSTITUTED 52.43% & 0.68%, RESPECTIVELY, OF THE OIL.

USUALLY OCCURRING TOGETHER WITH ALPHA-PINENE BUT IN SMALLER AMT. THE D- & L-FORMS ARE REPORTED FOUND IN THE ESSENTIAL OILS OF VARIOUS ARTEMISIAE & SEVERAL CUPRESSACEAE, IN CORIANDER & CUMIN. THE L-FORM IS A CONSTITUENT OF SEVERAL CITRUS OILS.

THE MONOTERPENE HYDROCARBON FRACTION REPRESENTING 70.4% OF PINUS PUMILIO OIL WAS REPORTED...TO CONTAIN D-LIMONENE (42.1%), ALPHA-PINENE (18.4%), DELTA-CARENE (11.5%), BETA-PINENE (8.1%), BETA-PHELLANDRENE (8.0%), CAMPHENE (4.3%), MYRCENE (3.6%) & SMALLER AMT OF ALPHA-, & GAMMA-TERPINENE, P-CYMENE, TERPINOLENE & ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE.

THE MONOTERPENE HYDROCARBON FRACTION REPRESENTING 68.9% OF PINUS SYLVESTRIS OIL WAS REPORTED...TO CONTAIN ALPHA-PINENE (65.8%), DELTA-CARENE (11.1%), BETA-PINENE (9.5%), D-LIMONENE (4.1%), MYRCENE (3.6%), CAMPHENE (2.9%), BETA-PHELLANDRENE (1.2%) & SMALLER AMT OF TERPINOLENE, OCIMENE, SABINENE & GAMMA-TERPINENE.

beta-Pinene is a natural hydrocarbon emission product from softwood and some hardwood trees(SRC), in particular spruce species, Pinus glauca, P. abies and P. pungens(1), and eucalyptus species Eucalyptus dunnii, E. salgina and E. citriodora(2). The Mediterranean oak species Quercus ilex L. emits monoterpenes of which 22.92% is beta-pinene(3).

PLANT SPECIES RELEASE APPRECIABLE QUANTITIES OF VOLATILE ORGANIC SUBSTANCES TO THE ATMOSPHERE. THE MAJOR COMPD EMITTED ARE MONOTERPENES LIKE ALPHA-PINENE, BETA-PINENE, & LIMONENE & THE HEMITERPENE ISOPRENE.

INDOOR: beta-Pinene in indoor air was detected in buildings 1 (first floor), 2 (fourth floor) and 3 (exhaust) at concentrations of 7.9, 5.5, and 3.3 ug/m cu, respectively(1). Geometric mean concentrations of beta-pinene in four manufactured and seven site-built homes located in Florida ranged from 1.5 to 10.6 ppb and 5.9 to 26.3 ppb, respectively(2).

RURAL/REMOTE: The ambient air over the Borden Forest in Ontario, Canada during the leafless period was found to contain 0.01 ppbv beta-pinene(1). beta-Pinene concentrations from the forest ground and canopy in Whitaker's Forest, in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California ranged from 0.47-2.0 and 1.1-6.8 ug/m-cu, respectively(2). GC-MS analysis of forest air from Eggegebirge, North Rhine-Westfalia, West Germany verified beta-pinene presence in the ambient air(3). Air samples from a Scots Pine forest located in Jadraas, Central Sweden contained measured beta-pinene concentrations in the range of 0.1-<0.5 ppbv(4). Average beta-pinene concentrations in ambient air from four sites in southern Taiwan sampled in December 1998 and May 1999 were: not reported, Shua-Hua; not reported, May-Nung; 4 ug/cu m, Ping-Ting; and not reported, Chao-Chou(5).

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Eight male volunteers were exposed to 450 mg/cu m turpentine by inhalation (2 hr, 50 W) in an exposure chamber. ...The mean relative uptakes of alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and 3-carene were 62%, 66%, and 68% respectively, of the amount supplied. ... After experimental exposure to turpentine an increase in airway resistance was found that differed significantly from results of exposure to 3-carene at 10 mg/cu m (P = 0.021) or 450 mg/cu m (P = 0.047). ... ... Acute effects show small, if any, interactions between alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and 3-carene. The subjects experienced discomfort in the throat and airways during exposure to turpentine and airway resistance was increased after the end of exposure.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Absorption of large doses may result in delirium, ataxia, & kidney damage. Inhalation may cause palpitation, dizziness, nervous disturbances, chest pain, bronchitis, and nephritis. /Pinene/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. May cause sensitization by skin contact. Harmful: may cause lung damage if swallowed. /(-)-Beta-pinene/

/CASE REPORTS/ A patient attempting suicide ingested 400-500 mL pine oil and was admitted to the clinic. Since more than the lethal dose had been ingested hemoperfusions with activated charcoal and amberlite and a hemodialysis were performed. The composition of the ingested pine oil was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Four monoterpenes were identified: 57% alpha-pinene, 8% beta-pinene, 26% carene, 6% limonene and 3% other hydrocarbons. The blood and urine monoterpene concentrations were continuously monitored. The data suggest that monoterpenes are poorly resorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. The resorbed portion of the hydrocarbons cumulates in the lipophilic body compartments and is slowly metabolized and then excreted by the kidneys. The main metabolic pathways are hydration, hydroxylation, rearrangement, and acetylation. Five metabolites were identified.

