이황화탄소

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

Teratogens

Pesticide -> EPA IRIS

Insecticides, Nematicides

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) (Pesticide/Volatile Organic Compound (VOC))

log Kow = 1.94

1.94

1.84

Purest distillates have sweet, pleasing, and ethereal odor ... usual commercial and reagent grades are foul smelling

When pure, carbon disulfide has sweetish aromatic odor similar to that of chloroform.

1.2632 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.2632 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Saturated vapor density = 0.08021 lb/cu ft at 70 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.26

1.26

1.2632 @25 °C

Mobile ... liquid

Clear, colorless or faintly yellow liquid

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 2160 mg/L at 25 °C

Soluble in water

Slightly soluble in water

Soluble in chloroform; miscible with ethanol, ether

For more Solubility (Complete) data for Carbon disulfide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Carbon disulfide is normally stored and handled in mild steel equipment. ... Copper and copper alloys are attacked by carbon disulfide and must be avoided.

Liquid carbon disulfide will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings.

Danger

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H225 (100%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Chemical: Carbon disulfide

Hazard Traits - Developmental Toxicity; Neurotoxicity; Reproductive Toxicity

Carbon disulfide is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Carbon disulfide are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

TP - indicates a substance that is the subject of a proposed TSCA section 4 test rule.

2002/2076

Status: Active Update: 16-12-2021 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14292

Ignition temperature is dangerously low. Vapors may be ignited by contact with an ordinary (incandescent) light bulb. When heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur. When heated to decomposition, emits highly toxic fumes of sulfur oxides and can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. Avoid air, rust, halogens, metal azides, metals, oxidants; when exposed to heat or flame reacts violently with aluminum, chlorine, azides, hypochlorite, ethylamine diamine, ethylene imine, fluorine, metallic azides of lithium, potassium, cesium, rubidium and sodium, nitrogen oxides, potassium, zinc and (sulfuric acid plus permanganate). Decomposes on standing for a long time. (EPA, 1998)

· HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.

· HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.

Highly flammable. Many reactions may cause fire or explosion. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Vapour/air mixtures are explosive.

Carbon disulfide vapor is explosive, igniting spontaneously on contact with sparks or at temperatures above 147 degrees C.

The vapor ignites on contact with fluorine.

Dangerous when exposed to heat, flame, sparks, friction, or oxidizing materials.

The substance may ignite spontaneously on contact with hot surfaces ... Reacts violently with oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard.

The material affects the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, eyes, kidneys, liver, and skin. It may be absorbed through the skin as a vapor or liquid, inhaled or ingested. The probable oral lethal dose for a human is between 0.5 and 5 g/kg or between 1 ounce and 1 pint (or 1 pound) for a 70 kg (150 lb.) person. In chronic exposures, the central nervous system is damaged and results in the disturbance of vision and sensory changes as the most common early symptoms. Lowest lethal dose for humans has been reported at 14 mg/kg or 0.98 grams for a 70 kg person. Alcoholics and those suffering from neuropsychic trouble are at special risk. (EPA, 1998)

· TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin.

· TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin.

Pure carbon disulfide is a colorless liquid with a pleasant odor that is like the smell of chloroform. The impure carbon disulfide that is usually used in most industrial processes is a yellowish liquid with an unpleasant odor, like that of rotting radishes. Carbon disulfide evaporates at room temperature, and the vapor is more than twice as heavy as air. It easily explodes in air and also catches fire very easily. In nature, small amounts of carbon disulfide are found in gases released to the earth's surface as, for example, in volcanic eruptions or over marshes. Commercial carbon disulfide is made by combining carbon and sulfur at very high temperatures

Exposure to carbon disulfide occurs mainly in the workplace. Acute (short-term) inhalation exposure of humans to carbon disulfide has caused changes in breathing and chest pains. Nausea, vomiting, dizziness, fatigue, headache, mood changes, lethargy, blurred vision, delirium, and convulsions have also been reported in humans acutely exposed by inhalation. Neurologic effects, including behavioral and neurophysiological changes, have been observed in chronic (long-term) human and animal inhalation studies. Reproductive effects, such as decreased sperm count and menstrual disturbances, have been observed in humans exposed to carbon disulfide by inhalation. Animal studies support these findings. EPA has not classified carbon disulfide for human carcinogenicity.

