Lead diacetate

Metals -> Organic Acids, Metal Salts

Carcinogens

3.25 g/cu cm

Relative density (water = 1): 3.3

3.25 @25 °C

White crystals

Occurs as trihydrate, colorless crystals or white granules or powder.

INSOL IN ALC /LEAD ACETATE DIHYDRATE/

44.3 g/100 cc of water at 20 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 44

280 °C

280 °C

280 °C

Colorless to white solid; [ICSC] Brown or gray solid (commercial grades); [CHEMINFO]

COLOURLESS CRYSTALS OR WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER.

Density: 1.69; MP: 22 °C; white, rhombic crystals; insol in alc; sol in water /Lead acetate decahydrate/

Density: 2.55; MP: 75 °C decomp; white, monoclinic crystals;/Lead acetate trihydrate/

Sweetish taste; white flakes (commercial grades are frequently brown or gray lumps) /Lead acetate trihydrate/

Slowly effloresces. Takes up CO2 from air and becomes incompletely sol. Density 2.55 g/cu cm. Melting point 75 °C when rapidly heated; at a little above 100 °C it begins to lose acetic acid; decomposes completely above 200 °C. One gram dissolves in 1.6 ml water, 0.5 ml boiling water, 30 ml alcohol; freely sol in glycerol. /Trihydrate/

Aq solns of lead acetate dissolve lead monoxide.

Intensely sweet taste. /Trihydrate/

Danger

H360Df: May damage the unborn child; Suspected of damaging fertility [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P260, P273, P280, P318, P319, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 8.3% (36 of 432) of reports.

Danger

H351 (11.1%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

Chemical: Acetic acid, lead(2+) salt

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity; Reproductive Toxicity

Status: Active Update: 24-09-2021 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/13113

Restricted substance: Lead di(acetate)

Substance: Lead di(acetate)

Restricted substance: Lead acetate

Certification of this color additive when used in cosmetics intended for coloring hair on the scalp only is not necessary for the protection of the public health, and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification pursuant to section 721(c) of the act. The amount of the lead acetate in the cosmetic shall be such that the lead content, calculated as Pb, shall not be in excess of 0.6 percent (weight to volume). The cosmetic is not to be used for coloring mustaches, eyelashes, eyebrows, or hair on parts of the body other than the scalp.

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: lead acetate is included in external analgesic drug prducts.

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: lead acetate is included in skin protectant drug prducts.

IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Vol 87 Inorganic and Organic Lead Compounds Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, (2006). IARC Monographs provide critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations.

WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 85: Lead - Environmental Aspects (1989). EHC are designed for scientists and administrators responsible for the establishment of safety standards and regulations and provide basic scientific risk evaluations of a wide range of chemicals and groups of chemicals.

National Toxicology Program. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens (2005). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. Lead and Lead Compounds are listed as reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens. /Lead and Lead Compounds/[Available from, as of July 31, 2009: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s101lead.pdf]

U144; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when lead acetate, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

D008; A solid waste containing lead may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Lead/

The Environmental Protection Agency is ... /promulgated/ regulations concerning ground-water monitoring with regard to screening suspected contamination at land based hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. ... /There are/ new requirements to analyze for a specified core list of chemicals plus those chemicals specified by the Regional Administrator on a site-specific basis. ... /Total lead (all species) is included on this list./ /Total lead (all species)/

Blood lead levels of 50-60 ug/100 g in children can cause significant neurobehavioral impairments, and there is evidence of hyperactivity at blood levels as low as 25 ug/100 g. Given the overall body of literature concerning the adverse health effects of lead in children, OSHA feels that the blood level in children should be maintained below 30 ug/100 g with a population mean of 15 ug/100 g. Blood lead levels in the fetus and newborn likewise should not exceed 30 ug/100 g. /Lead/

National primary and secondary ambient air quality standards for lead and its compounds, measured as elemental lead by a reference method based on appendix G to this part, or by an equivalent method, are: 1.5 micrograms per cubic meter, maximum arithmetic mean averaged over a calendar quarter. /Lead and its compounds, as Pb/

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Lead compounds are included on this list. /Lead compounds/

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer immediately for medical attention.

If material involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty).

Lead acetate may burn but does not easily ignite. Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam extinguishers ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.

Store in a cool, dry place and keep tightly covered and avoid contact with oxidizers, strong acids, chemically active metals. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored ...

