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Toxic Gases & Vapors -> Acid Halides

Corrosives

1.139 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.136 g/cu cm

1.144 @ 20°C

Hygroscopic liquid

Colorless liquid

88 °F (USCG, 1999)

31 °C

88 °F (31 °C) (Closed Cup)

Flash point: 27.8 °C (Tag open cup), 31.1 °C (Tag closed cup)

235 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

109.5 °C

109.5 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-112 °F (USCG, 1999)

Freezing point: -112 °F = -80 °C = 193 K

Danger

H226 (100%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P320, P321, P330, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 46 reports by companies from 5 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Danger

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

Toxic/poison by inhalation (TIH/PIH)

Toxic/poison by inhalation (TIH/PIH)

Chemical: Carbonochloridic acid, 2-propenyl ester

Status: Active Update: 09-01-2017 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/18728

Carbonochloridic acid, 2-propenyl ester: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: When heated to decomposition, emits highly toxic phosgene gas.

· HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.

· HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.

Vapor irritates eyes and respiratory tract. Contact with liquid causes eye and skin irritation, and ingestion irritates mouth and stomach. (USCG, 1999)

· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death.

· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death.

A skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritant; Causes severe burns and tearing; [HSDB] Highly toxic by inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption; [CAMEO] Toxic by inhalation; Harmful if swallowed; Causes burns; May cause chemical pneumonitis after inhalation of high concentrations; Causes fatty liver in animal experiments; [MSDSonline] See CHLOROFORMATES.

1722 155

1722 155

Acid halides, such as ALLYL CHLOROCARBONATE, are water reactive; some are violently reactive. They are incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, alcohols, amines, alkali. May react vigorously or explosively if mixed with diisopropyl ether or other ethers in the presence of trace amounts of metal salts [J. Haz. Mat., 1981, 4, 291].

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

INHALATION: remove from exposure; support respiration if necessary; call physician.

General First Aid:

General First Aid:

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

Use dry chemical, foam, carbon dioxide, or water spray. Water may be ineffective. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products.

Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame, consider evacuation of one-third (1/3) mile radius.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use "alcohol" foam or dry chemical dioxide. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Do not use water on material itself. If large quantities if combustibles are involved, use water in flooding quantities as spray and fog. Use water sprat to knock-down vapors.

Separate from acids, alkalies, amines, alcohols, oxidizing materials, water, & explosives. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Normally refrigerated. Outside or detached storage is preferred.

... Containers should not be exposed to direct sunlight. ... The storage temperature should be maintained below 10 °C and the product used as soon as possible.

If material not in fire and not involved in fire: Neutralize spilled material with crushed limestone, soda ash, or lime.

Eliminate all ignition sources. Keep water away from release. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use appropriate foam to blanket release & suppress vapors. Absorb in noncombustible material for proper disposal.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. Do not use water on material itself.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

Evacuation: If material leaking (not on fire) consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location and weather conditions.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 155 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Flammable / Water-Sensitive)]:

Immediate precautionary measure

Small spill:

Small spill:

Immediate precautionary measure

Small spill:

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 5(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that allyl chloroformate is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). However, allyl chloroformate hydrolyzes rapidly in water(3) to form allyl alcohol and chloroformic acid(4); therefore, hydrolysis in moist soils will attenuate or eliminate the importance of environmental leaching(SRC). Allyl chloroformate is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 20 mm Hg at 25 °C(3).

AQUATIC FATE: Hydrolysis is expected to be the dominant fate process because allyl chloroformate hydrolyzes rapidly in water(1) to form allyl alcohol, hydrogen chloride (HCl) and formic acid(1,2). Therefore, adsorption to sediment, volatilization from surface water and bioconcentration are not expected to be important fate processes(SRC). According to a classification scheme(3), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 0.98(4) and a regression-derived equation(4), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low even in the absence of hydrolysis(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), allyl chloroformate, which has a vapor pressure of 20 mm Hg at 25 °C(2) is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase allyl chloroformate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.78X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Vapor-phase allyl chloroformate is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 23 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.2X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of allyl chloroformate can be estimated to be 5(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that allyl chloroformate is expected to have very high mobility in soil. Allyl chloroformate hydrolyzes rapidly in water(3) to form allyl alcohol and chloroformic acid(4). Therefore, hydrolysis in moist soils will attenuate or eliminate the importance of environmental leaching(SRC).

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Vapor irritates eyes and respiratory tract. Contact with liquid causes eye and skin irritation, and ingestion irritates mouth and stomach. ... Fairly severe skin irritant. May cause pain and second-degree burns after few minutes of contact.

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for allyl chloroformate(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 0.98(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). In addition, allyl chloroformate hydrolyzes rapidly in water(3) to form allyl alcohol and chloroformic acid(4) indicating bioconcentration is not an important environmental fate process(SRC).