Liquid causes first degree burns on short exposure; [CHRIS] Carbon disulfide has good warning properties; its vapor is heavier than air. Elevation of liver function tests has been reported after acute exposure. [LaDou, p. 497-8] It can cause both acute and chronic encephalopathy. Alice Hamilton described in the 1920s two cases, one of slowly developing paralysis of the legs, the other of rapidly developing manic-depressive insanity. [Hamilton A. Exploring the Dangerous Trades. Beverly, MA: OEM Press, 1995, p. 389] There is limited evidence that CS2 can increase spontaneous abortion in humans and birth defects in animals. There is also evidence that CS2 can decrease sperm counts in experimental animals and reduce libido in exposed workers. [Frazier, p. 171-2] The risk of death from coronary heart disease was increased 2.5 to 5 fold in a studies of viscose rayon workers. [NIOSH Guidelines for Chemical Hazards] Viscous rayon workers suffered retinal hemorrhages and microvascular aneurysms. Optic nerve damage was also seen after heavy acute or chronic exposure. [Sullivan, p. 1209] Vigliani studied over 380 cases in Italy that occurred in the decades prior to 1953. He concluded that chronic exposure to at least 45 ppm was necessary to cause intoxication. [ACGIH] Heavy, chronic exposure to CS2 is associated with kidney disease as a secondary effect from the accelerated atherosclerosis. [LaDou, p. 423] See No evidence of cardiovascular toxicity in workers exposed below 5 ppm carbon disulfide. [PMID 26940896]

1131 131

1131 131

1131 131

Coppock RW et al; Vet Hum Toxicol 23 (5): 331 (1981). A review on toxicology of carbon disulfide.

NEAL RA, HALPERT J; ANNU REV PHARMACOL TOXICOL 22: 321 (1982). REVIEW OF TOXICOLOGY ON THIO-SULFUR-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS.

NIOSH; Criteria Document: Carbon Disulfide (1977) DHEW Pub NIOSH 77-156

International Programme on Chemical Safety; Concise International Chemical Assessment Document Number 46: Carbon disulfide (2002). CICADs are concise documents that provide summaries of the relevant scientific information concerning the potential effects of chemicals upon human health and/or the environment.[Available from, as of December 20, 2017: http://www.inchem.org/pages/cicads.html]

For more Special Reports (Complete) data for Carbon disulfide (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If the vapor concentration exceeds 2 percent by volume or is unknown, self-contained breathing mask with full face should be used by all persons entering contaminated area. Wear special protective clothing. Isolate for 1/2 mile in all directions if tank car or truck is involved in fire.

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Give nothing to drink. Refer for medical attention .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

Warning: Effects may be delayed. Caution is advised.

General First Aid:

General First Aid:

(General first aid procedures)

... Corrosive liquid. May accumulate static electricity ...

Flashback along vapor trail may occur. Vapor may explode if ignited in an enclosed area.

... Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back ...

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached very quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

For more Firefighting Hazards (Complete) data for Carbon disulfide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - TTCA in urine = 0.5 mg/g creatinine; sample at end of shift; [ACGIH]

5.0 [ppm]

To fight fire, use water, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, fog, mist.

Water and foam may be ineffective on fire.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish the fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

... Blanket with water to extinguish fire ...

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for Carbon disulfide (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... Must be stored in airtight drums, handled with precautions, & in summer kept in shade and sprayed with water to prevent pressure developing. Large quantities ... must be stored under water.

... Should be kept away from heat, sparks, and flames, and adequate ventilation should be provided. ... Storage and handling equipment are generally of conventional carbon steel construction. All parts of a system, incl piping, valves, and movable containers, must be earth-ground and firmly bonded by good electrical conductors to eliminate the possibility of static charge build-up and spark discharge.

Store small containers in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Store bulk quantities under water or inert gas blanket. Outside or detached storage preferred.

Fireproof. Separated from oxidants, food and feedstuffs. Cool.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Refrigerate before opening.

1. Remove all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 3. For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitable location away from combustible materials. Large quantities can be reclaimed or collected and atomized in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. Carbon disulfide should not be allowed to enter a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder. Apply appropriate foam to diminish vapor and fire hazard.

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Combustion products include corrosive or toxic vapors.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for Carbon disulfide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P022, D003, and F005, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Carbon disulfide is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. A sulfur dioxide scrubber is necessary when combusting significant quantities of carbon disulfide.

