아미카신

50

In water, 1.85X10+5 mg/L at 25 °C

4.97e+01 g/L

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.

/Sulfate/ melts at ... about 225 °C with decomp. /Amikacin sulfate/

214

203-204 °C (sesquihydrate)

203 - 204 °C

Amorphous form, dec 220-230 °C,Specific optical rotation: +74.75 deg at 22 °C/D (in water), Freely soluble in water /Amikacin sulfate/

Specific optical rotation: +99 deg at 23 °C/D (c = 1.0 in water)

8.1

pKa1 = 6.7 (primary amine); pKa2 = 8.4 (primary amine); pKa3 = 8.4 (primary amine); pKa4 = 9.7 (primary amine)

Danger

H317 (75%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]；H318 (25%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]；H332 (25%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]；H360 (25%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]；H372 (25%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P318, P319, P321, P333+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 4 reports by companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.；Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations identifies currently marketed prescription drug products, including amikacin, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations identifies currently marketed prescription drug products, including amikacin, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. /Amikacin sulfate/

The Generic Animal Drug and Patent Restoration act requires that each sponsor of an approved animal drug must submit to the FDA certain information regarding patents held for the animal drug or its method of use. The Act requires that this information, as well as a list of all animal drug products approved for safety and effectiveness, be made available to the public. Amikacin sulfate is included on this list. /Amikacin sulfate/

Implantation or injectable dosage form new animal drugs. Amikacin. ... Indications for use. For treatment of genitourinary tract infections (cystitis) caused by susceptible strains of Escherichia coli and Proteus spp. and skin and soft tissue infections caused by susceptible strains of Pseudomonas spp. and E. coli. ... Limitations. Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

Certain other dosage form new animal drugs. Amikacin. ... Indications for use. For treating genital tract infections (endometritis, metritis, and pyometra) in mares caused by susceptible organisms including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., and Klebsiella spp. ... Limitations. Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

SRP: Expired or waste pharmaceuticals shall carefully take into consideration applicable DEA, EPA, and FDA regulations. It is not appropriate to dispose by flushing the pharmaceutical down the toilet or discarding to trash. If possible return the pharmaceutical to the manufacturer for proper disposal being careful to properly label and securely package the material. Alternatively, the waste pharmaceutical shall be labeled, securely packaged and transported by a state licensed medical waste contractor to dispose by burial in a licensed hazardous or toxic waste landfill or incinerator.

A single amikacin dose has potentiated the neuromuscular blocking effects of a single intubating dose of rocuronium.

Concomitant and/or sequential use of an aminoglycoside and other systemic, oral, or topical drugs that have neurotoxic, ototoxic, or nephrotoxic effects (e.g., other aminoglycosides, acyclovir, amphotericin B, bacitracin, capreomycin, certain cephalosporins, colistin, cisplatin, methoxyflurane, polymyxin B, vancomycin) may result in additive toxicity and should be avoided, if possible. /Aminoglycosides/

Because of the possibility of an increased risk of ototoxicity due to additive effects or altered serum and tissue aminoglycoside concentrations, aminoglycosides should not be given concomitantly with potent diuretics such as ethacrynic acid, furosemide, urea, or mannitol. It has been suggested that concomitant use of certain anti-emetics that suppress nausea and vomiting of vestibular origin and vertigo (e.g., dimenhydrinate, meclizine) may mask symptoms of aminoglycoside-associated vestibular ototoxicity. /Aminoglycosides/

Concurrent use of an aminoglycoside with general anesthetics or neuromuscular blocking agents (e.g., succinylcholine, rocuronium, tubocurarine) may potentiate neuromuscular blockade and cause respiratory paralysis. ... Aminoglycosides should be used with caution in patients receiving anesthetics or neuromuscular blocking agents, and patients should be closely observed for signs of respiratory depression. /Aminoglycosides/

