Palladium Chloride

4 at 64 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

4.0 g/cu cm

4 @25 °C

Red rhombic crystals; hygroscopic

Brown to brownish violet powder

Soluble (NTP, 1992)

Sol in water, ethanol, acetone

Readily soluble in hydrochloric acid and solutions of alkali metal chlorides

When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride/.

Decomposed at high temperature to palladium and chlorine.

934 °F (DECOMP) (NTP, 1992)

678-680 °C

Palladium chloride appears as dark brown crystals. (NTP, 1992)

Red or brown hygroscopic solid; [HSDB] Dark brown crystalline powder; Insoluble in water; [MSDSonline]

DELIQUESCENT; DECOMPOSES @ 500 °C

Decomposition at high temperatures to palladium and chlorine

Sublimes at 590 °C; decomposition begins at 600 °C and is complete at 740 °C

Dark brown crystals; soluble in water, alcohol, acetone; reduced in solution by hydrogen or carbon monoxide to metal /Palladium(II) chloride dihydrate/

Danger

H290 (64.5%): May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]

P234, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P390, P391, P403+P233, P405, P406, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 299 reports by companies from 19 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Chemical: Palladium chloride (PdCl2)

Status: Active Update: 02-02-2021 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/18657

Palladium (II) chloride: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

/Palladium catalysts/ ... should be filtered from catalytic hydrogenation reaction mixtures carefully. Recovered catalyst is usually saturated with hydrogen & highly reactive & ... will enflame spontaneously on exposure to air. Particularly in large-scale reactions, the filter cake should not be allowed to become dry. Funnel containing the still-moist catalyst filter cake should be put into a water bath immediately after completion of filtration. /palladium catalysts/

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

2.5 [mg/m3]

89 [mg/m3]

540 [mg/m3]

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

LC50 Tubifex tubifex (Tubificid worm) 0.237 mg Pd2+/L/24 hr (95% confidence interval: 0.183-0.316 mg/L); 0.142 mg Pd2+/L/48 hr (95% confidence interval: 0.107-0.184 mg/L); 0.092 mg Pd2+/L/96 hr (95% confidence interval: 0.033-0.052 mg/L); renewal (every 24 hr) /from table/

IDENTIFICATION: Palladium chloride is a rust colored powder soluble in water, hydrochloric acid, alcohol and acetone. This compound used in plating baths. It is used in photography, toning solutions, electroplating parts of clocks and watches, detecting carbon monoxide leaks in burried gas pipes, manufacture of indelible ink. Palladium chloride is available in purity grades 99% to 99.999%. HUMAN EXPOSURE: A few studies indicate individuals showed a positive skin reaction to palladium chloride patches. ANIMAL/PLANT STUDIES/AQUATIC ORGANISMS: Palladium chloride was poorly absorbed from the digestive tract in adult and suckling rats. Absorption and retention in adult rats was higher following intratracheal or iv exposure. Transfer of small amounts of palladium to offspring via placenta and milk was noted with a single iv doses of this compound. Rats injected with (103)C-palladium chloride mean retention time changed little for the kidney, spleen, muscle, pancreas, thymus, brain. They decreased slightly in liver and markedly in lung, adrenal glandf and blood. Mice given palladium chloride in drinking water from weaning until natural death showed suppression of body weight, a longer life span only in males, an increase in amyloidosis of several inner organs and doubling of malignant tumors. The compound induced eye irritation in rabbits. It also caused erythema in intact and abraded skin. Palladium chloride is a potent skin sensitizer. Reduced testicle weight was noted in mice that recieved sc doses. Mice given palladium chloride in drinking water until natural death developed lymphomas, leukemias and adenocarcinoma of the lung. Eye irritation noted in the eye of a rabbit treated with palladium chloride. This compound inhibited DNA/RNA biosynthesis in vitro with mouse fibroblasts. Palladium chloride is highly toxic to a fresh water worm Tubifex tubifex. It is also highly toxic to fish and grasses.[