Keep well closed. /Lead acetate trihydrate/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Dampen spilled material with water to avoid airborne dust, then transfer material to vapor-tight plastic bags for eventual disposal. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal. ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately. ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly. ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated. ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liq or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO2) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO2). Adjust pH to neutral (pH 7). Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants & precipitates.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U144, D008 must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... Summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Total destruction ... by incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose.The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters ... can be disposed of by incineration. For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator. ... LIQUID WASTE: ... Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ... ensure complete combustion. SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes ... should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for LEAD ACETATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources & sewers; Build dikes to contain flow as necessary.

Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Avoid breathing vapors. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protection equipment. In contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for LEAD ACETATE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... Lead was administered orally as lead acetate (50 mg/kg bw) daily for 3 mo to male Portan rats with or without zinc (1 mg/kg bw as zinc sulphate) ... There was a 30% reduction in lead deposition in the testis when zinc was coadministered. At the subcellular level, there was differential accumulation of lead; the nucleus preferentially took up the metal after lead treatment alone, while zinc coadministration shifted lead accumulation to the mitochondria. A significant decrease in delta-ALAD and in SOD activity was seen in the testis with lead treatment. Coadministration of zinc prevented these decreases, at least partially. Zinc coadministration did not prevent the inhibition of catalase observed with lead treatment. Histologically, the alterations in the testis with lead treatment alone were more pronounced compared to animals in which zinc was supplemented. Improvement in the inhibition of delta-ALAD and in the ubiquitous cellular enzyme SOD suggests less testicular tissue damage due to detoxification of free radicals. In conclusion, zinc supplementation ameliorates lead-induced testicular damage both at the cellular and subcellular level ...

The teratogenic effects of lead acetate (Trial 1) and the possible teratogenic effect of this compound administered in combination with a fungicide containing 80% mancozeb (Trial 2) were studied in rats. The test substances were administered by gavage on Days 6-15 of gestation. In Trial 1, five groups were treated with lead acetate administered at doses of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 10.0, and 1000.0 mg/kg bw, respectively. In Trial 2, lead acetate was applied at doses of 0.1, 10.0 and 1000.0 mg/kg bw, respectively. In the latter case the dose of the pesticide was 750 mg/kg bw in all treated groups. Lead acetate was not teratogenic after a single administration. Combined administration of lead acetate and mancozeb gave rise to the following toxic effects: average maternal wt decreased during pregnancy, the ratio of live fetuses decreased after the two lowest doses, and fetal mortality increased in the lowest and in the highest dose groups. The ratio of fetal resorption was higher in all the treated groups than in the control group. A significant decrease occurred in average fetal and placental wt in each treated group as compared to the control. Maternal toxicity was expressed in paralysis of the hindlimbs in the two lowest dose groups. Maternal mortality was between 16.7 and 23.3% at the three dose levels. Phocomelia and hernia cerebri occurred as characteristic fetal developmental anomalies in all the treated groups. It is concluded that the joint administration of lead acetate and a mancozeb-containing fungicide can cause maternal toxicity, embryotoxicity and characteristic teratogenic effects.

... Six-day-old Wistar rats of both genders were divided into two groups-untreated (Pb) and treated (Pb + succimer (meso-2, 3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, DMSA)-with 10 animals per group. Lead (as acetate) was given orally at a dose of 2 mg/kg bw per day for eight consecutive days (total dose 16 mg/kg, i.e. 0.08 mmol/kg). During this period the treated group received a daily dose of 0.5 mmol DMSA/kg bw po six times on days 1-3 and 6-8 of the experiment (total dose 3 mmol/kg) ... The DMSA efficiently reduced the lead concn in the analysed tissues (carcass, liver, kidneys, and brain) by approximately 50% compared with untreated controls. The pups' growth and organ weights were not affected. In conclusion, ... DMSA is an efficient oral lead chelator in sucklings even if challenged with ongoing lead exposure.

... 56 male Wistar rats were administered lead in drinking water (500 ppm lead acetate) over 90 days. The control group consisted of 21 nonexposed rats. Seven rats from each group were killed on days 60 and 90. At the end of the 90-day period, 21 of the lead-exposed rats were treated with disodium monocalcium EDTA (50 mg/kg/d x 5 days) ip, and 21 were administered serum saline by the same route. Three treatment courses were given separated by 9 days free of treatment. Seven rats from each subgroup were sacrificed at the end of each treatment course. Main findings related to poisoning were hypertrophy and vacuolization of medium and small arteries; mucoid edema and muscular hypertrophy in arterioles; loss of cell brush borders, cell loss, and intranuclear inclusion bodies in the proximal tubule; and fibrosis and the presence of infiltrates in the interstitial component. Treatment with EDTA slowed the progression of most alterations. No damage associated with the use of the chelating agent was observed ...

