브롬화암모늄

2.429 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

2.429 at 25 °C

2.429 @25 °C

White tetragonal crystals

White crystals or granules

Colorless crystals or yellowish white powder

In water, 78.3 g/100 g water at 25 °C

Soluble in acetone, ether, ammonia, in water, 97 g/100 cc at 25 °C, 145.6 g/100 cc at 100 °C; in alcohol, 10 g/100 cc at 78 °C

Freely soluble in methanol, ethanol, acetone; slightly soluble in ether; practically insoluble in ethyl acetate

Sublimes 1007 °F (USCG, 1999)

396 °C (sublimation point)

BP: 235 °C (in vacuum)

235 °C @760 [mm Hg]

Sublimes without melting (USCG, 1999)

542 °C (decomposes)

452 °C

FCS -> FDA Cumulative Estimated Daily Intake (CEDI)

FCS -> FDA Inventory of Effective Food Contact Substance (FCS) Notifications

FCS -> FDA Inventory of Effective Food Contact Substance (FCS) Notifications

FCS -> FDA Inventory of Effective Food Contact Substance (FCS) Notifications

Danger

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P203, P260, P261, P263, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P337+P317, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.4% (3 of 704) of reports.

Danger

H319 (99.6%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

Chemical: Ammonium bromide ((NH4)Br)

Hazard Traits - Reproductive Toxicity

Ammonium bromide ((NH4)Br) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Ammonium bromide ((NH4)Br) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 30-05-2021 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/10999

Ammonium bromide: Non hazardous

INHALATION: Dust irritating - disturbed behavior, sedation. EYES: Slight irritation. SKIN: Slight irritation only with repeated or prolonged contact. INGESTION: Weakness, nervousness, anorexia, confusion, hallucinations, drowsiness, irritability, ataxia, vertigo, skin rash. (USCG, 1999)

Emergency treatment: Bromides; Acute bromide poisoning after ingestion is rare. Symptoms include CNS depression and coma; Symptoms of chronic bromism are irritability, headache, confusion, lethargy, and slurred speech; [HSDB] Symptoms of poisoning after ingestion may include weakness, nervousness, anorexia, confusion, hallucinations, drowsiness, irritability, ataxia, vertigo, and skin rash. [CAMEO] Slightly irritating to skin and eyes; [CHRIS] An irritant; [MSDSonline] See Bromine.

Eye Irrit. 2 (99.6%)

Serious eye damage/eye irritation - Category 2B

Repr. 1B

Skin Irritation: rabbit, nonirritating

Eye Irritation: Rabbit, Slightly irritating

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, strong bases, heavy metals, silver salts, potassium.

Bromine trifluoride reacts explosively with the following: ammonium bromide, ammonium chloride, ammonium iodide.

Iodine heptafluoride reacts violently with ammonium bromide, ammonium chloride, or ammonium iodide.

A mixture of potassium and any of the following compounds produces a weak explosion on impact: ammonium bromide, ammonium iodide, cadmium fluoride, chromium trifluoride, manganous bromide, manganous chloride, nickel fluoride, potassium chlorocuprate, silver chloride, silver iodide, strontium iodide, thallous chloride, and zinc fluoride.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Keep well closed.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Keep in a dry place. Air sensitive. Hygroscopic.

Accidental Release Measures: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Waste treatment methods. Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed. Normal measures for preventive fire protection.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

8.1 [mg/m3]

89 [mg/m3]

530 [mg/m3]

In fire conditions wear self-contained breathing apparatus, wear goggles if eye protection not provided. (USCG, 1999)

Eye/face protection: Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166 Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Impervious clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: For nuisance exposures use type P95 (US) or type P1 (EU EN 143) particle respirator.For higher level protection use type OV/AG/P99 (US) or type ABEK-P2 (EU EN 143) respirator cartridges. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Elemental bromine also burns the skin. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant and chronic exposure produces neuronal effects. This is called bromism and can result in central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, and psychoses. (L625, L626, L627)

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard Duck) age 7 days; diet (chemical incorporated into food) >5000 ppm for 8 days

LD50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard Duck) age 16 weeks; oral via capsule >2000 mg/kg

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green Algae); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 28 ug/L for 72 hr (95% confidence interval: 26-29 ug/L); Effect: decreased population abundance

