Bromophos

Sol on most organic solvents such as diethyl ether; slightly sol in low molecular weight alcohols.

Water solubility: 40 mg/l at 25 °C

Soluble in carbon tetrachloride, ether, and toluene.

In acetone 1090, dichloromethane 1120, xylene 900, methanol 100 (all in g/l at 20 °C).

In water, 0.65 mg/l @ 20 °C

0.00013 [mmHg]

1.3X10-4 mm Hg @ 20 °C

Stable in solution up to pH 9. Slowly hydrolyzed in aqueous alkaline media.

This compound is 50% hydrolyzed at pH 13 and 22 °C in 3.5 hours.

1982；2003；1990.8；1985.1；1996.8；1984.3；1982；1985.7；2008.5

2026；2003.6；1999.2；1994.4；1993.3；2012；2001.9

157.19 Ų [M+H]+

157.19 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: GC-APCI+]

Warning

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]；H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]；H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P264, P270, P273, P301+P317, P330, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Warning

Depressed plasma cholinesterase was the only clinical effect found in applicators in a village in Africa; Shown to inhibit cholinesterase activity in high-dose feeding and dermal animal studies; Effects in a 100 day high-dose feeding study with rats include slow growth rates and minor degenerative damage to kidneys and liver; [HSDB] The average of two baseline respective cholinesterase activity determinations three days apart, with no exposures to enzyme inhibiting pesticides for at least 30 days, is recommended for each worker prior to exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors because of large inter-individual differences in published baseline values. To be established at least once a year. Removal from workplace exposures is recommended until the cholinesterase activity returns to within 20% of baseline. [TLVs and BEIs]

Acute Tox. 4 (100%)；Aquatic Acute 1 (100%)；Aquatic Chronic 1 (100%)

Acute toxicity - category 4；Hazardous to the aquatic environment (acute) - category 1；Hazardous to the aquatic environment (chronic) - category 1

Acute Tox. 4 *；Aquatic Acute 1；Aquatic Chronic 1

49 216 74; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (insecticides, other than agricultural, NEC)

49 216 75; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (agricultural insecticides, NEC, liquid)

49 105 44; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (insecticides, other than agricultural, NEC)

49 105 45; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (agricultural insecticides, NEC, liquid)

49 216 76; Organophosphorus pesticide, solid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (insecticides, other than agricultural, NEC)

49 216 77; Organophosphorus pesticide, solid, not otherwise specified (compounds and preparations) (agricultural insecticides, NEC, other than liquid)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

UN 2784; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic, flash point less than 23 °C

UN 3018; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic

UN 3017; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, toxic flammable, flashpoint between 23 °C and 61 °C

IMO 3.2; Organophosphorus pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic, flash point less than 23 °C

For more Shipping Name/ Number DOT/UN/NA/IMO (Complete) data for BROMOPHOS (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Acetylcholinesterase activity in red blood cells = 70% of individual's baseline; Butylcholinesterase activity in serum or plasma = 60% of individual's baseline; Sample at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

ANY MATERIAL SPILLED ON SKIN SHOULD BE IMMEDIATELY REMOVED WITH SOAP & WATER. WHEN SPRAYING & DUSTING...CONTAMINATED CLOTHING SHOULD BE CHANGED FREQUENTLY. /ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES/

CONTAINERS ... SHOULD BE CLEANED WITH A SUSPENSION OF BLEACHING POWDER IN WATER OR WITH OTHER ALKALINE SOLN AFTER SOAKING FOR 24 HR AND THEN BE RINSED WITH HOT WATER. /ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES/

THE STRICT OBSERVANCE OF HYGIENE RULES- NO SMOKING AND NO FOOD INTAKE DURING WORK, THOROUGH WASHING WITH SOAP AFTER WORK, CHANGING PROTECTIVE CLOTHING BEFORE GOING HOME- IS OF THE UTMOST IMPORTANCE. /ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES/

