Manganese

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

Urban Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) - EPA specified greatest potential health threat in urban areas

Metals -> Manganese Compounds, Inorganic

Flammable agents - 3rd degree

Trace element

7.2 (metal) (NIOSH, 2024) - Denser than water; will sink

7.3 g/cu cm

Density: alpha, 7.47 at 20 °C; beta, 7.26 at 20 °C; gamma, 6.37 at 1100 °C; delta, 6.28 at 1143 °C

7.47 g/cm³

7.20 (metal)

7.3 @25 °C

Hard grey metal

Steel grey, lustrous, hard, brittle metal

Alpha is body centered cubic; beta is cubic; delta is body centered cubic.

Gamma or electrolytic manganese is face centered cubic; when stabilized at room temp it is face-centered tetragonal.

For more Color/Form (Complete) data for MANGANESE, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Insoluble (NIOSH, 2024)

Readily dissolves in dilute mineral acids

Solubility in water: none

Insoluble

3564 °F at 760 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)

2061 °C

1962 °C

3564 °F

2061 °C @760 [mm Hg]

3564 °F

2271 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

2271 °F

1246 °C

Alpha is stable below approx 710 °C; beta is stable between 710-1079 °C; gamma is stable between 1079-1143 °C; delta is stable between 1143 °C and its melting point.

1244 °C

2271 °F

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 46.1% (1429 of 3101) of reports.

Danger

H228 (11.6%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]

P210, P240, P241, P264+P265, P273, P280, P305+P351+P338, P337+P317, P370+P378, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 3101 reports by companies from 22 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Not Classified

Chemical: Manganese

Hazard Traits - Environmental tox; Neurotoxicity; Respiratory Toxicity

Manganese is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Manganese are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 21-04-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15553

Manganese: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:

Combustible. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air.

Manganese is a naturally occurring metal that is found in many types of rocks. Pure manganese is silver-colored, but does not occur naturally. It combines with other substances such as oxygen, sulfur, or chlorine. Manganese can also be combined with carbon to make organic manganese compounds. Common organic manganese compounds include pesticides, such as maneb or mancozeb, and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT), a fuel additive in some gasolines. Manganese is an essential trace element and is necessary for good health. Manganese can be found in several food items, including grains and cereals, and is found in high amounts in other foods, such as tea.

Manganese is naturally occurring in the environment. Manganese is essential for normal physiologic functioning in humans and animals, and exposure to low levels of manganese in the diet is considered to be nutritionally essential in humans. Chronic (long-term) exposure to high levels of manganese by inhalation in humans may result in central nervous system (CNS) effects. Visual reaction time, hand steadiness, and eye- hand coordination were affected in chronically-exposed workers. A syndrome named manganism may result from chronic exposure to higher levels; manganism is characterized by feelings of weakness and lethargy, tremors, a mask-like face, and psychological disturbances. Respiratory effects have also been noted in workers chronically exposed to manganese bearing particles by inhalation.

Manganese is an essential nutrient in the human diet. Daily needs are in the range of 1-10 mg per day. [ATSDR ToxProfiles] Heavy exposure to fume can cause acute pneumonitis. [Harber, p. 498] Loss of libido was described in patients with chronic manganese poisoning. [Nordberg, p. 996] Sperm analysis was normal in Danish welders. [PMID 9535501] Manganese can accumulate in the body over time to cause chronic neurological disease. [Sullivan, p. 933] Manganese is a hepatotoxic agent. [Zimmerman, p. 4] Rodier reported manganese dust concentrations of 100-900 mg/m3 in mines in the early 1950s. [ACGIH] Air levels in past decades were in the range of 1-20 mg Mn/m3 in ferroalloy production foundries, dry battery plants, and welding operations. In recent decades, air levels decreased to <1 mg Mn/m3 in similar workplaces. [IRRST: Synthesis of scientific knowledge on the health risks following occupational exposure to manganese] . . . we hypothesize that below the concentration of about 10 ug/m3, Mn in the body is dominated by dietary Mn, and additional inhaled Mn only causes negligible changes in Mn levels unless the inhaled amount is substantial. [Reference #2] In total, these and other studies suggest that there are adverse neurologic health effects from Mn exposures at or below the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) threshold limit value for Mn of 0.1 mg Mn/m3. [PMID 32472844] Occupational asthma in a welder confirmed by bronchoprovocation testing; [Malo] (Note: In Haz-Map, occupational asthma is linked to Manganese but not to manganese compounds.)

Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 1 mg/cu m; STEL 3 mg/cu m is still enforced in some states. /Manganese cmpd and fume (as Mn)/

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 Ceiling value: 5 mg/cu m. /Manganese cmpd (as Mn)/

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 Ceiling value: 5 mg/cu m. /Manganese fume (as Mn)/

Manganese dust(finely divided) has been known to be pyrophoric. Powdered manganese ignites in chlorine and burns brilliantly; with fluorine the reaction takes place with incandescence [Mellor 12:185, 344. 1946-47]. Concentrated nitric acid reacts with manganese with incandescence and a feeble explosion [Mellor 12:188. 1946-47]. Manganese or potassium ignites in nitrogen dioxide [Ann. Chim. et Phys.(2) 2:317]. Manganese burns with a brilliant flame when heated in sulfur dioxide vapor [Mellor 12:187. 1946-47]. Contact with conc. hydrogen peroxide causes violent decomposition and/or ignition.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Manganese is included on this list.

... Substances for which a Federal Register notice has been published that included consideration of the serious health effects, including cancer, form ambient air exposure to the substance. Manganese (50 FR 32627; Aug. 13, 1985) is included on this list.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]:

Use dry sand, special powder.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Manganese compounds and fume (as Mn):

(General first aid procedures)

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

0.2 [mg/m3], as Mn (inhalable fraction), 0.02 mg/m3, as Mn (respirable fraction)[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Manganese must be stored to avoid contact with water and steam since flammable hydrogen gas is produce. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well ventilated area away from oxidizers (such as perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, and nitrates). Protect storage against physical damage.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped. OSHA 1910.120(q) may be applicable.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

Prevention of manganese poisoning is primarily a question of suppression of toxic dusts & fumes. Good general ventilation of dust & fumes at source is essential. Airline respiratory protection equipment as well as independent respirators have to be used in specific situations to avoid excessive short-term exposures. /Manganese, alloys and cmpd/

High std of personal hygiene is essential, & personal cleanliness & adequate sanitary facilities, clothing & time must be provided so that compulsory showering after work, a change of clothes & a ban on eating at work place can be effected. Smoking at work should be prohibited as well. /Manganese, alloys and cmpd/

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Developmental (effects while organs are developing), Neurological (Nervous System), Reproductive (Producing Children), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Nervous

respiratory system, central nervous system, blood, kidneys

Manganese mainly affects the nervous system and may cause behavioral changes and other nervous system effects, which include movements that may become slow and clumsy. This combination of symptoms when sufficiently severe is referred to as “manganism”. High levels of manganese may also cause damage to the reproductive system. (L228)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion

Oral (L228) ; inhalation (L228)

Manganese is a metal required for numerous biochemical processes and its functions arise secondarily from its inclusion within protein structures as a cofactor. This includes for immune function and for the biochemical regulation of energy consumption, growth potential, coagulation, and hemostatic function. Also, manganese is involved with mechanisms to remove byproducts of aberrant oxidative stress. Plants are the main source of manganese in the diet. Other sources include vitamins, health products, drinking water that might contain trace amounts, and breast milk and formula for infants. Manganese toxicity, called manganism, is rare but might occur from occupational, accidental, and iatrogenic exposures. The main toxicity includes extra-pyramidal side-effects that closely resemble symptoms of Parkinson syndrome. This i secondary to deposition in specific components of the basal ganglia and the alteration of dopaminergic neuronal enzyme activity. Other noteworthy effects include cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and increased mortality in infants. Examples of exposures for the development of manganism include from chronic total parenteral nutrition (TPN) use in critically ill patients, the consumption of contaminated well-water, and exposure through welding, smelting, and mining. Manganese is readily absorbed through the intestinal tract, and absorption is variable based on the level of dietary intake, with biliary and pancreatic metabolism affecting excretion. However, these mechanisms are bypassed with IV administration, owing to the potentiality for manganism with IV preparations containing the essential metal.