A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Carbon disulfide (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

All 8 samples of mother's milk from 4 urban areas of the U.S. contained carbon disulfide(1). Carbon disulfide was qualitatively detected in samples of mother's milk from Bayonne, NJ, Jersey City, NJ, Pittsburgh, PA, and Baton Rouge, LA(2). Diurnal 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, an indicator of exposure to carbon disulfide, excretion in urine samples collected from viscose production workers ranged from 3.4 to 41.5 mmol(3). Urinary concentration of 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) of workers during the production of viscose rayon fibers ranged from not detected to 2.3 mg TTCA/g creatinine(4). Mean TTCA concentrations in urine of workers in the viscose industry were, mg/L (department): 1.96 (spool spinning), 5.06 (spinning of technical rayon), 6.55 (washing), 2.27 (post-treatment), and 1.14 (second aging)(5).

Following oral exposure, administer charcoal as a slurry (240 mL water/30 g charcoal). Consider gastric lavage after ingestion of a potentially life-threatening amount of poison if it can be performed soon after ingestion (generally within 1 hour). Intravenous urea (0.5 to 1.5 g/kg) has been recommended to inactivate free carbon disulfide in the blood. The efficacy of this treatment is unknown. Following inhalation exposure, move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. If the exposure occurred through eye exposure, irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. If the exposure occurred through dermal contact, remove contaminated clothing and wash exposed area thoroughly with soap and water. (T36)

... CS2 treatment significantly increased the contractile response /uterine contractions of mid-gestation rats/ to KCl, carbachol, and A23187. The increase to A23187 was the greatest. In vitro exposure to CS2 immediately suppressed carbachol-induced contraction but did not affect spontaneous and KCl-induced contractions.

... signs of carbon disulfide poisoning in animals are intensified by reserpine, iproniazid, and amphetamine...

It is now recognized that the neural responses to carbon disulfide are greatly influenced by the mineral content of the diet, at least in animals. A highly mineralized diet offering substantial protection from neurologic effects.

Inclusion of equimolar mixt of carbon disulfide in oral dose of approx 4 LD50's of carbon tetrachloride (5 mmol/kg) to phenobarbitone-pretreated rats reduced the amt of liver injury due to carbon tetrachloride & prevented deaths.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for Carbon disulfide (35 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Cardiovascular (Heart and Blood Vessels), Hepatic (Liver), Neurological (Nervous System)

Developmental

central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, cardiovascular system, eyes, kidneys, liver, skin, reproductive system

Following inhalation, subtle and transient changes in pulmonary function can be manifested as reduced vital capacity and decreased partial pressure of arterial oxygen. Patients can developed normochromic and normocytic anemia, eosinopenia, and an increase in reticulocyte cell numbers after oral exposure . Carbon disulfide poisoning can result in central nervous system depression, coma, respiratory paralysis, and death. It also may accelerate coronary artery disease. Peripheral neuropathies, cranial nerve dysfunction, and neuropsychiatric changes are present in over 70% of chronic carbon sulfide victims. (L592)

EC50; Species: Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Green algae) size 10+8 cells/100 mL; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C; Concentration: 21000 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: growth, general /99% purity/

EC50; Species: Chlorococcales (Green algae order); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 76000 ug/L for 24 hr; Effect: physiology, assimilation efficiency /formulated product/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: freshwater, renewal; Concentration: 2100 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence limit: 1900 to 2200 ug/L) /99% purity/

LC50; Species: Gambusia affinis (Western mosquitofish) adult; Conditions: freshwater, static, 18-22 °C, pH 7.4-8.0; Concentration: 162000 ug/L for 24 hr /formulated product/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Carbon disulfide (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 48(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.94(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that carbon disulfide is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of carbon disulfide from moist soil surfaces is expected to occur(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.44X10-2 atm-cu m/mole at 24 °C(4). Carbon disulfide is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 359 mm Hg(5). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 2% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(6) indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 48(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.94(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that carbon disulfide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column(SRC). Carbon disulfide is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3) based on a Henry's Law constant of 1.44X10-2 atm-cu m/mole at 24 °C(4). Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.6 hours and 3.5 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), BCFs of <6.1 and <60 in carp at 50 and 5 ug/L, respectively(6) suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate(SRC). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 2% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(6) indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process based on a half-life of over 1 year under alkaline conditions(7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), carbon disulfide, which has a vapor pressure of 359 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase carbon disulfide is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5.5 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.9X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec(3). Carbon disulfide has a weak UV adsorption band at 317 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). However, photolysis is not considered to be a relevant loss mechanism for the chemical(SRC).

