N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone

Teratogens

Industrial compound

log Kow = -0.38

-0.38

-0.54

1.03 at 77 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.027 at 25 °C/25 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.03

1.03

1.027 @25 °C

1.65 cP at 25 °C

1.62 mm²/s at 25 °C

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Miscible with water, alcohol, ether, acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, benzene

Miscible with castor oil

Miscible with lower alcohols and ketones

Moderately soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons and dissolves many organic and inorganic compounds.

Solubility in water: miscible

Danger

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P203, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 2679) of reports.

Danger

H315 (> 99.9%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

Chemical: 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-methyl-

Hazard Traits - Developmental Toxicity; Reproductive Toxicity

Council Directive (EEC) No 109/1989 (Repealed by Reg. EC No 1935/2004 (amended))

2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-methyl- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-methyl- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 28-02-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15493

Restricted substance: 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic oxides of nitrogen may be formed in fire. (USCG, 1999)

Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Above 86 °C explosive vapour/air mixtures may be formed.

It is absorbed through the skin; a severe eye irritant; [CSH, p. 291] It is mainly an irritant, but it can cause severe contact dermatitis due to prolonged contact. [Kanerva, p. 1816] Experimental animals experience lethargy and respiratory difficulty after inhalation. [HSDB] Some animal studies found fetal loss and birth defects after high doses during early pregnancy. [Frazier, p. 345] NMP is a cyclic amide used as a solvent, catalyst, formulating agent, and graffiti remover. Significant absorption occurs through the skin. 2-HMSI can be used for biological monitoring of workers. [Akesson B, Carnerup MA, Jonsson BAG. Evaluation of exposure biomarkers from percutaneous absorption of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Scand J Work Environ 2004;30(4):306-312] In high-dose animal studies, adverse effects include CNS depression and changes to the liver, kidneys, and blood cells. [ACGIH] A skin and eye irritant; [ICSC] Danger of cutaneous absorption; [AIHA]

Bower DB; Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 39 (5): 393-4 (1997). Stillbirth after exposure to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.

Solomon GM et al; Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 38 (7): 705-13 (1996). Stillbirth after occupational exposure to n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. A case report and review of the literature.

Akesson B; Arbetsmilj"oinstitutet, F"orlagstj"anst 171 (84): 24 (1994). The Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals - N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone.

Wallen M; Nord 6: 75-89 (1992). Health effects of selected chemicals: methylpyrrilidinone.

Lee KP et al; Fundam Appl Toxicol 9 (2):222-35 (1987). Toxicity of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone teratogenic subchronic and two-year inhalation study.

Residues of n-methylpyrrolidone are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only. Use: solvent, cosolvent.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - 5-Hydroxy-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in urine = 100 mg/L at end of shift;

20.0 [ppm], (can also occur as vapor and aerosol)[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

Small quantities can be stored in polyethylene, polypropylene, or clear glass bottles.

Safe Storage: Separated from oxidants, rubber, plastics, aluminum and light metals. Dry. Ventilation along the floor.

Spillage Disposal: Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you should spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Seal the absorbent paper, as well as any of your clothing which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash any surfaces you may have contaminated with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Store and dispose of according to local regulations. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

The ability of N-methylpyrrolidone and polar lipids to increase the percutaneous delivery of metronidazole was investigated across full thickness human nonoccluded skin in vitro. Fatty acids and ethyl alcohol were also tested and were effected in penetration enhancement in propylene glycol vehicles; N-methylpyrrolidone increased metronidazole penetration from isopropyl myristate vehicles but not from propylene glycol. N-methylpyrrolidone premeated skin readily when applied in the neat state or in a mixture with isopropyl myristate. Results indicated that variations in barrier permeability to metronidazole were associated with the rate of N-methylpyrrolidone permeating the skin.

The effect of a penetration enhancer, N-methylpyrrolidone (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) or isopropyl myristate, on the in vitro permeability of gonadorelin (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone; LHRH) through porcine epidermis was investigated. The permeability coefficient of gonadorelin significantly increased through penetration enhancer treated epidermis in comparison to the control. It was concluded that both penetration enhancers can enhance the percutaneous absorption of peptides such as gonadorelin.