For more Interactions (Complete) data for LEAD ACETATE (36 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Lead is a neurotoxin and has been known to cause brain damage and reduced cognitive capacity, especially in children. Lead exposure can result in nephropathy, as well as blood disorders such as high blood pressure and anemia. Lead also exhibits reproductive toxicity and can results in miscarriages and reduced sperm production. (L21)

LC50; Species: Scenedesmus quadricauda (Green algae, strain Greifswald 15); Conditions: static, 25 °C, pH 6.48; Concentration: 13180 ug/L for 20 days (95% confidence interval: 10190-14620 ug/L) /total lead ion/

LC50; Species: Capitella capitata (Polychaete annelid worm) larva; Conditions: static, pH 7.8; Concentration: 1.2 mg/L for 96 hr /from table/

LC50; Species: Capitella capitata (Polychaete annelid worm) adult; Conditions: pH 7.8; Concentration: 6.8 mg/L for 96 hr /from table/

LC50; Species: Capitella capitata (Polychaete annelid worm) adult; Conditions: pH 7.8; Concentration: 1.0 mg/L for 28 days /from table/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for LEAD ACETATE (32 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

Oral (L136) ; inhalation (L136) ; dermal (L136)

Lead mimics other biologically important metals, such as zinc, calcium, and iron, competing as cofactors for many of their respective enzymatic reactions. For example, lead has been shown to competitively inhibit calcium's binding of calmodulin, interferring with neurotransmitter release. It exhibits similar competitive inhibition at the NMDA receptor and protein kinase C, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Lead also affects the nervous system by impairing regulation of dopamine synthesis and blocking evoked release of acetylcholine. However, it's main mechanism of action occurs by inhibiting delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, an enzyme vital in the biosynthesis of heme, which is a necesssary cofactor of hemoglobin. (T4, A20, A22, L136)

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ... Young herring gulls, Larus argentatus, were used to examine the effect of lead on sibling recognition. Each of 80 one-day-old herring gull chicks was randomly assigned to either a control group or a lead treatment group that received a single dose of lead acetate solution (100 mg/kg) at day 2. Matched controls were injected with isotonic saline at the same age. At 10 days of age, there was no demonstrable sibling recognition in control chicks, but recognition was clearly developed by 15 days of age. Lead disrupted sibling recognition, and there still was no evidence of sibling recognition in lead-injected chicks by 26 days of age ...

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Four pairs of raccoons were treated orally with the following doses of lead acetate (mg/kg; 5 days/wk, for 8 ws: 0 (control), 1, 2, and 4. In the six experimental animals, this treatment produced dose-dependent increases in blood lead, without clinical signs or changes in hematological parameters. After 8 wk, the liver and kidney of all lead-treated animals and the calvarium and radius of those receiving doses of 2 and 4 mg/kg contained elevated concn of lead. Acid-fast inclusions were observed by light and electron microscopy in the kidneys of all raccoons receiving the two highest doses and in one animal receiving the lowest dose. Hepatic acid-fast inclusions were seen in only one animal (dose 4 mg/kg). No inclusions were seen in osteoclasts of the radius ...