Seven samples of lima beans, five of common beans, two of lentils and one sample of mung beans, soybeans, and split peas that were analyzed contained a mean carbon disulfide concentration of 2.3 ppb; range was 1.8 to 3.1 ppb(1). Some of these samples were obtained from health stores and one was from a home garden where it was grown without the use of herbicides or insecticides(1). Stored grain has been fumigated with carbon disulfide in the past. The carbon disulfide concentration in 9 samples of wheat, range from 64 to 7,500 ppb although none was found in samples of corn, oats, corn meal, and corn grits(2). While one sample of bleached flour contained 23 ppb, other samples tested, including corn muffin mix, cake mixes, dried lima beans, noodles and rice, were free of the fumigant(2). With the exception of granola, which contained 11 ppb of carbon disulfide, none of the 18 samples of table-ready food items tested contained carbon disulfide(3). The items tested contained representative samples of most classes of food(3). In addition, samples of butter and margarine, cheese, peanut butter, and highly processed foods from the US FDA's market basket survey contained no carbon disulfide(3). However some ready-to-eat food products, specifically two samples of corn chips, and oat ring cereal contained 80, 230, and 95 ppb of carbon disulfide, respectively(3). In an FDA Survey of 549 food items for fumigant residues, 7 were found to contain carbon disulfide(4). The average concentration of carbon disulfide residues was 738 ppb(4). Carbon disulfide has been identified as a volatile component in chicken and beef flavor(5).

Carbon disulfide was detected in the following fruits and vegetables sampled from a major wholesale market in Sydney, Australia between 1993 and 1995(1). [Table#105]

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Inhalation (L593) ; oral (L593) ; dermal (L593) ; eye contact (L593)

D003; A solid waste containing carbon disulfide may become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to testing for reactivity as stipulated in 40 CFR 261.23, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.

P022; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when carbon disulfide, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).

F005; When carbon disulfide is a spent solvent, it is classified as a hazardous waste from a nonspecific source (F005), as stated in 40 CFR 261.31, and must be managed according to State and/or Federal hazardous waste regulations.

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date: 3/11/94; Reporting date: 5/10/94.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Carbon disulfide is included on this list. Effective date: 3/11/94; Sunset date: 6/30/98.

Manufacturers and processors of carbon disulfide are required to conduct in vitro dermal absorption rate tests under TSCA section 4.

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Carbon disulfide is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Carbon disulfide is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV.D.3.b).

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Carbon Disulfide is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 10,000 lbs.

Carbon disulfide is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

Carbon disulfide

1

20000

Toxic chemical that can be released at a facility.

(AZ) ARIZONA 830 ug/L

(CA) CALIFORNIA 160 ug/L

(FL) FLORIDA 350 ug/L

(MN) MINNESOTA 700 ug/L

For more State Drinking Water Guidelines (Complete) data for Carbon disulfide (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

...The capacity of CS2 to cause a distal axonopathy ... is identical pathologically to that caused by hexane ... /CS2 reacts/ with protein amino groups to form dithiocarbamate adducts. The dithiocarbamate adducts of lysyl amino groups undergo decomposition to isothiocyanate adducts, electrophiles that then react with protein nucleophiles to yield covalent cross-linking. The reaction of the isothiocyanate adducts with cysteinyl sulfhydryls to form N,S-dialkyldithiocarbamate ester cross-links is reversible, while the reaction with protein amino functions form thiourea cross-links irreversibly. Over time, the thiourea cross-links predominate and are most likely the most biologically significant ... Analysis of cross-linking in erythrocyte proteins has verified that cross-linking occurs through thiourea bridges that accumulate with continuing exposure. Neurofilament cross-linking involves all 3 subunits and also demonstrates a cumulative dose response and temporal relationship consistent with a contributing event in the development of the axonal neurofilamentous swellings ... In addition to ... chronic axonopathy, CS2 can also lead to aberrations in mood and signs of diffuse encephalopathic disease. Some of these are transient at first and subsequently become more long-lasting, a feature that is common in vascular insufficiency in the nervous system. This fact, in combination with the knowledge that CS2 may accelerate the process of atherosclerosis, suggests that some of the effects of CS2 on the CNS are vascular in origin.

