카르바졸

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If a spill of this chemical occurs, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with acetone and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with acetone to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with acetone followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Carbazole (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

8 Hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.2 mg/cu m. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Coal tar pitch volatiles, as benzene soluble aerosol/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: 1-Hydroxypyrene (1-HP) in urine (with hydrolysis); Sampling Time: end of shift at end of workweek. BEI: None.; Biological monitoring should be considered for this compound based on the review; however, a specific BEI could not be determined due to insufficient data. /Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/

For more Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Complete) data for Carbazole (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

0.66 [mg/m3]

7.2 [mg/m3]

43 [mg/m3]

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge, i.e. organic vapor/acid gas/HEPA (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas, SO2 and a high efficiency particulate filter). (NTP, 1992)

Eye/face protection: Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Impervious clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for Carbazole (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A group of 40 Syrian golden hamsters [sex unspecified], six weeks of age, was given a single intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg bw 2,2'-dioxo-N-nitrosodipropylamine (DOPN), while another group of 80 animals was left untreated. Beginning one week later, half of each group continued to receive basal diet alone, while the other half received basal diet containing 0.2% carbazole until they were killed at week 40. The numbers of GST-Ppositive foci, expressed as foci/sq cm, were: basal diet, 0; carbazole diet, 3.6 +/- 1.3 (p < 0.001); DOPN + basal diet, 9.2 +/- 4.1; DOPN + carbazole diet, 19.0 +/- 7.6 (p < 0.001).

Tobacco and coffee contain many compounds including azole group compounds, but a little information is available on the reproductive and teratogenic effects of them. In this study, we examined the single or the combination with ethanol effect(s) of some azole compounds on the embryo development. Gestation day 9.5 rat embryos were cultured for 48 hr with different doses of azole compounds (benzothiazole & carbazole (BZT & CBZ, 10(-6)-10(-4) M), 2-aminobenzothiazole (ABT, 10(-4)-5x1O(-4) M), thiazole (THZ, 10(-8)-10(-4) M), 2,5-dimethylbenzoxazole (DMBZ, 10(-6)-1O(-3) M)), alone or in combination with 0.3% ethanol. For evaluation of embryo development, morphological changes were observed and scored by the method of Van Maele-Fabry. Total protein and DNA content of the embryo were determined also. BZT, THZ and DMBZ inhibited otic and optic development. THZ and ABT inhibited the development of yolk sac circulatory system, and reduced yolk sac diameter and head length. THZ, CBZ and DMBZ inhibited brain development. All compounds caused significant reduction of total score and abnormal tail development. Ethanol also caused developmental toxicity in heart, brain, otic- and optic system and mandibular process. Except THZ, the embryotoxicity induced by the combination treatment of azole and ethanol was much greater than that by each chemical alone. These data suggest that some of azole compounds presented in tobacco or/and coffee aroma may cause embryotoxicity, and the addition of ethanol increased their toxicity in cultured rat embryos.

The present study examined photo-induced toxicity and toxicokinetics for acute exposure to selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in zebrafish. Photo-enhanced toxicity from co-exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and PAHs enhanced the toxicity and exhibited toxic effects at PAH concentrations orders of magnitude below effects observed in the absence of UV. Because environmental exposure to PAHs is usually in the form of complex mixtures, the present study examined the photo-induced toxicity of both single compounds and mixtures of PAHs. In a sensitive larval life stage of zebrafish, acute photo-induced median lethal concentrations (LC50s) were derived for 4 PAHs (anthracene, pyrene, carbazole, and phenanthrene) to examine the hypothesis that phototoxic (anthracene and pyrene) and nonphototoxic (carbazole and phenanthrene) pathways of mixtures could be predicted from single exposures. Anthracene and pyrene were phototoxic as predicted; however, carbazole exhibited moderate photo-induced toxicity and phenanthrene exhibited weak photo-induced toxicity. The toxicity of each chemical alone was used to compare the toxicity of mixtures in binary, tertiary, and quaternary combinations of these PAHs, and a predictive model for environmental mixtures was generated. The results indicated that the acute toxicity of PAH mixtures was additive in phototoxic scenarios, regardless of the magnitude of photo-enhancement. Based on PAH concentrations found in water and circumstances of high UV dose to aquatic systems, there exists potential risk of photo-induced toxicity to aquatic organisms.