Allyl chloroformate hydrolyzes rapidly in water(1) to form allyl alcohol and chloroformic acid(2). Therefore, volatilization of allyl chloroformate from surface waters or moist soils is not expected to be an important fate process. Allyl chloroformate is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 20 mm Hg at 25 °C(1).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Groups of five male and five female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 33.7, 65.0, 77.7, 134.5, 175.7, or 233.3 ppm allyl chloroformate for 1 hour, followed by a 14-day observation period. Animals were exposed in a 200 liter stainless steel dynamic flow inhalation chamber. The aerosol was generated by aspirating the allyl chloroformate through a pressure operated spray nozzle. The concentrated aerosol was then diluted with dried, filtered air and drawn into the exposure chamber. Air flow was maintained through the use of a calibrated critical orifice, and airflow was recorded at 30 minute intervals during the exposure period. The concentration of allyl chloroformate in the exposure atmosphere was determined analytically at 30 and 60 minutes via gas chromatography. Clinical signs were noted in all exposure groups and included decreased activity, body tremors, constricted pupils, diarrhea, emaciation, epistaxis, gasping, lacrimation, nasal discharge piloerection, polyuria, ptosis, respiratory gurgle, and salivation. Nine of the ten rats exposed to 33.7 ppm gained weight over the 14 day observation period, and the tenth animal retained a constant weight. All eight of the rats exposed to higher concentrations and surviving the 14-day observation period lost weight. Gross necropsy findings included discoloration of the lungs, pulmonary edema, clear fluid in the thoracic cavity, gas distended gastrointestinal tract, and discoloration of gastrointestinal tract contents.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Allyl chloroformate was irritating to the skin and eyes of rabbits.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Allyl chloroformate increased the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow of rats exposed for 30 days at 1.23 mg/cu m air.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of allyl chloroformate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.78X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 14 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of allyl chloroformate with ozone has been estimated as 1.2X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(1) which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 23 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(1). Allyl chloroformate hydrolyzes in water to form allyl alcohol, hydrogen chloride and formic acid(2,3); the lower chloroformates, such as ethyl chloroformate, hydrolyze rapidly in water at room temperature(3).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of allyl chloroformate is 1 to 99; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

Occupational exposure to allyl chloroformate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where allyl chloroformate is produced or used. Monitoring data are not available to indicate where the general population may be exposed to allyl chloroformate. (SRC)

Allyl chloroformate's production and use as an intermediate in chemical synthesis may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 20 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates allyl chloroformate will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase allyl chloroformate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 hours. Vapor-phase allyl chloroformate will also be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 23 hours. If released to soil, allyl chloroformate is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 5. However, allyl chloroformate hydrolyzes rapidly in water to form allyl alcohol and chloroformic acid; therefore, hydrolysis in moist soils will attenuate or eliminate the importance of environmental leaching. Allyl chloroformate is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, hydrolysis is expected to be the dominant fate process. Due to rapid hydrolysis, adsorption to sediment, volatilization from surface water and bioconcentration are not expected to be important fate processes. Occupational exposure to allyl chloroformate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where allyl chloroformate is produced or used. Monitoring data are not available to indicate where the general population may be exposed to allyl chloroformate. (SRC)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Organic acids and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist respirations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Activated charcoal is not effective ... . Do not attempt to neutralize because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Organic acids and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first sign of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organic acids and related compounds/

Used as intermediates in synthesis of numerous compounds; [HSDB]

Most chloroformate production is used captively; chloroformates should be considered as intermediates for syntheses of pesticides, perfumes, drugs, foodstuffs, polymers, dyes, and other chemicals /Chloroformates/

Used as intermediates in synthesis of numerous compounds /Chloroformic esters/

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule.[Table#1742]

Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: Carbonochloridic acid, 2-propen-1-yl ester. Aggregated National Production Volume: < 500,000 lbs.

Prepared by the reaction of liquid anhydrous alcohol /allyl alcohol/ with molar excess of dry, chlorine-free phosgene at low temperature. /Low molecular weight alkyl chlorofomates/

The continuous procedure is the method of choice for the commercial production of aliphatic chloroformic esters. It can be carried out in either cocurrent or countercurrent flow. The required amounts of alcohol and phosgene can be passed in cocurrent flow into a circulation reactor, cascade vessel, or nozzle atomizer, or the components can react in the gas phase. The countercurrent method is carried out in a packed column because hydrogen chloride and excess phosgene then escape from the top of the column and the liquid ester collects at the bottom. A product of 99% purity can be obtained if the temperature in the reaction zone is maintained below 10 °C for the formation of the methyl ester or below 20 °C for the ethyl ester. Esters of alcohols with an intermediate chain length (C3-C8 ) are produced at 30-70 °C. Purity of 97-99% and a yield greater than 90% are achieved with esters of primary alcohols, whereas the more unstable esters of secondary and tertiary alcohols give 70-80% yields. /Chloroformic esters/

Typical specifications of commercial chloroformates: purity, 98%; phosgene, <0.1%, iron, <10 ppm; acidity as HCl, <0.1%; alcohol or phenol, <2% /Chloroformic esters/

Commercial products have concentrations of 97-99 wt% /Chloroformic esters/