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YELLOW LIQUID

Colorless liquid

Soluble (NTP, 1992)

Soluble in water, alcohol and ether

SOL IN COLD WATER, ETHER; VERY SLIGHTLY SOL IN CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, BENZENE

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides, ammonia, and hydrogen chloride/.

Decomposes (slowly in dilute solution) to form nitrogen, hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride.

-87 °F (NTP, 1992)

-66 °C

-66 °C

FCS -> FDA Cumulative Estimated Daily Intake (CEDI)

FCS -> FDA Inventory of Effective Food Contact Substance (FCS) Notifications

Chloramine is a colorless to yellow liquid with a strong pungent odor. (NTP, 1992)

Colorless to yellow liquid with a strong pungent odor; [CAMEO]

Dry material decomposes violently at -50 °C; when heated to decomposition emits NOx, NH3 and Cl-.

Dilute solutions slowly decompose to N2, HCl and NH4Cl.

Monochloramine is oxidized by ozone faster than ammonia

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 40% (2 of 5) of reports.

Danger

H290 (40%): May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]

P234, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P316, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P363, P390, P403+P233, P405, P406, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 5 reports by companies from 3 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Chemical: Chloramide

Status: Active Update: 01-12-2016 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/11207

Chloramide vapor may be formed from the mixing of hypochlorite bleach and ammonia in household products. It is a skin and respiratory irritant, but there are no reports of serious sequelae following human inhalation exposures. Chloramide at high concentrations can cause pulmonary edema in animal experiments. Methemoglobinemia due to chloramines in the dialysate was reported in dialysis patients. [HSDB]

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you should spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Seal the absorbent paper, as well as any of your clothing which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash any surfaces you may have contaminated with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

0.28 [mg/m3]

3.1 [mg/m3]

18 [mg/m3]

Monochloramine inhibited purified rat liver enzymes, N10-formyl tetrahyrdofolate dehydrogenase (0.56-3.35 uM) and formaldehyde dehydrogenase (2.7-101 uM), in vitro.

Chlorination of water containing HCH, heptachlor, metaphos, or chlorophos with chloramine increased /the/ toxicity of pesticides to mice and rats by conversion of pesticides to more toxic products. Organophoshorus pesticides were enhanced more than organochlorine pesticides. Toxic effects given.

LC50 Notropis atherinoides (Emerald shiner) 0.63 mg/L 40 min exposures at 5 hr intervals for 24 hr; 10 °C

LC50 Notropis atherinoides (Emerald shiner) 0.51 mg/L 40 min exposures at 5 hr intervals for 24 hr; 20 °C

LC50 Notropis atherinoides (Emerald shiner) 0.35 mg/L 40 min exposures at 5 hr intervals for 24 hr; 30 °C

LC50 Notropis cornutus (Common shiner) 0.78 mg/L 40 min exposures at 5 hr intervals for 24 hr; 10 °C

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for CHLORAMINE (41 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ A study of plasma cholesterol and thyroid hormone levels was conducted in white Carneau pigeons treated with various disinfectants. Increases in plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were observed with 2 and 15 ppm hypochlorite and 15 ppm chloramine and chlorine dioxide when administered with a high cholesterol diet. These changes appear to be correlated with an increase in the size of atherosclerotic plaques and a very large decrease in T4 and T3 concentrations in serum. It must be noted that these results are substantially different from those observed in primates, in an independent study of pigeons, in rats, and in humans receiving comparable treatments with a variety of disinfectants, including chloramine.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Exposure of goldfish to 0.1 to more than 0.5 mg/L for 96 hr resulted in no mortalities. Several fish exhibited stress, excessive mucus production, and rapid operculation at approximately 1.0 mg/L. In 5 trials of 26 fish only 2 died. Toxicity increased with increasing temperature.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Medium tolerance limit/96 hr for Coho salmon varied according to life stage. Toxicity increased at pH 8.1. Continuous exposure to concentration up to 47 ug/L did not affect survival, development or hatching of eggs. Alevins showed lethargic behavior after hatching (concentration 23-47 ug/L).