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea) neonate <24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, renewal, 21.2 (21-21.4) °C, pH 8.31 (8.1-8.6), hardness 159.6 (113-200) mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 102.3 (81-117) mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 96.1 (93.5-113) mg/L; Concentration: 3350 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 2300-4880 ug/L) /98.9% purity/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead Minnow) age 30 days, length 17 mm, weight 0.043-0.125 g; Conditions: freshwater, static, 22.6 (22-23) °C, pH 7.23 (6.82-7.51), hardness 53.9 (51.9-55.9) mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 44 (43-45) mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 75.6% (62.2-85.1%); Concentration: <1500 ug/L for 96 hr /98.9% purity/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead Minnow) age 30 days, length 17 mm, weight 0.043-0.125 g; Conditions: freshwater, flow through, 23.2 (21-24.4) °C, pH 7.06 (6.84-7.35), hardness 48.9 (47.9-49.9) mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 42.5 (42-43) mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 78.1% (68.9-83.2%); Concentration: 930 ug/L for 96 hr /98.9% purity/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc range of 114 to 4980(2,3) indicates that carbazole can have high mobility to being immobile in soil, with most values suggesting low mobility to immobility(SRC). The variation of Koc values in 21 different soil horizons was thought to result from variation of organic matter sorbent in structure and content(2). Volatilization of carbazole from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.16X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(4). Carbaozle is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.5X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). A 2.8% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test suggests that carbazole is not readily biodegradable(6). In contrast, OECD test guideline 301E using a mixed inoculum of a domestic sewage plant effluent and an aqueous bacterial solution extracted from local soil found carbazole to be readily biodegradable(7). Results of screening studies suggest that carbazole is biodegradable by adapted microorganisms in water and soil(8-10). Carbazole absorbs strongly at wavelengths >290 nm(10,11) and, therefore, is expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis on soil surfaces exposed to sunlight(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an average Koc value of 637 in nine soils(2) and a Koc of 4980(3) indicates that carbazole is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). The variation of Koc value in different soils was thought to result from variation of organic matter sorbent in structure and content(2). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.16X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(5). According to a classification scheme(6), a measured BCF range of 34-500 in fish(7,8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). A measured fish biotransformation half-life of 1.15 days has been reported for carbazole(9). A 2.8% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test suggests that carbazole is not readily biodegradable(7). In contrast, OECD test guideline 301E using a mixed inoculum of a domestic sewage plant effluent and an aqueous bacterial solution extracted from local soil found carbazole to be readily biodegradable(10). Results of screening studies suggest that carbazole is biodegradable by adapted microorganisms in water and soil(11-13). In a model ecosystem including degradation and distribution processes, >99.5% of initial carbazole disappeared from the water phase within 33 days, resulting in a spectrum of unidentified polar and nonpolar conversion products(14). A direct photolysis rate constant of 0.000066/sec was measured for carbazole in pure water for midday late January sunlight which corresponds to a half-life of 2.9 hr(14,15). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Carbazole is a solid. Carbazole occurs in the products of incomplete combustion of nitrogen-containing organic matter, e.g., tobacco. It is an important dye intermediate. It is also used in making photographic plates sensitive to ultraviolet light, and as reagent for lignin, carbohydrates, and formaldehyde. Carbazole exhibits wide range of biological activity upon modifications, including antibacterial, antimalarial, anticancer, and anti-Alzheimer properties. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: There are no data available. ANIMAL STUDIES: Groups of 50 male and 50 female mice, six weeks of age, were fed a pellet diet containing technical grade carbazole at concentrations of 0.6, 0.3 or 0.15% or none (control group). The treatment was continued for 96 weeks; the animals were then fed a basal diet until killed in week 104. Neoplastic lesions were found in the liver and in the forestomach. The lesions in liver were classified as neoplastic nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas. The incidences of both types of lesion in livers of all the groups fed carbazole were significantly greater than that in the control group. In rats, no signs of maternal or developmental toxicity were noted after dermal administration of carbazole at doses of 2.5, 25.0, and 250.0 mg/kg. Carbazole was nonmutagenic with or without metabolic activation in the Ames assay. It is moderately clastogenic in mice when administered intraperitoneally. It induced dominant lathality and sperm-head abnormalities in male mice.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The present study examined photo-induced toxicity and toxicokinetics for acute exposure to selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in zebrafish. Photo-enhanced toxicity from co-exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and PAHs enhanced the toxicity and exhibited toxic effects at PAH concentrations orders of magnitude below effects observed in the absence of UV. Because environmental exposure to PAHs is usually in the form of complex mixtures, the present study examined the photo-induced toxicity of both single compounds and mixtures of PAHs. In a sensitive larval life stage of zebrafish, acute photo-induced median lethal concentrations (LC50s) were derived for 4 PAHs (anthracene, pyrene, carbazole, and phenanthrene) to examine the hypothesis that phototoxic (anthracene and pyrene) and nonphototoxic (carbazole and phenanthrene) pathways of mixtures could be predicted from single exposures. Anthracene and pyrene were phototoxic as predicted; however, carbazole exhibited moderate photo-induced toxicity and phenanthrene exhibited weak photo-induced toxicity. The toxicity of each chemical alone was used to compare the toxicity of mixtures in binary, tertiary, and quaternary combinations of these PAHs, and a predictive model for environmental mixtures was generated. The results indicated that the acute toxicity of PAH mixtures was additive in phototoxic scenarios, regardless of the magnitude of photo-enhancement. Based on PAH concentrations found in water and circumstances of high UV dose to aquatic systems, there exists potential risk of photo-induced toxicity to aquatic organisms.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Herocyclic derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are often significant components of environmental contaminant mixtures; however, their contribution to the toxicity of these mixtures is not well characterized. These heterocycles commonly co-occur in PAH mixtures, which contain agonists for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). /The/ goal for these studies was to explore the effects of two PAH heterocycles, carbazole (CB) and dibenzothiophene (DBT), alone and in combination with a PAH-type agonist for the AHR (Beta-naphthoflavone [BNF]) on AHR-mediated cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) activity and on fish embryotoxicity. Embryos of Fundulus heteroclitus were exposed to CB or DBT, with and without coexposure to BNF. Carbazole alone slightly induced, whereas DBT alone slightly reduced, in ovo CYP1A-mediated ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity compared to control values. However, exposure to CB or DBT reduced in ovo EROD activity in embryos coexposed to BNF. Carbazole and DBT were characterized in vitro as noncompetitive CYP1A inhibitors. Carbazole and DBT enhanced the embryotoxicity of BNF, although neither compound was embryotoxic by itself. The co-occurrence of CB and DBT with PAH-type AHR inducers in contaminated ecosystems may increase the toxicity of PAH-type AHR agonists in these settings and may need to be considered when estimating the embryotoxicity of PAH mixtures.