THE PROTECTIVE CLOTHING SHOULD BE KEPT IN SEPARATE PLACES WHERE IT CANNOT BE CONTAMINATED WITH TOXIC CHEMICALS. IT SHOULD BE FORBIDDEN TO KEEP THIS CLOTHING IN LIVING QUARTERS. PROTECTIVE CLOTHING MUST BE WASHED AT LEAST ONCE A WEEK AND EACH TIME IT IS CONTAMINATED WITH PESTICIDES. BEFORE WASHING THE CLOTHING SHOULD BE SOAKED FOR SEVERAL HOURS IN A CALCIUM CARBONATE SOLUTION. /PESTICIDES/

USE OF RUBBER GLOVES, GOGGLES, RESPIRATOR &...PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. /ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES/

WORKERS HANDLING AND APPLYING ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES ... MUST BE GIVEN PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT COMPRISING OVERALLS MADE OF A TIGHT FABRIC OR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, GLOVES AND RUBBER BOOTS. THEY MUST WEAR A RESPIRATOR WITH AN ACTIVATED-CARBON GAS FILTER CARTRIDGE AFFORDING PROTECTION FOR A DETERMINED NUMBER OF WORKING HOURS. THE EYES SHOULD BE PROTECTED BY GOGGLES. ... /ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES/

ANTICHOLINESTERASE (ORGANOPHOSPHORUS) INSECTICIDES ANTAGONIZE POLARIZING MUSCLE RELAXANTS. PHENOTHIAZINES /AND THIOXANTHENES/: ... MAY ENHANCE TOXIC EFFECTS OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES. /INSECTICIDES, ORGANOPHOSPHORUS/

A number of phosphorothionate (P = S) insecticides, including bromophos and fenitrothion, prevent trialkyl phosphorothiolate (P = O) induced lung toxicity and the resulting increase in lung weight normally observed at 3 days in the rat. Oxidative metabolism of phosphorothionates known to occur at the P = S moiety, with suicidal loss of p450, may then prevent oxidative activation of an S-methyl on the phosphorothiolates, the most likely site for production of a reactive intermediate capable of damaging the lung. Lung 7- ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase in rat is sensitive to concentrations of the phosphorothionates bromophos and fenitrothion at 5-25 times less than those causing loss of liver 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity and at doses 125-600 times less than their LD50s.

LC50 Guppy 0.5 mg/l

LC50 Rainbow trout 0.05-0.5 mg/l

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 16,000(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 5.21(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that bromophos is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of bromophos from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.5X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.3X10-4 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 0.65 mg/l(5); however, adsorption may attenuate this process(SRC). Bromophos is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). A first-order rate constant of 0.008 day-1, which corresponds to a half-life of 88.5 days, was reported for a biodegradation screening study utilizing a soil inoculum(6). The half-life of bromophos in soil under illumination by light greater than 290 nm was reported as 48.3 days, while that of a non-illuminated control was 80 days(7), which suggests that photolysis on soil surfaces is possible.

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 16,000(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 5.21(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that bromophos is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.5X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.3X10-4 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 0.65 mg/l(5); however, adsorption may attenuate this process. Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 8 hours and 10 days, respectively if adsorption is neglected(SRC). The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 1.6 years if adsorption is considered(6). Hydrolysis rate constants of 0.00576 day-1 (pH = 5), 0.0127 day-1 (pH = 7), and 0.438 day-1 were reported for bromophos, and correspond to half-lives of 167.5, 54.82 and 1.61 days, respectively(7). Biodegradation is expected to occur slowly based on screening studies in soil and activated sludge(8,9). Photolysis in sunlit surface waters may also be an important fate process for bromophos(SRC). The half-life of bromophos in seawater was 23 days when incubated in the absence of light and 2 days when exposed to natural sunlight at 22 °C (10). According to a classification scheme(11), BCF values of 39,800 and 44,670 measured in guppies(12), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), bromophos, which has a vapor pressure of 1.3X10-4 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase bromophos is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 hours(SRC), calculated from its estimated rate constant of 5.9X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C determined using a structure estimation method(3). The half-life of bromophos in rain water under illumination by light greater than 290 nm was reported as 1.5 days, while that of a non-illuminated control was 5.8 days(4).