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ... The toxicity of lead-contaminated sediment from the Coeur d'Alene River Basin (CDARB) in Idaho was examined on posthatching development of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings for 6 wk. Day-old ducklings received either untreated control diet, clean sediment (24%) supplemented control diet, CDARB sediment (3,449 ug/g lead) supplemented diets at 12% or 24%, or a positive control diet containing lead acetate equivalent to that found in 24% CDARB. The 12% CDARB diet resulted in a geometric mean blood lead concn of 1.41 ppm (WW) with over 90% depression of red blood cell Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase (ALAD) activity and over threefold elevation of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin concn. The 24% CDARB diet resulted in blood lead of 2.56 ppm with over sixfold elevation of protoporphyrin and lower brain wt. In this group the liver lead concn was 7.92 ppm (WW), and there was a 40% increase in hepatic reduced glutathione concn. The kidney lead concn in this group was 7.97 ppm, and acid-fast inclusion bodies were present in the kidneys of four of nine ducklings. The lead acetate positive control group was more adversely affected in most respects than the 24% CDARB group. With a less optimal diet (mixture of two thirds corn and one third standard diet), CDARB sediment was more toxic; blood lead levels were higher, body growth and liver biochemistry (TBARS) were more affected, and prevalence of acid-fast inclusion bodies increased. Lead from CDARB sediment accumulated more readily in duckling blood and liver than reported in goslings, but at given concn was generally less toxic to ducklings. Many of these effects are similar to ones reported in wild mallards and geese within the CDARB.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ... A 15 yr research program on the behavioral effects of lead using herring gulls (Larus argentatus) and common terns (Sterna hirundo), referred to as larids, as models is reviewed. The doses used in laboratory studies were sufficient to produce lead concn in feathers that were equivalent to those found in some birds living in the wild. The exposure consisted of a single or multiple ip injection(s) of lead acetate. Both dose and day of exposure influenced behavioral development in young larids, with most effects increasing with dose, and decreasing with age. Low-level lead affected growth, locomotion, balance, food begging, feeding, thermoregulation, depth perception, and individual recognition in laboratory and in wild birds. The accuracy of individual recognition was most affected by lead exposure from 2 to 6 days of age; exposure at 12 days did not affect accuracy, but it delayed response time significantly. Behavioral deficits observed in lead-injected young in the wild were similar to those observed in the laboratory, except that recovery was more complete by fledging than it was in laboratory-raised chicks. Further, parents in the wild were able to provision lead-exposed chicks sufficiently so that they fledged at similar weights as control chicks, a feat that is difficult to achieve in the laboratory. The lead-induced behavioral deficits observed in the laboratory and in the wild are sufficient to affect growth and survival in wild herring gulls. Lead treatment altered the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), which play a crucial role in the formation and deployment of neurons in the developing brain. The timing and sequencing of CAM expression is critical to normal development, and the different consequences of lead exposure at different ages may be related to interference at different points in the sequence.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for LEAD ACETATE (36 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Cough. Sore throat. See Ingestion.

Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain.

Nausea. Vomiting. Abdominal cramps. Constipation. Convulsions.

Symptions of chronic lead poisoning include reduced cognitive abilities, nausea, abdominal pain, irritability, insomnia, metal taste in the mouth, excess lethargy or hyperactivity, chest pain, headache and, in extreme cases, seizures, comas, and death. There are also associated gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, poor appetite, weight loss, which are common in acute poisoning. (A2, L21)

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=301-04-2]

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to birds, mammals, soil contamination and water quality. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in plants and animals. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment because it is persistent.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... In relation specifically to cancer hazards, there are at present no health monitoring methods that may ensure the early detection of preneoplastic lesions or lesions which may preclude them. Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning additional tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Certification of this color additive when used in cosmetics intended for coloring hair on the scalp only is not necessary for the protection of the public health, and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification pursuant to section 721(c) of the act. The amount of the lead acetate in the cosmetic shall be such that the lead content, calculated as Pb, shall not be in excess of 0.6 percent (weight to volume). The cosmetic is not to be used for coloring mustaches, eyelashes, eyebrows, or hair on parts of the body other than the scalp.

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: lead acetate is included in external analgesic drug prducts.

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: lead acetate is included in skin protectant drug prducts.

U144; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when lead acetate, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

D008; A solid waste containing lead may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Lead/

The Environmental Protection Agency is ... /promulgated/ regulations concerning ground-water monitoring with regard to screening suspected contamination at land based hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. ... /There are/ new requirements to analyze for a specified core list of chemicals plus those chemicals specified by the Regional Administrator on a site-specific basis. ... /Total lead (all species) is included on this list./ /Total lead (all species)/

National primary and secondary ambient air quality standards for lead and its compounds, measured as elemental lead by a reference method based on appendix G to this part, or by an equivalent method, are: 1.5 micrograms per cubic meter, maximum arithmetic mean averaged over a calendar quarter. /Lead and its compounds, as Pb/

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Lead compounds are included on this list. /Lead compounds/

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Lead acetate is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Lead and compounds/

