Gadolinium

7.90 g/cu cm

Crystalline forms: hexagonal close-packed, alpha-form, density: 7.886, transforms to beta-form at 1262 °C; body-centered cubic, beta-form exists at >1262 °C; heat of fusion: 10.05 kJ/mol; heat of sublimation: at 25 °C: 397.5 kJ/mol

7.898 @25 °C

Silvery metal; hexagonal

Colorless or faintly yellowish metal; tarnishes in moist air

3273 °C

3273 °C @760 [mm Hg]

1312 °C. [Sax]

1313 °C

1312 °C

VP: 1 Pa at 1563 °C; 10 Pa at 1755 °C; 100 Pa at 1994 °C; 1 kPa at 2300 °C; 10 kPa at 2703 °C; 100 kPa at 3262 °C (calculated from ideal gas hermodynamic functions)

5.7X10-10 Pa at 1000 K; 1.54X10-6 Pa at 1200 K; 0.000429 Pa at 1400 K; 0.0279 Pa at 1600 K; 0.618 Pa at 1800 K; 7.39 Pa at 2000 K; 56.2 Pa at 2200 K (calculated)

Silvery white, malleable metal that tarnishes in moist air; [Reference #2]

Liquid

The oxides are white. Curie Point = 292.7 °C, below which it becomes ferromagnetic.

Heat capacity: 37.03 J/mol K at 25 °C, 100 kPa

Heat of sublimation at 25 °C: 397.5 kJ/mol

Standard reduction potential (Gd3+/Gd): -2.28 V

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 17.5% (11 of 63) of reports.

Danger

H228 (15.9%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]

P210, P231+P232, P240, P241, P280, P370+P378, P402+P404, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 63 reports by companies from 7 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

In contact with water, gadolinium powder releases flammable hydrogen; [MSDSonline] Used in MRI contrast agents, gadolinium has been linked to Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis or Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy (NSF/NFD). The 25 cases of NSF/NFD were reported on May 29, 2006, by the Danish Medicines Agency. Among these, 20 cases occurred in Denmark and five cases occurred in Austria. The patients developed NSF/SFD within 3 months (range 2 weeks to 3 months) after receiving the gadolinium-containing contrast agent. [Reference #1] See RARE EARTH METALS and linked occupational diseases.

The rare earth metals ignite in air at 302 to 356 °F, but lanthanum ignites at 824 to 860 °F. With oxide impurities present, however, the rare earth metals are pyrophoric on cutting and filing.

Rare earth metals burn vigorously in halogen vapors above 392 °F.

30 [mg/m3]

330 [mg/m3]

2000 [mg/m3]

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Gadolinium is a silvery rare-earth metal. It is used as nuclear control rod material to capture thermal neutrons, to make gadolinium yttrium garnets, and to improve the workability and resistance of iron, chromium, and related alloys to high temperature and oxidation. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: No information has been found. ANIMAL STUDIES: No information has been found.

The concentration of gadolinium in the earth's crust is 6.2 ppm(1). As a member of the lanthanide series ranging from atomic number 57 to 71, gadolinium does not occur in nature in the elemental state and the lanthanides always occur under their oxidized form in salts and minerals(1). Gadolinium-containing minerals include samarskite, gadolinite, xenotime, as well as other rare earth minerals(2). As gadolinium is found in nature, gadolinium compounds will be released to water and soils as a result of weathering of rocks and soil erosion(SRC).

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

0.04

PPRTV Current

Gadolinium

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

2018

... Gadolinium-153 ((153)Gd)-labeled gadopentetate (Magnevist), gadoteridol (ProHance), gadoterate (Dotarem), and gadodiamide (Omniscan) were administered iv to mice (0.48 mmol/kg) and rats (0.1 mmol/kg). At various times up to 14 days posttreatment, the residual 153Gd was measured in selected tissues. The tissue distributions obtained were used to make intra- and interchelate distribution evaluations and comparisons regarding tissue clearance and any possible in vivo dissociation of the Gd chelates. .... Differences were found among the chelates studied relative to the amounts of residual 153Gd present in tissues known to sequester free Gd, particularly in liver and femur at 7 and 14 days after administration, in both mice and rats. The pattern of the 153Gd distribution suggested that the linear chelates, gadopentetate and gadodiamide, dissociated in vivo resulting in more 153Gd present in bone and liver at the longer residence times than in the subjects injected with the macrocyclic chelates, gadoteridol and gadoterate. The only excipient found to affect the distribution profile was calcium(DTPA-BMA); this excipient in formulated gadodiamide decreased the amounts of residual Gd measured in whole body, bone, and liver in mice compared with levels obtained when gadodiamide was injected alone. ...

Used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors; Natural isotopes include Gd-152 (radioactive); the remaining six isotopes are stable and comprise 99.8% of naturally occurring gadolinium; Mineral sources are samarskite, gadolinite (ytterbite), and xenotime; [Merck Index] Used in high-temperature alloys and in electronic components; [Britannica]

Metal Preparation and Pouring [Category: Foundry]

As little as 1% gadolinium has been found to improve the workability and resistance of iron, chromium, and related alloys to high temperature and oxidation.

It has been used in making gadolinium yttrium garnets, which have microwave applications.

Gadolinium has the highest thermal neutron capture cross-section of any known element... Natural gadolinium is a mixture of seven isotopes. Two of these, (155)Gd and (157)Gd, have excellent capture characteristics, but they are present naturally in low concentrations. As a result, gadolinium has a very fast burnout rate and has limited use as a nuclear control rod material.

Neutron shielding, ...phosphor activator, catalyst, scavenger for oxygen in titanium production.