Bromophos was detected in cabbage and broccoli from Rome, Italy at an average concn of 3.2 ug/kg(1). Bromophos was detected in 2.4% of parsley samples from Belgium at a max concn of 18.8 ppm and a mean concn of 0.194 ppm(2). Bromophos was detected in 1.1% of radish samples from Belgium at a max concn of 0.03 ppm and a mean concn of 0.005 ppm(2). Bromophos was detected in parsley from Belgium at a concn of greater than 5 ppm(3).

Workers handling & applying pesticides must undergo an annual medical examination at the beginning of each agricultural season. /SRP: Protect from exposure those individuals with/ organic diseases of the central nervous system, mental disorders & epilepsy, pronounced endocrine & vegetative disorders, pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchial asthma, chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases & circulatory disorders, gastrointestinal diseases (peptic ulcer), gastroenterocolitis, diseases of liver & kidneys, eye diseases (chronic conjunctivitis & keratitis). The blood cholinesterase activity must be determined before work starts. In the event of prolonged work periods, this activity should be determined at intervals of 3-4 days. Persons exhibiting a fall in cholinesterase activity of 25% or more must be transferred to other work where they are not exposed to organophosphorus pesticides until this activity is completely restored. Persons with initial signs of indisposition should cease work with pesticides. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

All the organophosphorus insecticides have a cumulative effect by progressive inhibition of cholinesterase ... /Organophosphorus insecticides/

The symptoms of chronic poisoning due to organophosphorus pesticides include headache, weakness, feeling of heaviness in head, decline of memory, quick onset of fatigue, disturbed sleep, loss of appetite, & loss of orientation. Psychic disorders, nystagmus, trembling of the hands & other nervous system disorders can be observed in certain cases. Sometimes neuritis, paresis & paralysis develop. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

Toxic effects may include anorexia, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, incontinence, eye changes, weakness, dyspnea, bronchospasm, lacrimation, increased salivation & sweating, bradycardia, hypotension or hypertension due to asphyxia, cyanosis, & muscular twitching of the eyelids, tongue, face, & neck, possibly progressing to convulsions. Central nervous system symptoms include restlessness, anxiety, dizziness, drowsiness, tremor, ataxia, depression, confusion, & coma. Death may occur from depression of the respiratory or cardiovascular system. Neuropathy appears to be a rare problem with the organophosphorus insecticides now in use. /Organophosphorus insecticides/

Organophosphate insecticides ... are potent cholinesterase enzyme inhibitors that act by interfering with the metabolism of acetylcholine, which results in accumulation of acetylcholine at neuroreceptor transmission sites. Exposure produces a broad spectrum of clinical effects indicative of massive overstimulation of the cholinergic system, including muscarinic effects (parasympathetic), nicotinic effects (sympathetic and motor), and CNS effects. These effects present clinically as feeling of headache, weakness, dizziness, blurred vision, psychosis, respiratory difficulty, paralysis, convulsions, and coma. Typical findings are given by the mnemonic "SLUD." which stands for salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation. A small percentage of patients may fail to demonstrate miosis, a classic diagnostic hallmark. Onset of clinical manifestation of organophosphate poisoning usually occurs within 12 hours of exposure. /Organophosphate insecticides/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BROMOPHOS (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A first-order rate constant of 0.008 day-1, which corresponds to a half-life of 88.5 days, was reported for a biodegradation screening study utilizing a soil inoculum(1). Bromophos was biodegraded 6.6, 25.7 and 33.1% over 3, 6 and 9 hour incubation periods, respectively with an activated sewage sludge(2).