For more Interactions (Complete) data for Amikacin (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Intravenous and intramuscular therapy with amikacin has not been linked to serum alkaline phosphatase or aminotransferase elevations, and no convincing cases of symptomatic or icteric hepatotoxicity due to amikacin have been published. Other aminoglycosides have been linked to very rare cases of cholestatic hepatitis, that typically arise within 1 to 3 weeks of starting therapy, often associated with skin rash, fever and sometimes eosinophilia. Recovery typically occurs within 1 to 2 months and chronic injury has not been described. Amikacin as well as other aminoglycosides are not mentioned in large case series of drug induced liver disease and acute liver failure; thus, hepatic injury due to amikacin is very rare if it occurs at all.；Likelihood score: E (unlikely cause of clinically apparent liver injury).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that amikacin is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). However, reported pKa values of 6.7, 8.4, 8.4 and 8.9 for the amine moities(3) indicate that this compound will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as a cation and cations do not volatilize. Amikacin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 5.8X10-28 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2017).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that amikacin is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Reported pKa values of 6.7, 8.4, 8.4 and 8.9(3) indicate amikacin will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of -8.78(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2017).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), amikacin, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 5.8X10-28 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase. Particulate-phase amikacin may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Amikacin contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Major Adverse Effects；Nephrotoxicity is the most common, occurring in 1% to 10% of patients. The nephrotoxicity is reversible if detected early and the drug discontinued. Renal damage is more likely to occur in dehydrated patients, have a low glomerular filtration rate, have diabetes, sepsis, fever, or are on NSAIDs.；Ototoxicity, vestibular, and auditory (4% to 6%) can occur when using high doses. The patient may complain of loss of balance and hearing loss, which can be permanent if drug therapy continues for prolonged periods. The ototoxicity is believed to be due to oxidative free radicals, which damage the hair cells in the cochlea. Many hospitals now routinely monitor hearing before, during, and after therapy in infants.；Neuromuscular blockade is less common.；Minor Effects；Increase in BUN/Cr (5% to 25%), drug fever, and rash (less common).；Neurotoxicity may present in some patients with paresthesias, tingling, and numbness.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Amikacin is an aminoglycoside anti-bacterial agent. Amikacin is used for the short-term treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible gram-negative bacteria. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Elevation of serum creatinine, albuminuria, presence of red and white cells, casts, azotemia, and oliguria have been reported. Renal function changes are usually reversible when the drug is discontinued. Reports of toxic nephropathy and acute renal failure have been received during postmarketing surveillance. Toxic effects on the eighth cranial nerve can result in hearing loss, loss of balance, or both. Amikacin primarily affects auditory function. Cochlear damage includes high frequency deafness and usually occurs before clinical hearing loss can be detected. Acute muscular paralysis and apnea can occur following treatment with aminoglycoside drugs. Aminoglycosides can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. ANIMAL STUDIES: The cochleotoxic effects of aminoglycosides, such as amikacin, are well-established. Reduced cochlear activity compared to the pre-treatment state was described in rabbits treated with i.m. amikacin. Long term studies in animals to evaluate carcinogenic potential have not been performed, and mutagenicity has not been studied. In zebrafish, amikacin induced embryonic toxicity and reduced survival rate. Amikacin administered subcutaneously to rats did not impair male or female fertility.

No antidote for toxicity is available, only 20% dialyzable; however, this is variable based on hemodialysis filter. Avoid potentially toxic prolonged peak concentrations above 35 mcg/mL.；Drug Interactions；Clindamycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline can inactivate amikacin and other aminoglycosides.；High-ceiling diuretics like furosemide increase ototoxicity and have the potential to increase the concentration of amikacin, thereby worsening the ototoxicity.；Other medications that can increase amikacin concentrations in the blood include NSAIDs (especially indomethacin) and quinidine.

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of December 8, 2016: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of amikacin can be estimated to be 10(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that amikacin is expected to have very high mobility in soil. The pKa values of amikacin are 6.7, 8.4, 8.4 and 8.9(3), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4).

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Elevation of serum creatinine, albuminuria, presence of red and white cells, casts, azotemia, and oliguria have been reported. Renal function changes are usually reversible when the drug is discontinued. As would be expected with any aminoglycoside, reports of toxic nephropathy and acute renal failure have been received during postmarketing surveillance.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including Amikacin Sulfate Injection USP, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Toxic effects on the eighth cranial nerve can result in hearing loss, loss of balance, or both. Amikacin primarily affects auditory function. Cochlear damage includes high frequency deafness and usually occurs before clinical hearing loss can be detected.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Acute muscular paralysis and apnea can occur following treatment with aminoglycoside drugs. /Aminoglycoside/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Amikacin (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Drug-Induced Liver Injury Severity and Toxicity (DILIst)

amikacin

DILI Negative

Intravenous

DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2019.09.022

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for amikacin(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of -8.78(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The pKa values of 6.7, 8.4, 8.4 and 8.9(1) indicate amikacin will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. Amikacin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 5.8X10-28 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2).