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age <24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, flow through; Concentration: 23 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 17-27 ug/L); Effect: intoxication, immobilization /99.9% purity/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for AMMONIUM BROMIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Ammonium bromide exists as white crystals or granules. It is used in process engraving and lithography, fireproofing of wood, and as a corrosion inhibitor. Bromide- containing medications is a prominent former use. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: The warning symptoms of bromide intoxication, bromism, include mental dullness, slurred speech, weakened memory, apathy, anorexia, constipation, drowsiness and loss of sensitivity to touch and pain. These symptoms disappear on discontinuing the drug, but continued use leads to more serious symptoms including restlessness, disorientation, ocular disturbances, ataxia, hallucinations, delirium, stupor and coma. Bromide rash, of an acneform, nodular, or sometimes erythematous type, is of fairly common occurrence but may be absent even in patients who have developed severe mental symptoms. Transplacental bromism had been described in the literature. ANIMAL STUDIES: Ammonium bromide was not irritating to skin, but slightly irritating to eyes in rabbits. Ames test conducted in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535,TA100,TA1538,TA98,TA1537 with and without metabolic activation was negative.

Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent and is able to release oxygen free radicals from the water in mucous membranes. These free radicals are also potent oxidizers and produce tissue damage. In additon, the formation of hydrobromic and bromic acids will result in secondary irritation. The bromide ion is also known to affect the central nervous system, causing bromism. This is believed to be a result of bromide ions substituting for chloride ions in the in actions of neurotransmitters and transport systems, thus affecting numerous synaptic processes. (L626, L627, A543)

Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Symptoms include lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, eye irritation with mucous secretions from the oropharyngeal and upper airways, coughing, dyspnoea, choking, wheezing, epistaxis, and headache. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant producing ataxia, slurred speech, tremor, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, visual disturbances, unsteadiness, headaches, impaired memory and concentration, disorientation and hallucinations. This is called bromism. (L626, L627)

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Bromides (including ammonium bromide) have been widely used for their sedative and anticonvulsant effects but, because the blood concentration necessary to produce a therapeutic effect is usually close to that at which toxic effects become evident, they have been replaced by other agents. DOSE: 1 to 6 g daily in divided doses. TOXIC EFFECTS: The warning symptoms of bromide intoxication, bromism, include mental dullness, slurred speech, weakened memory, apathy, anorexia, constipation, drowsiness and loss of sensitivity to touch and pain. These symptoms disappear on discontinuing the drug, but continued use leads to more serious symptoms including restlessness, disorientation, ocular disturbances, ataxia, hallucinations, delirium, stupor and coma. Bromide rash, of an acneform, nodular, or sometimes erythematous type, is of fairly common occurance but may be absent even in patients who have developed severe mental symptoms. There is a clear evidence between blood-bromide concentration and symptoms, though individuals vary greatly. A toxic concentration can be reached very rapidly if the intake of chloride is reduced. High concentration of bromide has an irritant action on the stomach. A blood bromide concentration of 1 g (12.5 mmol) per litre is often regarded as the minimum intoxication level, though toxic symptoms may occur at lower concentrations, 2g/L produces toxic symptoms in most cases and 3 g/L is dangerous to life.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ In addition to sedative and anticonvulsant effects, bromide produces a number of neuropsychiatric changes. in retrospective studies, it was found that many patients who were hospitalized in psychiatric institutions in the mid-20th century in fact had bromide intoxication.

