중정석(Ba(SO4))

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Barium sulfate:

(General first aid procedures)

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

4.0 [mg/m3] (inhalable fraction), 0.3 mg/m3 (respirable fraction)[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or alcohol foam extinguishers ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position ... The only respirators recommended for fire fighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full facepieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Barium compounds, NOS/

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. /Barium compounds NOS/

Store at 25 °C (77 °F); excursions permitted to 15 to 30 °C (59 to 86 °F)

Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well ventilated area away from incompatible materials ... A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored ...

Spill handling: evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area of spill or lead after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations.

The sulfate may be brushed up and treated as normal refuse. Soluble barium salts should be scooped up and treated as for waste disposal. Wash the spill area thoroughly with water.

Environmental considerations - land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /Barium/

Environmental considerations - water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. /Barium/

Environmental considerations - air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Barium/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D005, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Barite (barium sulfate) may be recovered from drilling muds for re-use as an alternative to disposal.

... Ion exchange, lime softening and reverse osmosis are effective to remove barium from drinking water. Conventional coagulation/filtration processes are not effective to remove barium from drinking water. /Barium ion/

Package lots. Place in a separate labeled container for recycling or disposal. Small quantities. Wear nitrile rubber gloves, laboratory coat, and eye protection. Avoid breathing dust. Dissolve the barium salt in the minimum volume of water. For each gram of barium salt, add 15 mL of 10% sodium sulfate solution. Let stand for 1 week. Test for completeness of precipitation by adding a few drops of 10% sodium sulfate solution. If required, add more sodium sulfate solution until no further precipitation occurs. Decant supernatant liquid or filter solid. Treat solid as normal refuse. Wash liquid into drain. /Barium salt/

Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any possibility of skin contact ... Wear dust-proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full facepiece respiratory protection is worn.

... Efforts should ... be made to reduce atmospheric concentration of barite dust to a minimum. /Barite dust/

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Barium sulfate (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The health effects of the different barium compounds depend on how well the compound dissolves in water or the stomach contents. At low doses, barium acts as a muscle stimulant, while higher doses affect the nervous system, causing cardiac irregularities, tremors, weakness, anxiety, dyspnea, paralysisand possibly death. Barium may also cause gastrointestinal disturbances, damage the kidneys and cause decreases in body weight. (L214)

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea); Conditions: freshwater, static, 11.5-14.5 °C, pH 7.2-7.8, dissolved oxygen 5.2-6.5 mg/L; Concentration: 52820 ug/L (43200-68140 ug/L) for 24 hr; Effect: intoxicaiton, immobilization

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea); Conditions: freshwater, static, 11.5-14.5 °C, pH 7.2-7.8, dissolved oxygen 5.2-6.5 mg/L; Concentration: 32000 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: intoxicaiton, immobilization

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol.

inhalation, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L214) ; inhalation (L214)

The CIR Expert Panel concluded that barium sulfate is safe in the present practices of use and concentration in cosmetics, when formulated to be non-irritating.

Safe for use in cosmetics, with qualifications

IDENTIFICATION: In nature barium occurs in a combined state, the principal forms being barite (barium sulfate) and witherite (barium carbonate). Barium sulfate has a very low water solubility. Barite ore is the raw material from which nearly all other barium compounds are derived. Barium and its compounds are used in diverse industrial products ranging from ceramics to lubricants. It is used in the manufacture of alloys, as a loader for paper, soap, rubber and linoleum, in the manufacture of valves and as an extinguisher for radium, uranium and plutonium fires. Anthropogenic sources of barium are primarily industrial. Emissions may result from mining, refining or processing barium minerals and the manufacture of barium products. Mining and processing of barite ore releases particulates into the air and from fugitive dusts from the use of barite in oil drilling and oil related industries. HUMAN EXPOSURE: It is difficult to assess the uptake of ingested barium because of a number of factors affect absorption. The presence of sulfate in food results in the precipitation of barium sulfate. ANIMAL/PLANT STUDIES: Insoluble barium compounds such as barium sulfate, accumulate in the lungs and are cleared slowly ciliary action.