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The differential effects of free Cl and chloramine on stage I larvae of H. americanus were investigated in continuous flow bioassay units. Applied chloramine was more toxic than corresponding concentrations of applied free Cl to lobster larvae... . The synergistic effect of temperature on the toxicity of both free Cl and chloramine was also demonstrated. ...The action of each toxicant appeared to be an alteration of standard metabolic activity as revealed by changes in respiration rates during and after exposure to applied free Cl and chloramine. Initial respiratory stress was detected during exposure to 0.05 mg/L applied chloramine... . Reductions in respiration rates 48 hr after exposure were observed with exposure to all concentrations tested... .

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHLORAMINE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Monochloramine

1 x 10 ^-1 mg/kg-day

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Forty-eight men completed an 8-wk protocol during which diet and other factors known to affect lipid metabolism were controlled. During the first 4 weeks of the protocol, all subjects consumed distilled water. During the second 4 weeks, one-third of the subjects were assigned randomly to drink 1.5 litres of water containing 0, 2 or 15 mg of monochloramine per litre each day. At 2 mg/L, no significant changes were observed in total, HDL or LDL cholesterol, triglycerides or apolipoproteins A1, A2 or B. Parameters of thyroid function were unchanged. However, an increase in the level of apolipoprotein B was observed at 15 mg/L.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Differences between 24 responders and nine non-responders to chloramine in dialysis fluid /were studied/. The initial water analysis indicated a concentration of 0.19 mg/L chloramine in the water supply. An inverse correlation between concentrations of serum GSH and hemoglobin was observed in these patients.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In a rising dose tolerance study, groups of 10 adult male volunteers drank two 500 mL portions of water containing 0.01, 1.0, 8, 18, or 24 mg/L chloramine, or hypochlorite, sodium chlorite, sodium chlorate or chlorine dioxide or served as controls. A battery of measures, including blood and urine biochemistry, blood cell counts and morphology, and physical examination were conducted following each dose. No statistically significant changes were noted in the chloramine-treated group.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ 10 volunteers were required to drink a 500 mL portion of water containing 5ppm [5 mg/L] chloramine daily for 12 weeks followed by an 8 week washout period. The volunteers were required to consume the entire 500 mL portion within 15 min. /A battery of measures, including blood and urine biochemistry, blood cell counts and morphology, and physical examination were conducted following each dose./ The only statistically significant change in the chloramine treated group was an increase in triiodothyronine (T3) uptake. However, this change remained within the normal range and was considered to be clinically irrelevant.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHLORAMINE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Chloramine is used as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of various amines and hydrazine(1) and as a disinfectant in drinking water for systems in which free chlorine radicals are difficult to maintain(2). Chloramine can be formed in situ by the combination of ammonia and chlorine containing agents under basic conditions(2). Decomposition of the pure material at temperatures above -50 °C(2) indicate that this compound will not be released to the environment as a pure substance.

INORGANIC CHLORAMINES ARE FREQUENT CONSTITUENTS OF CHLORINATED WASTE & NATURAL WATERS.

Chloramine

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 84: (2004) Some Drinking-water Disinfectants and Contaminants, including Arsenic