(AZ) ARIZONA 20 ug/L /Lead/

(ME) MAINE 10 ug/L /Lead/

To investigate the role of lead in the expression of the renal fibrosis related nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), transforming growth factor (TGF-beta), and fibronectin (FN) in rat kidney and the possible molecular mechanism of lead induced renal fibrosis, ... 32 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into 4 groups. Group A was fed with distilled water as control group. Group B, C and D were fed with the water including 0.5% lead acetate continuously for 1, 2 or 3 mo respectively. At the end of treatment, the expressions of renal NF-kappaB, TGF-beta, and FN were detected by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. RESULTS: The immunohistochemistry analysis showed that expressions of NF-kappaB in group B, C and D (0.2315 +/- 0.0624, 0.3213 +/- 0.0740, 0.4729 +/- 0.0839 respectively) were continuously increased as compared with that in group A (0.1464 +/- 0.0624). The RT-PCR analysis showed that expressions of NF-kappaB in group B, C and D (0.4370 +/- 0.0841, 0.5465 +/- 0.0503, 0.6443 +/- 0.0538 respectively) were also increased as compared with that in group A (0.3608 +/- 0.0550). However, there was no change for TGF-beta in 4 groups except that it was increased markedly in group D (0.5225 +/- 0.0416) as compared with that in group A (0.4645 +/- 0.0461) by RT-PCR. The expressions of FN in group C and D (0.4243 +/- 0.0595 and 0.4917 +/- 0.0891 by immunohistochemistry; 0.8650 +/- 0.0880 and 0.8714 +/- 0.0980 by RT-PCR) were increased as compared with those in group A (0.3530 +/- 0.0490 by immunohistochemistry and 0.7432 +/- 0.0639 by RT-PCR). /It was concluded that/ lead can increase the expression of renal NF-kappaB, TGF-beta, and FN in rats, which may be related to the lead induced renal fibrosis in rats.

It has been reported that lead could induce apoptosis in a variety of cell types ... /This/ study was undertaken to determine whether lead could induce DNA damage and apoptosis in PC 12 cells, and the involvement of Bax, Bcl-2, p53, and caspase-3 in this process. The results showed that lead could induce DNA damage and apoptosis in PC 12 cells, accompanying ... upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2. Additionally, the expression of p53 increased, and caspase-3 was activated. Therefore, it suggests that lead can induce activation of p53 by DNA damage, which may lead to imbalance of Bax/Bcl-2 and mitochondrial dysfunction. Subsequently, after activation of caspase-3, lead-induced apoptosis occurs.

In this study, transcription factors (TFs) that are altered due to lead exposure were identified using macroarray analysis. Rat pups were lactationally exposed to 0.2% lead acetate from birth through weaning. Changes in the developmental profiles of 30 TFs were screened in hippocampal tissue on postnatal day (PND) 5, 15, and 30. The temporal patterns of some TFs were transiently upregulated or repressed following lead exposure in a stage-specific manner; however, Oct-2, which is involved in the regulation of key developmental processes, exhibited sustained elevations during the entire period of study. Lead-induced elevation of Oct-2 was validated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis; however, significant elevation of Oct-2 mRNA expression was detected only on PND 5. The DNA-binding activity and protein levels of Oct-2 were further evaluated and found to be consistently induced on PND 5. The elevations observed in Oct-2 mRNA and protein levels as well as DNA-binding activity on PND 5 suggest that developmental maintenance of Oct-2 DNA binding could be impacted through de novo synthesis. These findings identify Oct-2 as a potential molecular target for Pb and suggest that Oct-2 may be associated with lead-induced disturbances in gene expression.

To observe effects of oral intake of lead on the expression of Hoxa9 gen and the ability of learning and memory and explore the toxic molecular mechanisms of lead ... 30 male Wistar rats were chosen and randomly divided into the low lead dosage group, the high lead dosage group and the control group, 10 rats in each group. The low lead dosage group and the high lead dosage group were given respectively 0.06%, 0.2% lead acetate orally while the control group was given distilled water orally. The Y-maze test was used to measure the ability of learning and memory ... and the in situ hybridization (ISH) method to determine the expression of Hoxa9 mRNA in brain. RESULTS: (1) The number of electric shocks of the lead poisoned rats were significantly increased over time. The number of electric shocks of the lead poisoning rats was much higher than that of the control group (P < 0.01) (at the end of the experiment, the low lead dosage group: 31.8 +/- 2.26; the high lead dosage group: 37.3 +/- 1.70; the control group: 18.4 +/- 1.51). (2) The brain of the lead poisoned rats including the hippocampus, the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex were significantly atrophic and the apoptosis and necrosis occurred in the cells of the brain. Purkinje's cells in the cerebellum showed significant necrosis and disappearance. The structure of brain in rats of the control group demonstrated no atrophy. (3) The expression of Hoxa9 mRNA in the lead poisoned rats was significantly decreased compared with the control group. There were few Hoxa9 positive cells in the brain of the lead poisoned rats, but many of them were observed in the control group./It was concluded that/ lead may inhibit the expression of Hoxa9 and induce atrophy and necrosis of brain, which gives rise to a damage of learning and memory.