Carbazole was detected at concentrations of 402.8, 1277.8, 750, 902.8, 2541.7, 3515.3, and 223.7 ng/g in 7 of 12 vegetation samples (mosses and needles) taken near the Urx chemical factory, Valasske Mezirici, Czechoslovakia on September 13, 1989(1).

Carbazole was detected, not quantified in the Indian Curry Tree (Murraya koenigii (Rutaceae))(1).

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of April 4, 2017: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Status of Agents Search page, which tabulates the results and current status of tests such as "Short-Term Toxicity Studies", "Long-term Carcinogenicity Studies", "Developmental Studies", "Genetic Toxicology Studies", etc., performed with this chemical. Testing status for carbazole is available.[Available from, as of March 24, 2017: https://ntpsearch.niehs.nih.gov/?e=True&ContentType=Testing+Status]

Carbazole was qualitatively detected in stack emissions and condensate from waste incineration(1,2) and identified at a concentration of 38,400 ug-emission/kg-rubber from a rubber combustion operation(3). Carbazole was detected in wastewater effluents from the Timber products industry at a concentration of 1083 ng/uL extract, an Auto Laundry industry at a concentration of <1 ng/uL extract, and Public Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) at a concentration of 66 ng/uL extract(4). Carbazole was identified in municipal wastewater treatment sludge from Ontario Water Pollution Control plants at concentrations ranging from 520 to 2770 ug/L(5). Carbazole (plus methylphenanthrenes) comprise 9.6% (by weight) of fumes emitted by coal tar pitch(6).

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. 9H-Carbazole is included on this list. Effective date: 03/07/86; Sunset date: 03/07/96.

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (including benzanthracenes, benzopyrenes, benzofluoranthene, chrysenes, dibenz-anthracenes, and indenopyrenes)/

For the maximum protection of human health from the potential carcinogenic effects of exposure to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons through ingestion of contaminated water and contaminated aquatic organisms, the ambient water concentration should be zero, based on the nonthreshold assumption for this chemical. However, zero level may not be attainable at the present time. Therefore, the levels which may result in incremental increase of cancer risk over the lifetime are estimated at 1X10-5, 1X10-6, and 1X10-7. The corresponding recommended criteria are 28.0 ng/L, 2.8 ng/L, and 0.28 ng/L, respectively. If these estimates are made for consumption of aquatic organisms only, excluding consumption of water, the levels are 311.0 ng/L, 31.1 ng/L, and 3.11 ng/L, respectively. /Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons/.