2004

2002

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The effect of monochloramine on skin irritation was tested by immersing Sencar mice into water containing chloramine at concentrations ranging from 1 to 1000 mg/L for 10 min a day /for 4 days/. Unlike hypochlorous acid (pH 6.5) or hypochlorite (pH 8.5), chloramine did not produce hyperplasia of the skin.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Rabbits under 3 wk of age perished from lethal dose of chloramine of 40-50 mg/kg with symptoms of protracted collapse and without manifestations of edema.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ For rabbits older than 3 wk lethal dose of chloramine was 60-70 mg/kg. Death occurred with acute edema of lungs.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In young rabbits typical edema of lungs occurred only with administration of high doses of chloramine, 200-250 mg/kg. Edematous fluid is present in small amount only; there is prevalence of hemorrhage. GSH decreased.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHLORAMINE (36 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Based on inadequate human data and equivocal evidence of carcinogenicity from animal bioassays. A 2-year bioassay showed a marginal increase in mononuclear cell leukemia in female F344/N rats. No evidence of carcinogenic activity was reported in male rats or in male or female B6C3F1 mice. Genotoxicity studies, both in vitro and in vivo, gave negative results. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (220-240 g) were given 1.1 mg per animal [36Cl]-labelled chloramine [NH2 36Cl] orally as 3 mL of solution containing 370 mg/L chloramine. ...The absorption and elimination half-lives were 2.5 hr and 38.8 hr, respectively.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (220-240 g) were given 1.1 mg per animal [36Cl]-labelled chloramine [NH2 36Cl] orally as 3 mL of solution containing 370 mg/L chloramine. The peak plasma concentration of 36Cl (10.3 ug/L) was reached 8 hr after dosing, and the absorption and elimination half-lives were 2.5 hr and 38.8 hr, respectively. The distribution of radioactivity was highest in plasma and lowest in fat. Approximately 25% and 2% of the administered dose of radiolabelled chloramine was excreted in the urine and feces, respectively, during 120 hr of treatment. Only 0.35% of the administered dose of monochloramine was present in plasma as [36Cl] chloride 120 hr after treatment. No evidence for enzymatic intervention in the metabolism of monochloramine was presented.

The effect of 15 uM monochloramine as hepatic function was investigated in isolated perfused male Sprague-Dawley rat liver. The uptake of monochloramine averaged 98%. Approximately 0.7% of the amount taken up by the liver was reduced by glutathione (GSH) and appeared in the bile in the form of GSH disulfide.

Used as a chemical intermediate for organic synthesis; [HSDB] Formed when household bleach (sodium hypochlorite) mixed with ammonia or when bleach is added to septic systems and reacts with urinary nitrogenous compounds; [Goldfrank, p. 1647]

Chloramine is an intermediate in the manufacturing of hydrazine.

Chemical intermediate (unisolated) for hydrazine and its derivatives, for organic synthesis, eg, primary amines; disinfectant for drinking water (formed in situ).

Chloramine is frequently added to municipal water supplies to control bacterial populations... .

Chloramine is found in toilet bowl cleaners, bathtub cleaners, and floor cleaners.

(1977) No Data

(1979) No Data

(1977) No Data

(1979) No Data

(1986) > 10 thousand - 500 thousand pounds

(1977) NOT ISOLATED COMMERCIALLY IN US

(1979) NOT ISOLATED COMMERCIALLY IN US

... N-Chloramines are prepared in pH-controlled reactions by the action of hypochlorous acid or chlorine on ammonium salts.

Reaction of hypochlorous acid or sodium hypochlorite with ammonia

...Unstable water-soluble products formed when ammonium hydroxide reacts with solution of sodium hypochlorite, as when ammonia water and household bleaches are mixed. Decompose to ammonia and hypochlorous acid. /Chloramines/

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) reacts rapidly with ammonia to form monochloramine...

The production of monochloramine is optimized by a pH range of 7 to 8 and a chlorine-to-ammonia ratio of 5:1 (by weight) or less.

Chloramide: ACTIVE

During chlorination of water supply for disinfection, chlorine will react with any ammonia in H2O to form inorganic chloramines. ...NH3 is sometimes...added to chlorinated public water supplies to provide a combined available chlorine residual, ie, inorganic chloramines. /Inorganic chloramines/

Chloramine is formed in situ when ammonia and chlorine agents are combined under basic solutions.

Monochloramine has much higher CT values /(the CT value is the product of the disinfectant concentration C in mg/L and the contact time T in minutes required to inactivate a specified percentage (e.g., 99%) of microorganisms)/ than free chlorine and is therefore a poor primary disinfectant. Additionally, it is a poor oxidant and is not effective for taste and odor control or for oxidation of iron and manganese. However, because of its persistence, it is an attractive secondary disinfectant for the maintenance of a stable distribution system residual. The use of disinfectants such as ozone or chlorine dioxide combined with chloramines as a secondary disinfectant appears to be attractive for minimizing disinfectant by-products formation. Monochloramine is the only useful ammonia-chloramine disinfectant.