Due to their ability to form strong complexes with both inorganic and organic ligands, palladium ions can disturb cellular equilibria, replace other essential ions, and interact with functional groups of macromolecules, such as proteins or DNA. Palladium complexes binding to DNA and RNA leads to strand breakage. Palladium ions are able to inhibit most major cellular functions, including DNA and RNA synthesis. Palladium compounds have been shown to bind to and inhibit various enzymes, including creatine kinase and prolyl hydroxylase. (L798)

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The minimum 24-hr lethal concentration of palladium(II) chloride to cyprinodont freshwater fish medaka (Oryzias latipes; n=3 per group) has been reported to be 0.04 mmol/L (7 mg/L [4.2 mg palladium/L]). Compared with platinum (hexachloroplatinic acid: 0.08 mmol/L), palladium was more toxic.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A study of the association of palladium sensitivity with nickel sensitivity was conducted. The study group consisted of 536 consecutive patients, 357 females, who were evaluated for suspected contact dermatitis over a 15 month period. They were patch tested with the European standard allergen series supplemented by 1% palladium-chloride in petrolatum. Thirteen patients, 11 females, gave positive responses to palladium-chloride. All were also positive for 5% nickel-sulfate in the standard allergen series. The reaction to nickel was stronger than the reaction to palladium in 12 subjects. Twelve subjects were tested with discs of pure palladium foil. None showed a positive response. Since it was known that the palladium-chloride patch test material was contaminated with traces of nickel, the palladium foil discs were analyzed for nickel by X-ray energy dispersive analysis. No nickel was detected; the detection limit for nickel was 250 ppm. Twelve of the patients with suspected palladium allergy reported having problems with cheap metal jewelry and metal worn on clothing. One of the two males had chronic hand dermatitis due to occupational exposure. None of patients reported any palladium exposures. The authors conclude that the patients with positive patch test reactions to palladium-chloride may be truly allergic to palladium as well as nickel. The negative response to pure palladium reflects a sub threshold effect. When patch testing is performed with palladium-chloride containing trace amounts of nickel, the threshold for each allergen is reduced and an additive effect of both responses occurs to produce a positive palladium patch test response.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A study of palladium allergy in dermatology patients with patch test positivity to palladium-chloride was conducted. The study group consisted of 1307 patients, mostly females, who were consecutively patch tested at a Danish dermatology clinic. Thirty two were positive for palladium-chloride; however, just three reacted to palladium-chloride alone. In the other 29 patients, palladium-chloride sensitivity occurred simultaneously with nickel sensitivity. Nineteen of the palladium-chloride positive patients and 451 other patients were patch tested with a metallic palladium disc. All of the palladium-chloride positive patients reacted negatively to palladium. Three of the other 451 patients tested positive for palladium. None tested positive to nickel-sulfate. A platinum disc was placed in 5 mL of synthetic sweat for 5 days at room temperature, after which the fluid was analyzed for palladium by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The concentration of palladium in the synthetic sweat was 1 part per billion which represented a loss of palladium from the disc of only 5 nanograms. The authors conclude that positive patch test reactivity to palladium-chloride in most cases is due to a cross reaction with nickel in nickel-sulfate, not to palladium. Primary sensitization to metallic palladium is probably very rare due to its high corrosion resistance. Patients showing a positive patch test reaction to palladium-chloride can tolerate skin contact with metallic palladium.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In this retrospective study, patch test results of 542 patients (303 female and 239 male), referred to our clinic between June 1996 and July 1999, were evaluated. All patients were patch tested with 32 allergens of an extended European standard series, 140 patients were tested with supplemental series, and 246 patients with their own substances. 280 (51.7%) patients had 1 or more positive results but allergic contact dermatitis, according to clinical relevance, was diagnosed in only 190 (67.9%) of these. Nickel sulfate was the most frequent sensitizer (19.1%), followed by potassium dichromate (11.8%), palladium chloride (9.4%), cobalt chloride (8.5%), and thiuram mix (7.7%). Frequencies of contact allergy to fragrance mix (5.5%), balsam of Peru (Myroxylon Pereirae resin) (2%), quaternium-15 (0.6%), and Kathon CG (methylchloroisothiazolinone+methylisothiazolinone) (0.2%) were relatively low, while no positive reactions were obtained to paraben mix in any case. Current clinical relevance to the present dermatitis was most frequently seen with carba mix (96.2%), thiuram mix (95.2%) and potassium dichromate (78.1%), whereas this rate was low for nickel (37.5%). In 85.8% of patients with allergic contact dermatitis, the responsible allergen was detected by testing with the extended standard series alone (18.4% identified by testing with the additional 10 allergens), in 11.6% by testing with the patients' own substances, and in 2.6% by testing with the supplemental series. Occupational contact dermatitis was diagnosed in 77 of the patients with positive reactions (27.5%), most of these being construction workers and house painters who showed relevant sensitizations to potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride, thiuram mix and carba mix. There was no statistically significant difference in the total contact sensitization rate between atopics and non-atopics, but contact sensitivity to nickel sulfate and palladium chloride was significantly higher among atopics. MOAHL index in % was: 44.1/14.2/24.9/ 54.4/2.4. In conclusion, we believe that similar large series of patients would be helpful to delineate the exact profile of contact dermatitis in Turkey.