Manganese is a cellular toxicant that can impair transport systems, enzyme activities, and receptor functions. It primarily targets the central nervous system, particularily the globus pallidus of the basal ganglia. It is believed that the manganese ion, Mn(II), enhances the autoxidation or turnover of various intracellular catecholamines, leading to increased production of free radicals, reactive oxygen species, and other cytotoxic metabolites, along with a depletion of cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms, leading to oxidative damage and selective destruction of dopaminergic neurons. In addition to dopamine, manganese is thought to interact with other neurotransmitters, such as GABA and glutamate. Manganese overwhelms the manganese superoxide dismutase and produce oxidative damage. The neurotoxicity of Mn(II) has also been linked to its ability to substitute for Ca(II) under physiological conditions. It can enter mitochondria via the calcium uniporter and inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. It may also inhibit the efflux of Ca(II), which can result in a loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity. Mn(II) has been shown to inhibit mitochondrial aconitase activity to a significant level, altering amino acid metabolism and cellular iron homeostasis. (L228)

Cough.

Abdominal pain. Nausea.

Manganism; asthenia, insomnia, mental confusion; metal fume fever: dry throat, cough, chest tightness, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), rales, flu-like fever; low-back pain; vomiting; malaise (vague feeling of discomfort); lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); kidney damage

Manganese mainly affects the nervous system and may cause behavioral changes and other nervous system effects, which include movements that may become slow and clumsy. This combination of symptoms when sufficiently severe is referred to as “manganism”. (L228)

Manganese

Nervous

1.4 x 10 ^-1 mg/kg-day

5 x 10 ^-5 mg/m^3

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ In its acute form, manganese poisoning has the effect, characteristic of other heavy metals if /dust or fume is/ inhaled in sufficient quantity, of producing "metal fume fever".

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The authors ... compared the clinical features of 15 career welders, who were ascertained through an academic movement disorders center and compared to two control groups with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). One control group was ascertained sequentially to compare the frequency of clinical features, and the second control group was sex- and age-matched to compare the frequency of motor fluctuations. ... Welders were exposed to a mean of 47,144 welding hours. Welders had a younger age at onset (46 years) of PD compared with sequentially ascertained controls (63 years; p < 0.0001). There was no difference in frequency of tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, asymmetric onset, postural instability, family history, clinical depression, dementia, or drug-induced psychosis between the welders and the two control groups. All treated welders responded to levodopa. Motor fluctuations and dyskinesias occurred at a similar frequency in welders and the two control groups. PET with 6-[18F]fluorodopa obtained in two of the welders showed findings typical of idiopathic PD, with greatest loss in posterior putamen. /The authors concluded that/ Parkinsonism in welders is distinguished clinically only by age at onset, suggesting welding may be a risk factor for PD. These preliminary data cannot exclude a genetic contribution to susceptibility in these exposed individuals.

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ In a cross-sectional study, the serum concentrations of inhibin B and prolactin of 96 male current welders were compared with the concentrations measured in 96 age-matched referents. Also, 23 patients who were all former welders diagnosed as having welding-related manganism were studied. The current welders' geometric mean (GM) airborne exposure to manganese (Mn) was 121 ug/cu m (range 7-2320). The serum concentrations of prolactin adjusted for age and smoking habits (GM 193 mIU/L vs. 166 mIU/L; p=0.047) and inhibin B adjusted for alcohol consumption (arithmetic mean (AM) 151 ng/L vs. 123 ng/L; p=0.001) were higher in the welders compared with the referents. The whole blood Mn concentration was associated with the serum prolactin concentrations. Tobacco smoking resulted in lower serum prolactin concentrations. The GM serum prolactin concentrations of the patients did not significantly differ from that of the referents, but their AM serum inhibin B concentration was statistically significantly lower. The results may suggest an effect of Mn on the pituitary that is reversible upon cessation of exposure. Lower inhibin B concentrations in the patients could point to a functional impairment of the testicular Sertoli cells, that may be caused by a welding fume component or other factors in their work environment.

