Idebenone

173.7 Ų [M+H-H2O]+ [CCS Type: TW; Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]；181.56 Ų [M+Na]+ [CCS Type: TW; Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]；181.21 Ų [M+K]+ [CCS Type: TW; Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]；175.92 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW; Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]

178.6 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW; Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 25% (1 of 4) of reports.

Danger

H228 (25%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]；H302 (25%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]；H315 (25%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]；H319 (25%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]；H335 (25%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P210, P240, P241, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 4 reports by companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.；Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 4 reports by companies.；There are 3 notifications provided by 3 of 4 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).；Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

N06BX13

N - Nervous system；N06 - Psychoanaleptics；N06B - Psychostimulants, agents used for adhd and nootropics；N06BX - Other psychostimulants and nootropics；N06BX13 - Idebenone

QN - Nervous system；QN06 - Psychoanaleptics；QN06B - Psychostimulants, agents used for adhd and nootropics；QN06BX - Other psychostimulants and nootropics；QN06BX13 - Idebenone

Idebenone is a synthetic analogue of ubiquinone (also known as Coenzyme Q10), a vital cell antioxidant and essential component of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC). It has been proposed that by interacting with the ETC, idebenone increases ATP production required for mitochondrial function, reduces free radicals, inhibits lipid peroxidation, and consequently protects the lipid membrane and mitochondria from oxidative damage. More specifically, idebenone is thought to transfer electrons directly to complex III of the mitochondrial ETC, thereby circumventing complex I and restoring cellular energy (ATP) generation.

Metabolism occurs by means of oxidative shortening of the side chain and by reduction of the quinone ring and conjugation to glucuronides and sulphates. Idebenone shows a high first pass metabolism resulting in conjugates of idebenone (glucuronides and sulphates (IDE-C)) and the Phase I metabolites QS10, QS6, and QS4 as well as their corresponding Phase II metabolites (glucuronides and sulphates (QS10+QS10-C, QS6+QS6-C, QS4+QS4-C)). The main metabolites in plasma are IDE-C and QS4+QS4-C.

After oral administration, idebenone is rapidly absorbed. On repeat dosing, maximum plasma concentrations of idebenone are reached on average within 1 hour (median 0.67 h range: 0.33-2.00 h). Food increases the bioavailability of idebenone by approximately 5-7-fold and i therefore should always be administered with food.

The main route of elimination is metabolism, with the majority of dose excreted via the kidneys as metabolites. After a single or repeated oral dose of 750 mg of idebenone, QS4+QS4-C were the most prominent idebenone-derived metabolites in urine, representing on average between 49.3% and 68.3% of the total administered dose. QS6+QS6 represented 6.45% to 9.46%, whereas QS10+QS10-C and IDE+IDE-C were close to 1% or below.

Experimental data have shown that idebenone passes the blood-brain barrier and is distributed at significant concentrations in cerebral tissue. Following oral administration pharmacologically relevant concentrations of idebenone are detectable in the aqueous humor of the eye.