Used in UV sensitive photographic plates and as a reagent and dye intermediate; [Merck Index] Used to make insecticides, lubricants, explosives, and rubber antioxidants; Also used as an odor inhibitor in detergents; [Hawley]

Photographic Processing [Category: Other]

CHEM INT FOR VAT BLUE 43, AZOIC COUPLING COMPONENT 15, PIGMENT VIOLET 23, FOR THE EXPLOSIVE, TETRANITROCARBAZOLE, FOR THE MONOMER, N-VINYLCARBAZOLE

Important dye intermediate. Used in making photographic plates sensitive to ultraviolet light. Reagent for lignin, carbohydrates, and formaldehyde.

Manufacture of dyes, reagents, explosives, insecticides, lubricants, rubber antioxidants; odor inhibitor in detergents, UV sensitizer for photographic plates.

CHEM INT FOR VAT BLUE 43, AZOIC COUPLING COMPONENT 15, PIGMENT VIOLET 23, FOR THE EXPLOSIVE, TETRANITROCARBAZOLE, FOR THE MONOMER, N-VINYLCARBAZOLE

(1972) 2.96X10+8 GRAMS (PRINCPL CUSTMS DISTS)

(1975) 8.63X10+7 GRAMS (PRINCPL CUSTMS DISTS)

(1972) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 4.54X10+5 GRAMS

(1974) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 4.54X10+5 GRAMS

High-temperature coal tar contains an average of 0.9% carbazole. Carbazole is obtained as a co-product in the production of anthracene. Due to its higher boiling point and better solubility, it can be separated from anthracene by extraction or complexation with pyridine, ketones, benzene/methanol, N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide, dialkyl sulfoxides, or dialkylformamides, by azeotropic distillation with ethylene glycol, or by selective hydrogenation of the anthracene. The chemical separation of carbazole by means of potassium hydroxide or concentrated sulfuric acid fusion has become uneconomical. Pyridine mother liquors obtained from the preparation of pure anthracene yield pure carbazole by means of concentration and recrystallization from chlorobenzene.

A modern method to produce carbazole from coal tar is solvent-free, high-temperature melt crystallization.

Carbazole can be synthesized by converting cyclohexanone azine to octahydrocarbazole and subsequent dehydrogenation, by reductive cyclization of 2-nitrobiphenyl, or by dehydrogenation and cyclization of diphenylamine, o-aminobiphenyl, or N -cyclohexylideneaniline. These synthetic processes are not yet of industrial significance, because sufficient quantities of carbazole can be prepared from coal tar.

(1) From crude anthracene cake by selective solution of the phenanthrene with crude solvent naphtha, removal of the anthracene by conversion into a sulfonic derivative, and extractions by means of water. (2) Synthetically from o-aminobiphenyl.

9H-Carbazole: ACTIVE

9H-carbazole is an aromatic molecule that is tricyclic in nature, with two benzene rings fused onto a 5-membered pyrrole ring. Obtained from natural sources or by synthetic routes, this scaffold has gained much interest due to its wide range of biological activity upon modifications, including antibacterial, antimalarial, anticancer, and anti-Alzheimer properties. This review reports a survey of the literature on carbazole-containing molecules and their medicinal activities from 2010 through 2015. In particular, we focus on their in vitro and in vivo activities and summarize structure-activity relationships (SAR), mechanisms of action, and/or cytotoxicity/selectivity findings when available to provide future guidance for the development of clinically useful agents from this template.

... The active antiangiogenic compound in coal tar is carbazole. In addition to antiangiogenic activity, carbazole inhibited the production of inflammatory IL-15 by human mononuclear cells. IL-15 is elevated in psoriasis and is thought to contribute to psoriatic inflammation. Carbazole treatment also reduced activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which is proinflammatory and elevated in psoriasis. The effect of carbazole on upstream pathways in human psoriasis was determined, and carbazole was shown to inhibit signal transducer and activator of transcription (stat)3-mediated transcription, which has been shown to be relevant in human psoriasis. IL-15, iNOS, and stat3 activation require the activation of the small GTPase rac for optimal activity. Carbazole was found to inhibit rac activation as a mechanism for its inhibition of downstream inflammatory and angiogenic pathways. Given its antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory activities, carbazole is likely a major component of the antipsoriatic activity of coal tar. Carbazole and derivatives may be useful in the therapy of human psoriasis.