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ A battery of neuropsychological tests was administered to a group of 61 ferroalloy male workers and 87 controls. The average (geometric mean) manganese concentrations in total dust at the plant have changed from 1981 to 1997 respectively from 1597.03 ug/cu m to 239 ug/cu m at the furnace area; from 151.53 to 255.76 ug/cu m at the casting area; from 167 to 54.7 ug/cu m at the maintenance (welding operations), yielding a current overall value of 54.25 ug/cu m. A cumulative exposure index was calculated for each alloy worker and the average value (geometric mean) resulted to be 1204.87 ug/cu m x years, which divided by the average length of exposure (15.17 years), showed the concentration of 70.83 ug/cu m of manganese in total dust. Blood and urinary manganese geometric means resulted significantly higher in the exposed workers (9.18 ug/L and 1.53 ug/g creatinine, respectively) than in controls (5.74 ug/L and 0.40 ug/g creatinine, respectively). A positive correlation was observed between the airborne manganese concentrations in total dust and blood manganese (n = 55; R = 0.36; R2 = 0.13; p = 0.0068), whereas no association resulted between cumulative exposure index and both blood manganese and urinary manganese. Higher prevalence of symptoms reporting was observed in the alloy workers concerning irritability, loss of equilibrium and rigidity. Tremor parameters including the central frequency and its dispersion, resulted to be statistically different in the exposed workers compared to the controls. Motor functions exploring the coordination of rapid and alternating movements and memory functions resulted to be impaired in the manganese workers. Dose-effect relationships were observed between the cumulative exposure index and some of the test results, whereas no relationship was found with the airborne manganese concentrations and the biological indicators of exposure. These findings are consistent with the existing knowledge of a cumulative mechanism of action of manganese, which must be carefully considered when setting safe exposure levels. ...

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for MANGANESE, ELEMENTAL (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Manganese is included on this list.

... Substances for which a Federal Register notice has been published that included consideration of the serious health effects, including cancer, form ambient air exposure to the substance. Manganese (50 FR 32627; Aug. 13, 1985) is included on this list.

(CA) CALIFORNIA 500 ug/l

(CT) CONNECTICUT 500 ug/l

(ME) MAINE 500 ug/l

(MN) MINNESOTA 300 ug/L

(NH) NEW HAMPSHIRE 840 ug/l

Manganese is mainly absorbed via ingestion, but can also be inhaled. It binds to alpha-2-macroglobulin, albumin, or transferrin in the plasma and is distributed to the brain and all other mammalian tissues, though it tends to accumulate more in the liver, pancreas, and kidney. Manganese exists in a number of oxidation states and is believed to undergo changes in oxidation state within the body. Manganese oxidation state can influence tissue toxicokinetic behavior, and possibly toxicity. Manganese is excreted primarily in the faeces. (L228)

MANGANESE

Magnetic Resonance Contrast Activity [MoA]; Paramagnetic Contrast Agent [EPC]

... This study investigated the tissue distribution of manganese in iron-sufficient and iron-deficient rats after welding-fume exposure. The feeding of an iron-deficient diet for 4 wk produced a depletion of body iron, such as decreased iron levels in the serum and tissues, and upregulated the divalent metal transporter 1 expression in the rat duodenum. The iron-sufficient and iron-deficient rats were then exposed to welding fumes generated from manual metal arc stainless steel at a concentration of 63.5 +/- 2.3 mg/cu m for 2 hr per day over a 30-day period. Animals were sacrificed on days 1, 15, and 30. The level of body iron in the iron-deficient rats was restored to the control level after the welding-fume exposure. However, the tissue distributions of manganese after the welding-fume exposure showed similar patterns in both the iron-sufficient and iron-deficient groups. The concentration of manganese increased in the lungs and liver on days 15 and 30, and increased in the olfactory bulb on day 30. Slight and heterogeneous increases of manganese were observed in different brain regions. Consequently, these findings suggest that the presence of Fe in the inhaled welding fumes may not have a significant effect on the uptake of Mn into the brain. Thus, the condition of iron deficiency did not seem to have any apparent effect on the transport of Mn into the brain after the inhalation of welding fumes.

... To investigate the movement of manganese after welding-fume exposure, six cynomolgus monkeys were acclimated and assigned to three dose groups: unexposed, low dose (31 mg/cu m total suspended particulate [TSP], 0.9 mg/cu m of Mn), and high dose (62 mg/cu m TSP, 1.95 mg/cu m of Mn) of total suspended particulate. The primates were exposed to manual metal arc stainless steel (MMA-SS) welding fumes for 2 hr per day in an inhalation chamber system equipped with an automatic fume generator. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were conducted before the initiation of exposure and thereafter every month. The tissue Mn concentrations were then measured after a plateau was reached regarding the shortening of the MRI T1 relaxation time. A dose-dependent increase in the Mn concentration was found in the lungs, while noticeable increases in the Mn concentrations were found in certain tissues, such as the liver, kidneys, and testes. Slight increases in the Mn concentrations were found in the caudate, putamen, frontal lobe, and substantia nigra, while a dose-dependent noticeable increase was only found in the globus pallidus. Therefore, the present results indicated that a shortening of the MRI T1 relaxation time corresponded well with the Mn concentration in the globus pallidus after prolonged welding-fume exposure.