Organophosphorus derivatives act by combining with and inactivating the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). ... The inactivation of cholinesterase by cholinesterase inhibitor pesticides allows the accumulation of large amounts of acetylcholine, with resultant widespread effects that may be ... separated into 4 categories: (1) Potentiation of postganglionic parasympathetic activity. ... (2) Persistent depolarization of skeletal muscle ... (3) Initial stimulation following depression of cells of central nervous system ... (4) Variable ganglionic stimulation or blockade ... /Cholinesterase inhibitor pesticides/

The main feature of the toxic mechanism of organophosphorus pesticides is inhibition of the esterase enzyme activity, in particular of cholinesterase, which plays an important physiological part. Organophosphorus pesticides can also indirectly interact with the biochemical receptors of acetylcholine. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

Non-systemic insecticide with contact and stomach action. Cholinesterase inhibitor.

Plasma & tissue enzymes are responsible for hydrolysis /of organophosphorus compounds/ to the corresponding phosphoric & phosphonic acids. However, oxidative enzymes are also involved in the metabolism of some organophosphorus compounds. /Anticholinesterase agents/

The organophosphorus anticholinesterase agents are hydrolyzed in the body by a group of enzymes known as A-esterases or paroxonase. The enzymes are found in plasma and in the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum & can hydrolyze a large number of organophosphorus compounds ... by splitting the anhydride, P-F, P-CN, or ester bond. /Anticholinesterase agents/

These chemicals are detoxified by cytochrome p450 mediated monooxygenases in the liver, but some metabolites are more toxic than parent cmpd. ... Metabolites usually are detected from 12 to 48 hr postexposure. /Organophosphate cmpd/

The detoxification of bromophos takes place at both the methyl and the phenyl phosphate bonds. Following dermal application to cows, bromophos could be detected in the blood at a concentration of about 0.01 ppm, but bromoxon was not detectable. The main metabolite in this species was desmethylbromophos, which was detected in concentrations of 0.4 to 0.7 ppm in both milk and blood. Following ingestion, guinea pigs excrete a substantial proportion of insecticidal material in their feces, either as the parent compound or as some unidentified, insecticidal metabolite.

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for BROMOPHOS (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Most organophosphate compounds are ... absorbed from skin, conjunctiva, gastrointestinal tract, & lung. /Organophosphate compounds/

The rate of dermal absorption /of organophosphorus pesticides/ may be ... influenced by the solvent used. /Organophosphorus pesticides/

... The organophosphorus insecticides are, in contrast to the chlorinated insecticides, rapidly metabolized & excreted and are not appreciably stored in body tissues. /Organophosphorus insecticides/

Many of the organophosphorus insecticides are excreted in the milk ... /Organophosphorus insecticides/

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for BROMOPHOS (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Used as an insecticide and acaricide for fruit, vegetables, field crops, ornamentals, forestry, stored products, public health (i.e. flies and mosquitoes), household use, animal houses, and animal dips; [HSDB]

No longer registered as a pesticide for use in the US; [HSDB]

Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

For Bromophos (USEPA/OPP PC Code 008076) there are 0 labels match./SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S./

Used as an insecticide and acaricide. /Former use/

Control of Diptera, Hemiptera, some Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and other insects in fruit, vegetables, field crops, ornamentals, and forestry. Also used for control of stored product insect pests; in public health for control of flies, mosquitoes, etc; as a household insecticide; for control of insects in animal houses; and as an animal dip. /former uses/

Trade Names: Cela S-1942, Brofene, Nexion, Brophene, Omexan.

Technical material is at least 90% pure.

Available as 25% and 40% emulsifiable concentrate, 25% wettable powders, 2% to 5% dust, 5% to 10% granules, 20% dips and 3% coarse powders.

Aerosol; seed treatment; cold fogging concentrate.

Emulsifiable concentrate (250 or 400 g ai/l), wettable powder (250 g/kg), dustable powder (20-50 g/kg), granules (50-100 g/kg), cold fogging concentrate (400 g/l), animal dip (200 g/l), coarse powder (30 g/kg).

Discontinued by Shell Agrar GmbH and Co KG

... Compatible with all pesticides except sulfur and organometal fungicides.

Material believed to be no longer manufactured, or marketed for crop protection use.