/CASE REPORTS/ A 22-day-old girl was brought to the emergency department (ED) by her parents for excessive sleepiness and decreased oral intake over the prior 48 hours. Her birth history was unremarkable and her parents had no significant past medical history. Routine newborn exam and screens were also normal at birth. She had followup visits with a pediatrician and had been gaining weight appropriately. The parents stated that the child had some "colic" 2 weeks prior and her urine output was slightly decreased, but otherwise she had no recent illness, fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, or excessive crying. All other systems reviews were negative. Further questioning revealed that the parents had been adding Cordial de Monell, an "elixir" for colic, to each meal around the clock for about 12 days prior to the patient's current symptom onset. It was purchased locally, and is commonly used in the Dominican Republic and in the expatriate Dominican community in the US. The resident physician who was caring for this patient had a similar cultural background, was familiar with this product, and remembered it contained "bromuro de potasio." The parents later brought in the actual product, confirming potassium bromide as a listed ingredient. The New York City Poison Control Center was consulted regarding whether exposure to potassium bromide could explain this patient's presentation. ... We believe this child suffered from excess therapeutic sedative exposure due to her size, age, and repeated exposure. Bromism is not nearly as common as it once was, but several forms of bromide are still readily available. This diagnosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients who present with sedative-hypnotic-type intoxication. Elevations in the reported serum chloride levels and a negative anion gap are helpful findings if present, but our case and others before confirm that the lack of these features do not rule out this poisoning. This case further illustrates the need for clinicians to be diligent in obtaining thorough medication, dietary, herbal supplement, social, occupational, and cultural histories from their patients. Aggressive hydration with chloride-containing solutions is the cornerstone of treatment, and in severe cases dialysis may be considered. Bromides are not gone, and bromism should not be forgotten. /Bromides/

/CASE REPORTS/ Case reports of 8 patients with positive bromide tests and symptoms of bromide intoxication are presented. The patients, who had ingested Alva Tranquil, Nervine or Bromo-Seltzer (potassium bromide, sodium citrate, and citric acid), had significant histories of alcoholism. In 1 case, ingestion of 25 Nervine tablets produced a serum bromide level of 360 mg/100 mL. Toxic signs and symptoms are usually seen when serum bromide levels exceed 80 mg/100 ml. Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of brominism are presented.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for AMMONIUM BROMIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Eye Irritation: Rabbit, Slightly irritating

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Skin Irritation: rabbit, nonirritating

/GENOTOXICITY/ Ames test /was conducted in/ Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535,TA100,TA1538,TA98,TA1537 at concentrations 250, 500, 1250, 2500, 5000 ug/plate, with and without metabolic activation. The test levels selected were based on results of a preliminary toxicity test in strain TA98. Each test was conducted in duplicate and was carried out on two separate occasions. Positive controls (sodium azide, ICR-191, 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NPD), 2-aminoanthracene) induced significant increases in reverant colony numbers with all strains, confirming sensitivity of the cultures and activity of S-9 mix. No significant increases in reversion to prototrophy were obtained with any of the 5 bacterial strains at the compound levels tested, either in the absence or presence of S-9 mix. Ammonium bromide was concluded to be devoid of mutagenic activity under the conditions of the study.

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of ammonium bromide is 1 to 99; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 16,770 workers (3,784 of these were female) were potentially exposed to ammonium bromide in the US(1).

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Bromine, methyl bromide, and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Bromine, methyl bromide, and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Bromine, methyl bromide, and related compounds/

The biological half-life of bromide ions in human blood was studied in 10 human healthy volunteers. Br(82) labelled ammonium bromide was given orally as a water solution. The biological half-life of bromide ions was found to be about 12 days.

Bromine is mainly absorbed via inhalation, but may also enter the body through dermal contact. Bromine salts can be ingested. Due to its reactivity, bromine quickly forms bromide and may be deposited in the tissues, displacing other halogens. (L626)

The biological half-life of bromide ions in human blood was studied in 10 human healthy volunteers. Br(82) labelled ammonium bromide was given orally as a water solution. The biological half-life of bromide ions was found to be about 12 days. The bromide ratio red blood cells/serum was found to be about 0.45. No bromide was found to be incorporated in fat, extracted from plasma and hemolyzed blood cells by ether. Nor was any bromide found to be incorporated in blood proteins.

The excretion of bromide by the urine was studied in 13 healthy voluteers who were given Br(82) ammonium bromide orally as water solution. Urine samples were collected every 2 hr approx. for 5 days. Blood and saliva bromide levels were also measured in 6 of the subjects. The biological half life of bromide was equal in blood, urine and saliva, about 12 days. Nearly all of the labelled bromide administered was found to be excreted in the urine. The mean concentration of labeled bromide in urine and saliva was about equal and 150% of the blood level. The excretion of bromide varied during the day - there was hardly any found in urine during sleep.