Laurocapram (Azone; 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one; I), N-methylpyrrolidone (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone; II) and dodecyl-L-pyroglutamate (III) were studied in permeation cells in vitro, for their ability to improve the absorption of insulin (IV) and FD&C Blue No. 1 (brilliant blue FCF; V) through skin; the compounds were formulated into a 40% solution of propylene glycol in increasing concentrations. ... The permeation of V was improved in the presence of II, with concentrations of II ranging from 6.0 to 20.0% exhibiting the same efficacy. In experiments with IV, the optimum efficacy of II was found at a concentration close to 10.0%, with a decline in efficacy in higher and lower concentrations. ...

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age <24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 23 °C, pH 7, dissolved oxygen 7.8 mg/L; Concentration: 2500 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 1800-3500 ug/L) />99.9% purity/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age <24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 23 °C, pH 7, dissolved oxygen 7.8 mg/L; Concentration: 1230 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 1000-1500 ug/L) />99.9% purity/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 4.3(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -0.38(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 3.20X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(4). 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.345 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 73% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(6) indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 4.6(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -0.38(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.20X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 73% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(7) indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, which has a vapor pressure of 0.345 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5.2 hrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.40X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone does not absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Headache.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision.

Burning sensation in the throat and chest.

Rapid, irregular respiration, shortnessof breath, decreased pain reflex, and slight bloody nasalsecretion.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from, as of October 25, 2012: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=872-50-4]

1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone was detected in 1 of 46 US industrial effluent samples(1). 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone is present in shale oil retort water(2,3). 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone was found in shale retort water at a concentration of 3 mg/L(2). Retort Water Treatment Cell analysis showed an influent concentration of 2.8 and effluent concentrations of not detected, 1.4, 3.3, and 10.1 mg/L at 1, 3, 5 and 7 weeks of treatment cell operation, respectively, suggesting a desorption from solids over time(3). The compound was detected at concentrations of 66.3 and 33.7 ug/L in wastewaters from a petrochemical plant sampled in January and March 1997, respectively; it was not detected in a July 1996 sample. 1-Methyl-2-pyrroldinone was detected at concentrations of 0.2 and 3.9 ug/L in leachate from an industrial landfill sampled in December 1996 and March 1997, respectively; locations not specified; limit of detection was 0.2 ug/L(4). 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone was detected at 68.9 ug/L in leachate from a municipal waste landfill in Japan(5).

1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone was detected in the raw effluent from a textile finishing plant, North Carolina, concentration not provided(1). The compound was detected in spraybooth scrubber automotive painting operation at a concentration of 300 mg/L of boothwater, 1.51X10-8 ar partial pressure, atm in air; the compound was applied in spray at 7700 kg/annum(2).

The Koc of 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is estimated as 5(SRC), using a log Kow of -0.38(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is expected to have very high mobility in soil. 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone had Rf values of 0.74, 0.65, 0.67, and 1.0 in silt, loam, clay and sand, respectively, in laboratory soil thin layer chromatography (TLC) experiments(4) which is consistent with significant mobility in soil(SRC).

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Six male volunteers were exposed for eight hours on four different days to 0, 10, 25, and 50 mg/cu m N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Plasma was collected and urine was sampled during and after the exposure. Changes in nasal volume were measured by acoustic rhinometry and in airway resistance by spirometry. The eight-hour experimental exposure to 10, 25, and 50 mg/cu m did not induce discomfort to eyes or upper airways. Acute changes in nasal volume were not found, and no changes in the spirometric data could be registered. ... N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone was absorbed through the respiratory tract and readily eliminated from the body, mainly by biotransformation to other compounds. Exposure to 10, 25, or 50 mg/cu m N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone did not cause nose, eye, or airway irritation. Thus, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is a mild irritant.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ It can cause dermatitis with blistering, edema, and erythema with prolonged or repeated contact.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ In the semiconductor industry, headaches and chronic eye irritation were described in some employees exposed to levels as low as 0.7 ppm. Levels of 49 to 83 ppm were found unbearable by the workers.

/SURVEILLANCE/ Several workers in a small electrotechnical company in Norway experienced irritant reaction of the skin after a few days of working with the solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. ... After 2 days of work with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 10 of the 12 involved workers displayed acute irritant contact dermatitis of the hands. ...

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ The effects of absorption enhancers such as laurocapram (Azone), N-methylpyrrolidone, propylene glycol, and oleic acid on the percutaneous absorption of heparin sodium through excised human skin were investigated. Laurocapram, N-methylpyrrolidone, and propylene glycol promomted heparin flux, while oleic acid did not.