For more Mechanism of Action (Complete) data for LEAD ACETATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Lead is absorbed following inhalation, oral, and dermal exposure. It is then distributed mainly to the bones and red blood cells. In the blood lead may be found bound to serum albumin or the metal-binding protein metallothionein. Organic lead is metabolized by cytochrome P-450 enzymes, whereas inorganic lead forms complexes with delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Lead is excreted mainly in the urine and faeces. (L136)

Absorption of lead from the GI tract in experimental animals is influenced by a number of factors, including age, level of food intake and form of food matrix, and chemical form of the lead. It is most probably a saturable process. With increasing dose in rats, 1-100 mg lead as lead acetate per kg bw, lead absorption was found to decrease as a percentage of dose, from 42 to 2%

... Different forms of lead and particle size have different rates of absorption in the rat. Carbonate and thallate were absorbed to the greatest extent, whereas absorption of sulfide, chromate, naphenate, and octoate were absorbed at only 44-67% the rate of absorption for lead acetate ... Uptake of lead into the femurs of rats was highest for lead acetate, intermediate for lead oxide, and lowest for lead sulfide and a mixture of Alaskan ore concentrate ... Lead mining waste soil was 8-20% as bioavailable as lead acetate.

There was a variation in lead levels in the nervous system of rats administered lead acetate 0.2% in drinking water for the first 8 mo of life in amounts localized in different regions of the brain. Lead levels were highest in the hippocampus and cerebral neocortex.

Lead is eliminated from the body by both urine and feces. Any dietary lead not absorbed is excreted in feces. Blood lead not retained in the body is excreted in urine or feces. Adults ingesting daily 0.3-3.0 mg lead (as lead acetate) in drinking water for 16-208 wk excreted more than 85% of the ingested lead; 90% of the lead was in the feces.

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for LEAD ACETATE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Used in varnishes, lead driers, chrome pigments, antifouling paints, analytical reagents, astringents, water repellants, hair dyes, and mordants for dyeing cotton; Also used in gold cyanidation process and to make insecticides, cosmetics, and perfumes; [HSDB]

Painting (Pigments, Binders, and Biocides) [Category: Paint]

Applying metallic patinas [Category: Hobbies]

Varnishes; lead driers; chrome pigments; gold cyanidation process; mfr insecticide, antifouling paints; analytical reagent /Lead acetate trihydrate/

Preparation of basic lead carbonate and lead chromate, as a mordant in cotton dyes, as a reagent in the manufacture of lead salts of higher fatty acids, as a water repellant, as a component in combined toning and fixing baths for daylight printing papers, and as a means of treating awnings and outdoor furniture to prevent removal of mildew- and rot-proofing agents by rain or laundering. Preparation of rubber antioxidants; processing agent in the cosmetic, perfume, and toiletry industries; component of coloring agents for adhesives; and preparation of organic lead soaps as driers of paints and inks.

Mordant in cotton dyes; lead coating for metals; drier in paints, varnishes and pigment inks; colorant in hair dyes. Weighting silks; manuf lead salts, chrome-yellow; also for various analytical procedures, e.g. detection of sulfide, determination of CrO3, MoO3.

(1978) 1.13X10+5 g

(1982) 3.93X10+7 g

(1978) Probably greater than 6.81x10+6 g

(1982) Probably greater than 2.27x10+6 g

Dissolving lead monoxide or lead carbonate in strong acetic acid.

By the action of acetic acid on litharge or thin lead plates.

Grades: Powdered; Granular; Crystals; Flakes; CP. /Lead acetate trihydrate/

Concentrations up to 0.6% (weight to volume), are limited for use as color additive in hair dyes. /Lead acetate trihydrate/

/Available:/ 99.999% purity

Grades of purity: NF; reagent: technical, 97%. /Lead acetate trihydrate/

Technical and reagent grades /Trihydrate/

Cosmetics product ingredient: Lead acetate (Lead di(acetate))

Information on 1 consumer products that contain Lead acetate in the following categories is provided:

Acetic acid, lead(2+) salt (2:1): ACTIVE

Several types of basic salts are formed when lead acetates are prepared from lead monoxide in dilute acetic acid or at high pH.

Trihydrate is the usual commercial form.