The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations identifies currently marketed prescription drug products, including amikacin, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations identifies currently marketed prescription drug products, including amikacin, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. /Amikacin sulfate/

The Generic Animal Drug and Patent Restoration act requires that each sponsor of an approved animal drug must submit to the FDA certain information regarding patents held for the animal drug or its method of use. The Act requires that this information, as well as a list of all animal drug products approved for safety and effectiveness, be made available to the public. Amikacin sulfate is included on this list. /Amikacin sulfate/

Implantation or injectable dosage form new animal drugs. Amikacin. ... Indications for use. For treatment of genitourinary tract infections (cystitis) caused by susceptible strains of Escherichia coli and Proteus spp. and skin and soft tissue infections caused by susceptible strains of Pseudomonas spp. and E. coli. ... Limitations. Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

Certain other dosage form new animal drugs. Amikacin. ... Indications for use. For treating genital tract infections (endometritis, metritis, and pyometra) in mares caused by susceptible organisms including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., and Klebsiella spp. ... Limitations. Do not use in horses intended for human consumption. Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.

S - Sensory organs；S01 - Ophthalmologicals；S01A - Antiinfectives；S01AA - Antibiotics；S01AA21 - Amikacin

D - Dermatologicals；D06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use；D06A - Antibiotics for topical use；D06AX - Other antibiotics for topical use；D06AX12 - Amikacin

J - Antiinfectives for systemic use；J01 - Antibacterials for systemic use；J01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials；J01GB - Other aminoglycosides；J01GB06 - Amikacin

QS - Sensory organs；QS01 - Ophthalmologicals；QS01A - Antiinfectives；QS01AA - Antibiotics；QS01AA21 - Amikacin

QD - Dermatologicals；QD06 - Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics for dermatological use；QD06A - Antibiotics for topical use；QD06AX - Other antibiotics for topical use；QD06AX12 - Amikacin

QJ - Antiinfectives for systemic use；QJ01 - Antibacterials for systemic use；QJ01G - Aminoglycoside antibacterials；QJ01GB - Other aminoglycosides；QJ01GB06 - Amikacin

Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Aminoglycosides bind to the bacteria, causing misreading of t-RNA, leaving bacteria unable to synthesize proteins vital to their growth. Aminoglycosides are useful mainly in the treatment infections involving aerobic, Gram-negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Enterobacter. In addition, some mycobacteria, including the bacteria that cause tuberculosis, are susceptible to aminoglycosides. Infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria can also be treated with aminoglycosides, however, other antibiotics may be more potent and less toxic to humans.

The primary mechanism of action of amikacin is the same as that for all aminoglycosides. It binds to bacterial 30S ribosomal subunits and interferes with mRNA binding and tRNA acceptor sites, interfering with bacterial growth. This leads to disruption of normal protein synthesis and production of non-functional or toxic peptides. Other actions have been postulated for drugs of this class. Amikacin, as well as the rest of the aminoglycosides, are generally bacteriocidal against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Aminoglycosides are usually bactericidal in action. Although the exact mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, the drugs appear to inhibit protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria by irreversibly binding to 30S ribosomal subunits. /Aminoglycosides/

... Aminoglycosides are aminocyclitols that kill bacteria by inhibiting protein synthesis as they bind to the 16S rRNA and by disrupting the integrity of bacterial cell membrane. Aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms include: (a) the deactivation of aminoglycosides by N-acetylation, adenylylation or O-phosphorylation, (b) the reduction of the intracellular concentration of aminoglycosides by changes in outer membrane permeability, decreased inner membrane transport, active efflux, and drug trapping, (c) the alteration of the 30S ribosomal subunit target by mutation, and (d) methylation of the aminoglycoside binding site. ... /Aminoglycosides/

The plasma elimination half-life of amikacin is usually 2-3 hours in adults with normal renal function and is reported to range from 30-86 hours in adults with severe renal impairment.

The plasma elimination half-life of amikacin usually is 2-3 hours in adults with normal renal function and is reported to range from 28-86 hours in adults with severe renal impairment. The plasma elimination half-life of amikacin is reported to be 4-5 hours in full-term infants 7 days of age or older and 7-8 hours in low birth-weight infants 1-3 days of age. In preterm neonates, half-life is inversely related to postconceptional age and has ranged from 4.5-15.6 hours. In one study in infants and children 20 days to 6 years of age, mean plasma half-life after a single 7.5-mg/kg IM dose was about 2 hours.