Barium is a competitive potassium channel antagonist that blocks the passive efflux of intracellular potassium, resulting in a shift of potassium from extracellular to intracellular compartments. The intracellular translocation of potassium results in a decreased resting membrane potential, making the muscle fibers electrically unexcitable and causing paralysis. Some of these barium's effects may also be due to barium induced neuromuscular blockade and membrane depolarization. (L214)

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Barite affected the composition of estuarine communities developed from planktonic larvae in aquaria containing sand and flowing estuarine water. A significant number of annelids & mollusks decreased; however, clam growth, laevicardium mortoni, was not affected. Large amt of barium sulfate could adversely affect colonization of benthic animals. /Barite/

irritation eyes, nose, upper respiratory system; benign pneumoconiosis (baritosis)

Ingesting excess barium may cause vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, difficulties in breathing, increased or decreased blood pressure, numbness around the face, and muscle weakness. High levels may result in changes in heart rhythm or paralysis and possibly death. (L214)

Persons manifesting resp disorders should be /protected from exposure/.

Workers who are to be exposed to the inhalation of barite dust should be subject to a preemployment exam.

Large deposits of barite are found in China, Germany, India, Morocco, and in the U.S.

Occurs in nature as the mineral barite; also as barytes, heavy spar.

Barium is a naturally occurring element found in the earth's crust(1) that enters the environment through the weathering of rocks and minerals(SRC). The principal barium minerals are barite (barium sulfate) and witherite (barium carbonate)(1).

Barite, natural barium sulfate, occurs in the USA in Alaska, Arkansas ... Georgia, Missouri, Nevada, and Tennessee ... and was produced at 38 mines in the seven states in 1973, with Nevada supplying 50% of the tonnage. Missouri ranked second.

Most commercial sources of barite are replacement deposits in limestone, dolomitic sandstone and shales, or residual deposits caused by differential weathering that result in lumps of barite enclosed in clay. Barite sometimes occurs in veins and as a gangue mineral in metallic ores, such as lead, zinc, and silver, and is frequently associated with fluorspar. /Barite/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Following a successful claim for damages by a speech pathologist, who was diagnosed with thyroid cancer after a period of employment including involvement in modified barium swallow procedures, a detailed study on occupational dose was commissioned. In this study radiation doses were measured routinely over 8 clinical periods using TLD100H dosimeters for staff involved with modified barium swallow radiological studies at three hospitals. The regions monitored included the unshielded thyroid, waist under apron, and axilla. Average unshielded thyroid doses for the speech pathologists were measured as 0.017, 0.003, and nil mGy per procedure over the hospitals surveyed, with dose measurements also found for the unshielded thyroid of the radiologist and nurse. This compares to thyroid doses of 0.200 and 0.055 mGy per procedure typically for cardiologists and orthopedic surgeons involved in radiological work, respectively. The use of a thyroid collar will substantially reduce this dose by a factor of about 40. While the worst-case doses are very small, attention should be given to education for staff involved in radiological procedures as well as ensuring that sound procedure protocols are in place and used.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Short Term Exposure: Irritates eyes and respiratory tract. Exposure to either form can affect the nervous system and cause hypokalemia, which can cause heart disorders. Long Term Exposure: Lungs may be affected by repeated or prolonged exposure to dust particles, resulting in baritosis (a form of benign pneumoconiosis). Animal studies have found increased blood pressure and changes in the heart from ingesting barium over a long time.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Inhalation of barium sulfate dust causes a benign pneumoconiosis ("baritosis") with conspicuous radiographic manifestations but no impairment of pulmonary function.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Several case reports and a prospective study ... have reported baritosis in barium exposed workers. Baritosis is considered a benign pneumoconiosis resulting from the inhalation of barite ore or barium sulfate. The most outstanding feature of baritosis is the intense radiopacity of the discrete opacities that are usually profusely disseminated throughout the lung fields; in some cases the opacities may be so numerous that they appear confluent. The Third Conference of Experts on Pneumoconiosis ... noted that barium sulfate produced a noncollagenous type of pneumoconiosis in which there is a minimal stromal reaction that consists mainly of reticulin fibers, intact alveolar architecture, and potentially reversible lesions. The available human data on baritosis suggest that the accumulation of barium in the lungs does not result in medical disability or symptomatology. /Barite ore/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Barium sulfate (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

D005; A solid waste containing barium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Barium/

Residues of barium sulfate are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only. Use: carrier.

