과탄산 나트륨

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

In case of fire in the surroundings: water in large amounts, water spray. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact of the substance with water.

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

General First Aid:

Personnel protection: ... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Flood with water. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable - consider evacuation of one-half (1/2) mile radius.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Special protective equipment for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary. ... Further information: Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

When stored under cool, dry conditions, the rate of active oxygen loss is less than 0.3% (relative) per month. However, even in the presence of stabilizers, it is much more sensitive to higher temperatures and moisture than sodium perborate. Uncoated sodium percarbonate loses 82-86% of the active oxygen within 10 days at a relative humidity of 96% and a temperature of 30 °C, whereas sodium perborates loses < 2%.

Personal precautions: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Sweep up and shovel. Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wetbrushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered dry, plastic containers. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

AQUATIC FATE: In the presence of water, the granulaes or crystals of sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate are dissolved and transformed into hydrogen peroxide and sodium carbonate. Upon contact the hydrogen perxide oxidizes its target, then breaks down into water and oxygen, neither of which engender toxicological concern.

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision.

Sore throat. Burning sensation. Abdominal pain.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A human patch (skin irritation) test with sodium percarbonate was performed using 26 human volunteers and exposing them for 15, 30 or 60 minutes through to 2, 3 and 4 hours. Only one out of 26 volunteers (4%) was considered to have demonstrated a "positive" irritant reaction.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ A skin irritation study was conducted with 6 New Zealand White rabbits ... .. Sodium percarbonate (0.5 g) was moistened with physiological saline (0.9 %) and the rabbits were exposed for 4 hours under semi-occluded conditions. The scoring system for erythema and edema was done according to the Draize method (highest score of 4) and examinations were made at 0.5, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours and days 7 and 14 after patch removal. Sodium percarbonate resulted in slight to moderate erythema and edema reactions. The highest erythema and edema score was 2 and this score was observed up to 7 days after patch removal. No reaction was discernible anymore after 14 days.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ A single dose of 2000 mg/kg bw sodium percarbonate was administered to the intact skin of 10 New Zealand White rabbits ... . The rabbits were exposed to the test substance for 24 hours under occluded conditions. No mortality and no treatment-related overt systemic toxicity were observed during the study and therefore the LD50 in rabbits was > 2000 mg/kg bw. The level of dermal irritation was severe. No other macroscopic findings were observed at necropsy.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ A total number of 130 female and male mice were dosed with a solution of 4 % sodium percarbonate in water at dose levels of 1500 - 3040 mg/kg bw. The LD50 value was 2050 mg/kg for the males and 2200 mg/kg for the females. Observed effects were decreased activity, swollen abdomen, diarrhoea, unspecified "behavioural symptoms". At necropsy, dead animals presented a slight degree of congestion or blood spots in the stomach mucosa, and blood was mixed with the stomach contents. Furthermore distension of the gastro-intestinal tract was observed and, in high-dose animals that died, slight congestion of the brain and lungs was found.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Rats were dosed with sodium percarbonate, as a 10% suspension in maize oil, at dose levels of 1000, 1700, 2900 and 5000 mg/kg bw. ... A total number of 24 rats was used in this study (3/sex/dose) and the observation period was 14 days. The LD50 was 2000 mg/kg bw and the clinical signs of the surviving animals were raised hair, incontinence, dehydration and atrophy of the testes (further details of clinical signs not available). Necropsy findings indicated that an effect was present in the stomach. Inflammation and necrosis were observed. Death was always found to be associated with the stomach and intestine being enlarged and filled with gas.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Sodium percarbonate (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of sodium percarbonate is 100 to 999; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1,348 workers (570 of these were female) were potentially exposed to sodium percarbonate in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to sodium percarbonate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where sodium percarbonate is produced or used(SRC). General population exposure to sodium percarbonate is negligible because of the instability of the granular product when used according to label directions(2).

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Oxidizers/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Do not attempt to neutralize because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Oxidizers/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first sign of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Oxidizers/

Emergency and supportive measures. 1. In patients who have ingested concentrated solutions, monitor the airway for swelling and intubate if necessary. 2. consult a gastroenterologist for possible endoscopy after ingestions of corrosive agents such as concentrated hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate. Most ingestions are benign, and mild irritation is self-limited. ... /Antiseptics and disinfectants/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for Sodium percarbonate (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50 Rat inhalation >4.58 mg/L/1 hour

LD50 Dog 300 mg/kg body weight

LD50 Rat oral 2000 mg/kg body weight

LD50 Mouse (male) oral 2050 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Sodium percarbonate (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Section 3(c)(5) of FIFRA provides for the registration of new active ingredients if it is determined that (A) its composition is such as to warrant the proposed claims for it; (B) its labeling and other materials required to be submitted comply with the requirements of FIFRA; (C) it will perform its intended function without unreasonable adverse effects on the environment; and (D) when used in accordance with widespread and commonly recognized practice it will not generally cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment. To satisfy criteria "A"above, Sodium Carbonate Peroxyhydrate is not expected to cause unreasonable adverse effects when used according to label instructions. Criteria "B" is satisfied by the current label and by the data presented in this document. It is believed that this new pesticidal active ingredient will not cause any unreasonable adverse effects, and is likely to provide protection as claimed, satisfying Criteria "C." Criteria "D"is satisfied in that the toxicological properties of this product are less toxic than other conventional pesticide products currently in use for this target pest. Therefore, Sodium Carbonate Peroxyhydrate is eligible for registration.