The concentration of Br-82 (in the form of NH4-82-Br containing 12 mg. bromine/mCi) in the thyroid, muscle and blood was studied in rats. The animals were injected ip with 30 uCi 82- Br in 2 mL 0.9% NaCl solution. Results of the study indicated that under normal conditions bromine is not concentrated by the thyroid. After stimulation by TSH there is an increased uptake by the gland. There was no evidence that bromine is metabolized further in the thyroid gland.

Single doses of an aqueous solution of Br(82)-ammonium bromide were injected into tail veins of pregnant albino mice 2 days before post-partum. The mice were sacrificed after 5 or 20 min.,1,2,4,24 or 48 hrs and the distribution of the Br(82) in the tissues of the dams and the fetuses had been studied by autoradiography. The distribution was found to be similar at the various time periods studied. The radioactivity was excreted slowly. Blood levels remained high and exceeded those recorded for most organs and tissues. Bromide gradually accumulated in the central nervous system. The level in the thyroid was relatively high but did not exceed levels in the blood. Bromide showed transplacental passage and most of the radioactive bromide was found in the bones of the fetuses, but the level was not as high as in the cartilage of the dams (which did not exceed blood levels). The following tissues accumulated bromide at higher conc. than the blood after 24 hrs: Gastric mucosa and contents, urinary bladder contents, blood-vessel walls and retina.

Used in process engraving and lithography, fireproofing wood, textile finishing, manufacturing photographic emulsions, and metal treatment, Also used as a corrosion inhibitor and as a catalyst in the production of diphenylamine; [HSDB] Used as a sedative; [Merck Index]

Textiles (Printing, Dyeing, or Finishing) [Category: Industry]

Lithography printing [Category: Hobbies]

For ammonium bromide (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 000352) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the USA but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Manufacturing of photographic films, plates, and papers; in process engraving and lithography; fireproofing of wood; in corrosion inhibitors; in photochemical reactions; precipitation of silver salts.

Analytical chemistry, ... textile finishing, fire retardant, anticorrosive agent.

(1972) No Data

(1975) No Data

(1986) No Data

(1972) No Data

(1975) No Data

(1986) No Data

2023: 250,000 - <550,000 lb

(1972) No Data

(1975) No Data

(1986) No Data

Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: Ammonium bromide. Aggregated National Production Volume: < 500,000 pounds.

Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: Ammonium bromide. National Production Volume: Withheld.

It is prepared by the reaction of hydrobromic acid and ammonia or preferably by the direct reaction of ammonia (in a slight excess) with bromine in water. ... Concentration of solutions produces the crystalline product, whereas a powder results from spray-drying.

... Prepared by the reaction of ammonia with iron(II) bromide or iron(III) bromide.

For ammonium bromide, another method involving reaction of an aqueous bromine solution and iron filings has been used. The solution of ferrous and ferric bromide thus formed then reacts with ammonia to precipitate hydrated oxides of iron. Ammonium bromide can be recovered by crystallization from the concentrated liquor.

Action of hydrobromic acid on ammonium hydroxide with subsequent crystallization.

Ammonium bromide is manufactured by a reaction between ammonia and bromine. The solution is then filtered, crystallized and dried.

Grades: Technical; Pure; CP, NF.

/Available as/ technical photograde; -4 mesh particle size, 99.9% purity grade; 35-55% solution & 99%granular grades; dry technical, 38-45% solution grades; chemical pure, chemically very pure & ACS grades.

DR. RECKEWEG R14 QUIETA COMBINATION PRODUCT: Ammonium bromatum 3X, Avena sativa 1X, Chamomilla 4X, Coffea cruda 4X, Eschscholtzia californica 2X, Humulus lupulus 2X, Ignatia amara 6X, Passiflora incarnata 2X, Valeriana officinalis 1X, Zincum valerianicum 6X, 1 g each in 10 g.

DR. RECKEWEG R53 COMEDONIN COMBINATION PRODUCT:Ammonium bromatum 12X, Bromium 12X, Hepar sulphuris calcareum 30X, Juglans regia 30X, Kali bromatum 12X, Ledum palustre 30X, Natrum bromatum 12X, Natrum muriaticum 200X, Placenta suis 12X, Viola tricolor 12X, 1 g each in 10 g.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for AMMONIUM BROMIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing

Ammonium bromide ((NH4)Br): ACTIVE