/CASE REPORTS/ A patient with a metal dental bridge complained of itching and pain in the oral cavity. She suffered also from recurrent blisters, ulceration, and infection of the oral mucous membrane. Skin tests carried out ... on this patient showed a strong and persistent allergic response to /palladium chloride/ (1% pet)... . The histopathologic examination of food from the test spot showed that... /palladium chloride/ produced contact eczema and lichenoid changes.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PALLADIUM(2+) CHLORIDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In animals that died from intragastric administration of a /palladium chloride/ dose >129 g/kg, necrotic changes in the mucous membrane of the GI tract, hepatocyte dystrophy, and renal tubule damage were found.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ After iv injections, the /rats/ died within 5-7 min. Before the animals died, clonic and tonic convulsions were observed. A 7% weight reduction and an 80% reduction in fodder consumption were found in animals after the ip administration of /palladium chloride/. In addition, a decrease in water consumption accompanied by decreased urine excretion and albuminuria were found. The ip administration of /palladium chloride/ to animals resulted in their death within 24 hr and the histopathological examinations confirmed the peritonitis with numerous intestine adhesions and "chemical burn" -type changes.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Palladium(II) chloride (10 mg deposited on the eye surface) caused corrosive conjunctival lesions and severe inflammation of the cornea and anterior chamber of the eyes of rabbits (n=6). These effects were observed at 24 hr and persisted at 48 and 72 hr.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Palladium chloride /was given to/ rats (n=24) subcutaneously /at a dose of/ 4-24 mg/kg bw. Clinical signs and toxic effects /include/: death: 1/24 within 8 weeks. Survivors: no obvious impairment. /from table/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PALLADIUM(2+) CHLORIDE (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The effect of palladium chloride on the activity of CPK-MM creatine kinase of rabbit's muscles and human serum was examined and a dose-dependent inhibition of the enzymatic activity, accompanied by a considerable increase in the electrophoretic enzyme mobility toward anode, were noted. Analysis of the Pd-CPK-MM bond has shown that the cation forms an extremely stable bond with the enzyme sulfhydryl groups, resulting in defective energy metabolism in the organism.

Palladium may be absorbed through oral, dermal, and inhalation exposure. Once in the body it distributes to the kidney, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, adrenal gland, lung and bone. Palladium's ability to form complexes allows it the bind to amino acids, proteins, DNA, and other macromolecules. Palladium and its metabolites are excreted in the urine and faeces. (A21)

Palladium chloride is not readily absorbed from sc injection ... .