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ ... To study work exposure and respiratory symptoms in New Zealand plywood mill workers ... personal inhalable dust (n = 57), bacterial endotoxin (n = 20), abietic acid (n = 20), terpene (n = 20) and formaldehyde (n = 22) measurements were taken and a respiratory health questionnaire was administered to 112 ... workers. ... Twenty-six percent of the dust exposures exceeded 1 mg/cu m, however, none of the samples exceeded the legal limit of 5 mg/cu m (geometric mean (GM) = 0.7 mg/m(3), geometric standard deviation (GSD) = 1.9). Workers in the composer area (where broken sheets are joined together) were significantly (P < 0.01) more highly exposed. Endotoxin levels were low to moderate (GM = 23.0 EU/cu m, GSD = 2.8). Abietic acid levels ranged from 0.3 to 2.4 ug/cu m (GM = 0.7 ug/cu m, GSD = 1.8) and were significantly (P < 0.05) higher for workers in the composer area of the process. Geometric mean levels of alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and Delta(3)-carene were 1.0 (GSD = 2.7), 1.5 (GSD = 2.8) and 0.1 (GSD = 1.4), respectively, and alpha-pinene and beta-pinene levels were significantly (P < 0.001) higher for workers in the 'green end' of the process, up to and including the veneer dryers. Formaldehyde levels ranged from 0.01 to 0.74 mg/cu m (GM = 0.08 mg/cu m (= 0.06 ppm), GSD = 3.0). Asthma symptoms were more common in plywood mill workers (20.5%, n = 112) than in the general population (12.8%, n = 415, adjusted OR (95% CI) = 1.5 (0.9-2.8)). Asthma symptoms were associated with duration of employment and were reported to lessen or disappear during holidays. No clear association with any of the measured exposures was found, with the exception of formaldehyde, where workers with high exposure reported more asthma symptoms (36.4%) than low exposed workers (7.9%, adjusted OR (95% CI) = 4.3 (0.7-27.7))...

Beta-Pinene is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice, and 2) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part.

The biotransformation of (+)-, (-)-, and (+-)-alpha-pinenes, (-)-beta-pinene (nopinene), (-)-cis-pinane, (+)-3-carene, (-)-cis-carane, myrcene, and p-cymene in rabbits was investigated. The major metabolites were as follows: (-)-trans-verbenol from (+)-, (-)-, and (+/-)-alpha-pinenes; (-)-10-pinanol and (-)-1-p-menthene-7,8-diol from (-)-beta-pinene; (-)-alpha-terpineol and (-)-trans-sobrerol from (-)-cis-pinane; (-)-m-mentha-4,6-dien-8-ol, 3-caren-9-ol, (-)-3-carene-9-carboxylic acid, and 3-carene-9,10-dicarboxylic acid from (+)-3-carene; carane-9,10-dicarboxylic acid from (-)-cis-carane; and myrcene-3(10)-glycol, myrcene-1,2-glycol, uroterpenol, and p-cymene-9-carboxylic acid from p-cymene. These metabolisms include allylic oxidation, epoxidation, stereoselective gem-dimethyl hydroxylation and its oxidation, cleavage of a conjugated double bond by epoxidation, and regioselective oxidation, some of which are not found usually in chemical reactions, and due to which various new compounds were determined. This biotransformation of the monoterpene hydrocarbons gave some insect pheromones in high yield.

Pinene is easily absorbed through the pulmonary system, the skin, and the intestine. /Pinene/

Following immersion of young pigs & one human subject for 30 minutes in baths containing 150 mL of a pine-oil mixture (Fichtennadel-Latschenkieferol Kneipp) in 450 L of water, alpha- & beta-pinene & limonene (components of Latschenkieferol) were detected in exhaled air within 20 minutes reaching maximum levels 50-75 minutes after start of the bath & remaining detectable after 1 day.

Used as a monomer for terpene resins, a substitute for alpha pinene and a chemical intermediate for fragrances and flavorings; [HSDB] A major constituent of turpentine along with alpha-Pinene and 3-Carene; [ACGIH]

Painting (Solvents) [Category: Paint]

MONOMER FOR TERPENE RESINS-EG, FOR HOT MELT ADHESIVES

CHEM INT FOR FRAGRANCES, EG, MYCENE, GERANIOL & LINALOOL

FLAVORING AGENT FOR ICE CREAM & ICES, CANDY & BAKED GOODS

Polyterpene resins, substitute for alpha pinene, intermediate for perfumes and flavorings.

2023: 10,000,000 - <25,000,000 lb

(1979) 2.15X10+10 GRAMS

(1981) 2.04X10+10 GRAMS

beta-Pinene is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#5458]

Isolated from American terpentine; also by conversion from alpha-pinene

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF TURPENTINE; ISOMERIZATION OF ALPHA-PINENE

Isolation of the d-form from Ferula galbaniflua Boiss. et Buhse, Umbelliferae

Derived from sulfate wood turpentine

beta-Pinene is produced in large quantities by distillation of turpentine oils.

Fragrance Ingredients

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavoring Agents -> JECFA Flavorings Index

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing

Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 6,6-dimethyl-2-methylene-: ACTIVE

Alcoholic beverages 9.64 ppm; Gelatins, puddings 9.77 ppm; Non-alcoholic beverages 11.24 ppm; Chewing gum 17.24 ppm; Condiments, relishes 20.00 ppm; Frozen dairy 20.12 ppm; Hard Candy 14.90 ppm; Meat products 8.81 ppm; Soft candy 20.34 ppm; Baked goods 26.12 ppm.

Flavors useful in: Spice flavors (nutmeg), citrus imitations

Irreversible isomerization of beta-pinene to alpha-pinene occurs on shaking with platinum black saturated with hydrogen