Blood (CS2): 1-2 hours; Urine (TTCA): 5 hours; [TDR, p. 275]

Elimination of free carbon disulfide from ... /rat/ tissues was rapid, with an estimated half-life in the blood of 35 minutes and in the liver of approximately 1 hour.

Half-life for disappearance of /carbon disulfide/ from blood is estimated at less than 1 hour.

In vitro studies demonstrated that carbon disulfide readily combines with the amino acids in human blood, the half-life of this reaction being approximately 6.5 hours.

The metabolism for CS2-atheroma production also may involve direct injury to the endothelium coupled with hypothyroidism, because thiocarbamate (thiourea), a potent antithyroid substance, is a principal urinary metabolite of CS2.

A small amt of carbon disulfide is apparently converted to hydrogen sulfide, which is rapidly oxidized to sulfate and excreted in the urine.

Carbon disulfide reacts with a variety of nucleophilic functional groups ... amino, to form dithiocarbamic acids ... mercapto, to form trithiocarbamic acids ... hydroxyl, to form xanthogenic acids ... cmpd with two such groups to form heterocycles.

Carbon disulfide admin ip to rats was oxidized to (14)CO2 to an extent proportional to the amount of cytochrome P450 present in the liver at the time of admin.

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for Carbon disulfide (23 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Nitrogenase reduces carbon disulfide and can also be inhibited by this toxin. Carbon disulfide binds (in the form of AL CS2) mainly to hemoglobin and to a small extent to other blood proteins, such as albumin and gamma-globulin. Carbon disulfide is bioactivated by cytochrome P-450 to an unstable oxygen intermediate. The intermediate may either spontaneously degrade to atomic sulfur and carbonyl sulfide or hydrolyze to form atomic sulfur and monothiocarbonate. The atomic sulfur generated in these reactions may either covalently bind to macromolecules or be oxidized to products such as sulfate. The carbonyl sulfide formed may be converted to monothiocarbonate by carbonic anhydrase. Monothiocarbonate may further spontaneously degrade, regenerating carbonyl sulfide or forming carbon dioxide and sulfide bisulfide ion (HS-). The HS- formed can subsequently be oxidized to sulfate or other nonvolatile metabolites. Dithiocarbamates are the products of the reaction of carbon disulfide with amino acids. Most of the carbon disulfude absorbed is metabolized. Small traces of unchanged can be found in the urine. Carbon disulfide or carbonyl sulfide can conjugate with endogenous glutathione to yield thiazolidine-2-thione-4-carboxylic acid and 2-oxythiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, respectively. Carbonic anhydrase 2 mediates the metabolism of carbon disulfide. (L592, A207, A208, A210, A211, A212)

Absorption occurs through all portals including the intact skin. ... carbon disulfide vapor is rapidly absorbed when inhaled; an approximate equilibrium between blood and inhaled vapor is reached in 1-2 hours. ... some absorbed carbon disulfide is excreted in expired air ... traces have been found in the blood 80 hr after termination of exposure, about 70% of an inhaled dose is excreted or metabolized within a few hours. The remaining 30% is slowly excreted in the urine as such or as metabolites.

Large concn of both free & bound carbon disulfide are found in brain (guinea pig studies) & peripheral nerves (rat studies) of exposed animals. Ratio of bound to free carbon disulfide in brain is 3:1. Blood & fatty tissues contain mainly bound carbon disulfide, while liver contains mainly free.

/MILK/ Carbon disulfide can reach fetuses through placenta or babies by way of mother milk when pregnant or breast-feeding during or following exposure.

Carbon disulfide blood concentrations reached maximum levels after 2 hours of exposure to about 30 ppm of vapor in air and ranged from 0.15-0.28 mg/L.

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Carbon disulfide (31 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Carbon disulfide is used predominantly in the manufacture of rayon, cellophane, and carbon tetrachloride. Carbon disulfide is also used to produce rubber chemicals and pesticides.