The absorption of palladium from the GI tract is insignificant. A single intragastrical dose of 103Pd isotope given to male Charles River CD-1 rats was rapidly excreted from their organism with feces. The total retention was lower than 0.5%. After 24 hr, insignificant quantities of palladium chloride were found only in liver and kidneys; after 104 days no palladium chloride was found in any analyzed tissue or organ. A considerably higher absorption and retention were observed after iv administration of palladium chloride. The highest concentration of 103PdCl2 isotope was found in kidneys, spleen, liver, adrenals, lungs, and bones. ...In male Charles River CD-1 rats receiving 25 ug PdCl2 in 0.2 mL saline, the retention in the animals' organs after 3 days was 0.4% of the initial charge and the absorption was <0.5% of the initial dose. ...After intratracheal administration, the highest concentrations of 103Pd were observed in lungs, followed by kidneys, spleen, bones, and liver.

The presence of 103Pd isotope was also examined in the internal organs of female rats receiving PdCl2 iv on 16th day of gestation. The concentration of 103Pd was assessed in various organs of the dams and in fetuses 24 hr after the administration. The low concentration of 103Pd isotope in fetal bodies indicates that Pd does not easily penetrate the placenta.

Dietary administration to rats of high levels of the slightly water-soluble palladium salts /including/ palladium(II) chloride... (about 3000 mg palladium/kg feed for 4 weeks; corresponding to about 700 mg/kg bw/day) resulted in palladium tissue concentrations (in mg/kg wet weight) as follows: kidney (35, respectively) >liver (2) >spleen (0.7) >testis (0.24) >blood (<0.04) >brain (<0.01). ...The total consumption during the 4-wk diet period amounted to about 2000 mg palladium/rat (i.e., 2020 mg palladium/rat from palladium(II) chloride; mean body weights of the rats when started on the diets: 100-110 g).

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for PALLADIUM(2+) CHLORIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Used in photography, transferring pictures to porcelain, toning solutions, electroplating clocks and watches, making catalysts and indelible inks, finding leaks in buried gas pipes, and for electroless coatings for metals; [HSDB]

Electroplating [Category: Plate]

In photography, for preparing pictures to be transferred to porcelain; toning solutions; electroplating parts of clocks and watches; manufacture of indelible ink; for preparation of the metal for use as a catalyst; palladium dichloride paper is used for detecting carbon monoxide, to find leaks in buried gas pipes. Preparation of palladium catalysts ... .

Analytical chemistry; "electroless" coatings for metals

Palladium(II) chloride is used in plating baths. Pellets or monoliths of oxidation catalysts are either immersed in an aqueous solution of palladium(II) chloride (impregnation technique) or sprayed with a solution of this chemical.

Palladium(II) chloride is a common starting material in palladium chemistry. Palladium(II) chloride is sometimes used to test for the corrosion-resistance of stainless steel and can be found in carbon monoxide detectors. (A30)

Palladium(II) chloride is 60% palladium. /from table/

GRADES: Technical; reagent.

Different purity grades of palladium(II) chloride ranging from 99% to 99.999% are available for chemical or medical use.

Palladium chloride (PdCl2): ACTIVE

Inert materials such as Chromasorb W solid particles & glass fiber filters coated with palladium chloride were developed as an adsorbent for dry mercury vapor recovery process & as an analysis tool to measure mercury concentration of a contaminated gas stream.

Palladium/aluminum oxide oxidn catalyst prepared from palladium chloride and palladium nitrate had improved durability in automobile exhaust gas treatment.

A known volume of palladium chloride is exposed to gas sample containing carbon monoxide. After the reaction is complete (4 hr), excess palladium dichloride is separated from palladium metal by filtration. Potassium iodide, used in excess, initially precipitates palladium dichloride as palladium iodide, then dissolves palladium iodide to yield a pinkish red soln. Palladium dichloride is determined in an indirect manner by spectrometric comparison with standard solution. This method is capable of successfully measuring carbon monoxide in nitrogen cylinder gas at levels of 0.1, 0.05, & 0.01% with expected average recoveries of 96, 96, & 93%, respectively.