Amikacin's structure has been altered to reduce the possible route of enzymatic deactivation, thus reducing bacterial resistance. Many strains of Gram-negative organisms resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin have shown to be sensitive to amikacin in vitro.

Aminoglycosides are not metabolized and are excreted unchanged in the urine primarily by glomerular filtration. /Aminoglycosides/

84319SGC3C

AMIKACIN

Established Pharmacologic Class [EPC] - Aminoglycoside Antibacterial

Chemical Structure [CS] - Aminoglycosides

Amikacin is an Aminoglycoside Antibacterial.

AMIKACIN

Rapidly absorbed after intramuscular administration. Rapid absorption occurs from the peritoneum and pleura. Poor oral and topical absorption. Poorly absorbed from bladder irrigations and intrathecal administration. The bioavailability of this drug is expected to vary primarily from individual differences in nebulizer efficiency and airway pathology. Following IM administration of a single dose of amikacin of 7.5 mg/kg in adults with normal renal function, peak plasma amikacin concentrations of 17-25 micrograms/mL are attained within 45 minutes to 2 hours. Following IV infusion of the same dose given over 1 hour peak plasma concentrations of the drug average 38 micrograms/mL immediately following the infusion, 5.5 micrograms/mL at 4 hours, and 1.3 micrograms/mL at 8 hours.

This drug is eliminated by the kidneys. In adults with normal renal function, 94-98% of a single IM or IV dose of amikacin is excreted unchanged by glomerular filtration in the kidney within 24 hours. Amikacin can be completely recovered within approximately 10-20 days in patients with normal, healthy renal function. In patients with impaired renal function, the clearance of amikacin is found to be decreased; the more severe the impairment, the slower the clearance. The interval between doses of amikacin should be adjusted according to the level of renal impairment. Endogenous creatinine clearance rate and serum creatinine which have a high correlation with serum half-life of amikacin, may be used as a guide for dosing.

24 L (28% of body weight healthy adult subjects). Following administration of usual dosages of amikacin, amikacin has been found in bone, heart, gallbladder, and lung tissue. Amikacin is also distributed into bile, sputum, bronchial secretions, and interstitial, pleural, and synovial fluids.

The mean serum clearance rate is about 100 mL/min and the renal clearance rate is 94 mL/min in subjects with normal renal function.

Emergence of a multiply drug resistant Enterobacter cloacae during a seven-week period in 1980 caused amikacin to become the aminoglycoside of choice in the initial management of suspected sepsis in a neonatal intensive care unit. Recommended doses (7.5-10 mg/kg loading; 15 mg/kg in two divided doses IV) were given to 5 infants < or = 1,000 gm and to 13 larger babies. Trough levels 11.5 hours after a dose were 16.6 +/- 11.9 ug/mL in infants < or = 1,000 gm and 6.5 +/- 4.3 ug/mL in the larger infants (P < 0.02). Peak levels one hour postinfusion exceeded 40 ug/mL in 3 of 5 < or = 1,000-gm babies and 4 of 12 > 1,000-gm infants (P = NS). Overall, 7 of 10 peak and/or trough levels in < or = 1,000-gm infants were in the range considered toxic in adults, versus 7 of 24 in larger babies (P = 0.03). These data show that ... excessive blood levels of amikacin are likely in infants < or = 1,000 gm and may also occur in larger infants using currently recommended dosage schedules. These ... findings emphasize the need to monitor drug levels and individualize therapy in very low birthweight infants.

Amikacin is poorly absorbed from the GI tract. Amikacin is rapidly absorbed following IM administration. Following IM administration of a single 7.5-mg/kg dose of amikacin in adults with normal renal function, peak plasma amikacin concentrations are attained within about 0.5-2 hours and average 17-25 ug/mL; plasma concentrations 10 hours after the dose average 2.1 ug/mL.

MEDICATION

MEDICATION(VET)

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Use (kg; approx.) in Germany (2009): >25；Consumption (g per capita; approx.) in Germany (2009): 0.000305；Calculated removal (%): 92.1

Amikacin, the 1-L-(-)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl derivative of kanamycin, is obtained by acylation of the C-1 amino group of the 2-deoxystreptamine moiety of kanamycin with L-(-)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyric acid.

Preparation: H. Kawaguchi, T. Naito, German patent 2234315; H. Kawaguchi et al., United States of America patent 3781268 (both 1973 to Bristol-Myers).