Residues of barium sulfate are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals. Use: carrier, density control agent.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). /Barium/

(AZ) ARIZONA 1500 ug/L /Barium/

(ME) MAINE 1500 ug/L /Barium/

(MN) MINNESOTA 2000 ug/L /Barium/

Maximum Contaminant Level: 2 mg/L /Barium/

Maximum Contaminant Level Goal: 2 mg/L /Barium/

EPA 2000 ug/L /Barium/

CIR ingredient: Barium Sulfate

Used in paper, paints, textiles, plastics, batteries, and x-ray contrast dye; [HSDB]

Battery Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Manufacture of photographic papers, artificial ivory, cellophane; filler for rubber, linoleum, oil cloth, polymeric fibers and resins, paper, lithographic inks; as a water color pigment for colored paper, in wallpaper; as a size for modifying colors of other pigments, in heavy concrete for radiation shield.

Weighting mud in oil-drilling, paper coatings, paints, filler and delustrant for textiles, plastics and lithograph inks; base for lake colors, X-ray photography, opaque medium for gastrointestinal radiography; in battery plate expanders.

Pigment extender for oil & water based paints; pigment (as component of lithopone) in paint & fabrics, plaster; filler in cosmetics (eg, lipstick); hardening agent for cement.

(1986) 7.26X10+6 g (crude barite) /estimate/

(1998) 14,700 tons /Barite/

(1986) 6,000 tons; (1987) 8,000 tons; (1988) 1,000 tons

Barite: Salient Statistics for the United States [Table#5074]

(1977) 7.89X10+9 G

(1979) 7.04X10+9 G

(1986) 6.80X10+8 g (crude barite) /estimate/

(1998) 21,300 tons /Barite/

For more U.S. Imports (Complete) data for Barium sulfate (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2023: 55,000,000 - <70,000,000 lb

2023: 100,000,000 - <500,000,000 lb

(1986) 3.43X10+8 g /estimate/

(1987) 3,769 short tons

(1998) 476,000 tons

(1972) 96,000 tons

Over 65% of barite produced was used as a weighting agent in oil and gas well drilling fluids (1985).

50% Decrease in demand for barite in 1986 ... due primarily to a severe downturn in oil and gas well drilling activity prompted by ... soft world oil prices.

(1998) 3,275,000 tons

(1986) 1,105,000 tons; (1987) 1,304,000 tons; (1988) 1,798,000 tons

For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for Barium sulfate (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Swelling agent

Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable

(a) By treating a soln of a barium salt with sodium sulfate (salt cake). (b) by-product in manufacture of hydrogen peroxide. (c) occurs in nature as the mineral barite ...

Medical grade barium sulfate may be made by the reaction of barium carbonate or barium chloride with sulfuric acid.

Blanc fixe is made by mixing aq soln of barium sulfide and sodium sulfate under controlled conditions in order to produce a precipitate of uniform particles of pigmentary fineness. /Precipitated barium sulfate/

Anatrast is a cherry flavored, ready-to-use barium sulfate USP suspension paste. The product contains 100% w/v (56% w/w) barium sulfate USP, sorbitol, suspending and dispersing agents, simethicone, flavoring, preservatives and water.

Baricon is a lemon-vanilla flavored, high density barium sulfate formulation. The product contains 98% w/w barium sulfate USP, sucrose, simethicone, suspending agents, sorbitol, flavoring, sodium citrate and saccharin sodium.

Baro-cat is a banana-pineapple flavored ready-to-use barium sulfate suspension. The contrast medium contains 1.5% w/w (w/v) barium sulfate USP, with sorbitol, simethicone, suspending agent, potassium sorbate, citric acid, flavoring, saccharin sodium and water.

Barobag is a complete 3 liter enema kit containing a barium sulfate formulation for aqueous suspension. The contrast medium contains approximately 97% w/w barium sulfate USP, suspending agents, dispersing agents, and simethicone.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for Barium sulfate (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Information on 134 consumer products that contain Barium sulfate in the following categories is provided:

Information on 3 consumer products that contain Barite in the following categories is provided:

Plastics -> Pigments agents

Plastics -> Polymer Type -> Polyolefin-I; PUR; Polyolefin-II; PVC (soft); ABS; PVC (rigid); PET; PMMA; PA; PC; (E)PS

Cosmetics -> Cosmetic colorant; Opacifying