Metallic manganese is used primarily in steel production to improve hardness, stiffness, and strength. It is also used in carbon steel, stainless steel, and high-temperature steel, along with cast iron and superalloys.

MINING, SMELTING, AND METALLURGY: Ore mining and crushing operations; Iron and steel production; Ferrous & nonferrous alloys (for rock crushers, railroad points and crossings, etc.); MANUFACTURING: Dry-cell batteries; Anti-knock gasoline additive; Incendiary devices; Matches; Pigments for ceramics, glass, or paints; Dyes & inks; Pesticides; USING: Grind, drill, or arc weld Mn alloy; use Mn welding rods;

Steel Producing [Category: Industry]

Ceramics making [Category: Hobbies]

Most of the manganese produced is used in the iron and steel industry in steel alloys, e.g., ferromanganese, silicomanganese, Manganin, spiegeleisen, and as an agent to reduce oxygen and sulfur content of molten steel. ...

... Manganese and its compounds are utilized in the manufacture of dry cell batteries (MnO2), paints, varnishes, inks, dyes, matches and fireworks, as a fertilizer, disinfectant, bleaching agent, laboratory reagent, drier for oils, an oxidizing agent in the chemical industry particularly in the sythesis of potassium permanganate, and as a decolorizer and coloring agent in the glass and ceramics industry. ...

2023: 400,000,000 - <550,000,000 lb

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#1632]

41% IS USED IN ALLOYS (OTHER THAN STEEL, CAST IRON, AND SUPERALLOYS); 24% FOR CARBON STEEL ALLOYS; 22% FOR STAINLESS AND HEAT RESISTING STEEL ALLOYS; 4% FOR MAKING FULL ALLOYS OF STEEL; 1% FOR HIGH STRENGTH LOW ALLOY STEEL; 3% FOR ELECTRIC AND TOOL STEEL ALLOYS; 1% FOR CAST IRON ALLOYS AND SUPERALLOYS; 4% IN MISC AND UNSPECIFIED APPLICATIONS (1972).

Construction, machinery, and transportation end uses accounted for about 24%, 9%, and 9%, respectively, of manganese demand. Most of the rest went to a variety of other iron and steel applications.

A number of methods for the production of relatively pure manganese metal are known: 1) Electrolysis of aqueous manganese salts; 2) Electrothermal decomposition of manganese ores; 3) Silicothermic reduction of manganese ores or slags; 4) Aluminothermic reduction of manganese ores or slags; 5) Distillation of ferromanganese; 6) Electrolysis of fused salts Techniques (1) and (2) are the most important; methods (3) - (6) are not of economic significance.

John et al, cited by Mellor, Comprehensive Treatise on Inorg and Theoretical Chem, 12, 163 (1932); AH Sully, Manganese (Academic Press, New York, 1955) 305 pp. ...

PRODUCTION OF ... METAL OF 97 TO 98% PURITY IS MADE BY ALUMINUM REDUCTION OF HIGH GRADE MANGANESE ORE OF VERY LOW IRON CONTENT. MANGANESE OF HIGHER PURITY IS MADE BY ELECTROLYSIS OF MANGANESE(2+) SULFATE SOLN, WHICH IS PRODUCED BY LEACHING ROASTED HIGH PURITY ORE. MANGANESE SO PRODUCED HAS LESS THAN 0.1% METALLIC IMPURITIES.

Smelting of manganese ore is similar to that of iron ore ... principal metallurgic form ... is ferromanganese which contains 80% or more of manganese ... there are fume losses in ferromanganese operation ... to minimize manganese dust losses, hard, coarse ores are mixed with fine ores. ... /also/ 5-10% dust and fume losses /occur/ in electric furnace.

For more Methods of Manufacturing (Complete) data for MANGANESE, ELEMENTAL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Cosmetics product ingredient: Manganese and manganese compounds

Information on 8 consumer products that contain Manganese in the following categories is provided:

Wholesale and Retail Trade

Manganese: ACTIVE

High-carbon ferromanganese (or standard ferromanganese), which contains up to 7.5 percent carbon, is used in larger quantities (primarily by the steel industry) than any other form of manganese.