Carbon disulfide is used to manufacture rayon. It was used as a grain fumigant. In the production of viscous rayon, heavy occupational exposures may occur during the opening of spinning machines and while cutting and drying. [LaDou, p. 497] Also used to produce other chemicals, to manufacture electronic vacuum tubes, and as a solvent for resins, fats, oils, waxes, and other chemicals; [ACGIH] Also used in metal cleaning and plating, in instant color photography, in corrosion inhibitors, in veterinary anthelmintic drugs, and to fumigate spaces and materials; [Sullivan, p. 1207]

Use as a grain fumigant was voluntarily cancelled in the US in 1985; [ATSDR ToxFAQs]

Metal Degreasing [Category: Clean]

For carbon disulfide (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 016401) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

In the manufacture of rayon, carbon tetrachloride, xanthogenates, soil disinfectants, electronic vacuum tubes. Solvent for phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, bromine, iodine, fats, resins, rubbers.

Carbon disulfide is normally available both in technical and reagent grades (up to 99.9% pure with a trace benzene contaminant) ...

Impurities: Sulfur compounds.

(1978) 5.49X10+9 G

(1983) 4.32X10+8 G

(1985) 1.64X10+9 g

2023: 250,000,000 - <400,000,000 lb

This chemical is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

(1974) 780 million pounds (approx)

(1977) 2.29X10+11 G

(1982) 1.18X10+11 G

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for Carbon disulfide (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Rayon, 40%; cellophane (10% carbon tetrachloride), 25%; rubber chemicals, 10%; miscellaneous (including pesticides and paraffin solvent), 15% (1984) /Estimate/

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Carbon disulfide. Carbon tetrachloride, 38%; rayon, 34%; rubber chemicals, 7%; cellophane and other regenerated cellulosics, 6%; agricultural chemicals, 5%; miscellaneous, 10%.

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Carbon disulfide. Demand: 1988: 400 million lb; 1989: 390 million lb; 1993 /projected/: 325 million lb. (Includes imports, which totaled 2.8 million lb in 1987; exports are negligible.)

The regenerated cellulose industry is by far the largest user of carbon disulfide. Over 65% of world production is used in the manufacture of rayon (ca. 0.32 kg of carbon disulfide is consumed for each kilogram of rayon produced). Some 10% is used in making cellophane, and another 10% is chlorinated to form carbon tetrachloride (about 25% of world carbon tetrachloride is produced by this method). The remaining 15% is distributed among rubber chemicals, flotation agents, pesticides, and miscellaneous chemical reagents.

For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for Carbon disulfide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Carbon disulfide is commercially manufactured by the reaction of sulfur with charcoal or methane. Ethane, propane, and propene have been used to a limited extent. Since the methane process was first introduced in the early 1950s, it has steadily supplanted the older charcoal process, which is no longer a factor in carbon disulfide manufacture in the United States, Europe, and Japan. In areas where natural gas or methane is not readily available or when plant size is relatively small, the charcoal process still supplies local viscose rayon requirements.

Prepared on an industrial scale by heating charcoal with vaporized sulfur; from sulfur and natural gas.

(1) Reaction of natural gas or petroleum fractions with sulfur. (2) From natural gas and hydrogen sulfide at very high temperature (plasma process). (3) By heating sulfur and charcoal and condensing the carbon disulfide vapors.

Charcoal-Sulfur Process. Sulfur vapor reacts with charcoal at temperatures of 750-900 °C to form carbon disulfide. Sulfur vapor is an equilibrium mixture of several molecular species, including S8, S6, and S2. The equilibrium shifts toward S2 at higher temperatures and lower pressures. The overall reaction is endothermic and theoretically consumes 1950 kJ/kg (466 kcal/kg) of carbon disulfide when the reactants are at 25 °C and the products are at 750 °C. Most of the heat input goes into dissociation of sulfur vapor to the reactive species, S2.

Hydrocarbon-Sulfur Process. The principal commercial hydrocarbon is methane from natural gas, although ethane, and olefins such as propylene have also been used. Methane reacts with sulfur essentially without side reactions. At 400-700 °C, equilibrium exceeds 99.9%. About 5-10% excess sulfur is usually maintained in the reaction mixture to promote high methane conversion and to minimize by-product yield.

Grade: 99.9%, spectrophotometric

Grades: technical; reagent /From table/

Petroleum Refineries

Carbon disulfide: ACTIVE

Classed as an inorganic compound