Residues of n-methylpyrrolidone are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only. Use: solvent, cosolvent.

The aim was to study the metabolic pathway for N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in humans. Three healthy male volunteers were administered 100 mg N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone orally. All urine was collected during nine consecutive days. The identification and quantification of the metabolites were performed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 5-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (5-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone), N-methylsuccinimide, and 2-hydroxy-N-methylsuccinimide were found in urine. The mean excreted fractions for N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 5-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-methylsuccinimide, and 2-hydroxy-N-methylsuccinimide were 0.8%, 44%, 0.4%, and 20%, respectively. There was no conjugation with glucoronic acid or sulfate or either 5-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone or 2-hydroxy-N-methylsuccinimide. One-third of the orally dosed N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was not recovered in urine as either N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 5-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-methylsuccinimide, or 2-hydroxy-N-methylsuccinimide. The half-lives for 5-hydroxy-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-methylsuccinimide, and 2-hydroxy-N-methylsuccinimide in urine were approximately 4, 8, and 17 hr, respectively.

A method for determination of N-methylsuccinimide and 2-hydroxy-N-methylsuccinimide in human urine and of N-methylsuccinimide in human plasma was developed. N-Methylsuccinimide and 2-hydroxy-N-methylsuccinimide are metabolites of the ... organic solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. ... The method is applicable for analysis of urine and plasma samples from workers exposed to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.

This study described the isolation and identification of the major urinary metabolite of N-methylpyrrolidinone in the male Sprague-Dawley-rat following intravenous administration. The rats were injected via the tail vein with either unlabeled N-methylpyrrolidinone or (14)C labeled N-methylpyrrolidinone at 45 mg/kg. Urine was collected during 0 to 12, 12 to 24, and 24 to 48 hours after dosing and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Thermospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry was performed on samples purified using high performance liquid chromatography method. The major metabolite correlated with 5-hydroxy-N-methylpyrrolidinone based on thin layer chromatography and mass spectral comparisons with an authentic sample.

1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone is rapidly biotransformed by hydroxylation to 5-hydroxy- N -methyl-2-pyrrolidone, which is further oxidized to N -methylsuccinimide; this intermediate is further hydroxylated to 2-hydroxy- N - methylsuccinimide. These metabolites are all colourless. The excreted amounts of NMP metabolites in the urine after inhalation or oral intake represented about 100% and 65% of the administered doses, respectively.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given a single ip injection (45 mg/kg) of radiolabeled 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Plasma levels of radioactivity and cmpd were monitored for six hr and the results suggested a rapid distribution phase which was followed by a slow elimination phase. The major amount of label was excreted in the urine within 12 hr and accounted for approximately 75% of the labelled dose. ...

This study evaluated the toxicokinetics of N-((14)C)methylpyrrolidone (((14)C)NMP) after intravenous administration (0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 500 mg/kg, in saline solution) or topical application (20 and 40 uL/sq cm; 10 sq cm, neat) in haired male Sprague-Dawley rats. Whatever the dose, unchanged NMP was intensively distributed into the body with a volume of distribution of 69% of body weight. After this phase, unchanged NMP declined almost linearly with time for 3 to 4 hr after administration and then followed a mono-exponential function (t1/2 = 0.8 hr) for the three lowest doses. The maximal plasma level of 5-hydroxy-N-methylpyrrolidone (5-HNMP), the main metabolite, was reached 4 to 6 hr later for the three lowest doses and 8 to 24 hr later for the highest doses. These findings indicate that the elimination of NMP is governed by a saturable metabolism process. The Michaelis-Menten parameters estimated from plasma levels of unchanged NMP were 2 mM and 3.8 mg/hr, respectively. Between 4 and 10% of the administered doses were excreted in the urine as unchanged NMP. Urinary clearance of NMP (0.03 to 0.07 mL/min) indicates intensive tubular reabsorption. 5-HNMP was the main urinary metabolite and accounted for 42 to 55% of the administered doses. Its maximal urinary excretion occurred between 4 and 6 hr after administration of the three lowest doses and between 8 and 24 hr for the two highest doses. Urinary clearance (0.9 to 1.3 mL/min) was compatible with renal elimination by simple glomerular filtration.

Metabolism studies were performed using (14)C and tritium labeled N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone in the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with labeled or unlabeled N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone at 45 mg/kg body weight. Urine, feces, expired air, and bile were collected at various times between drug administration and sacrifice. For pharmacokinetic studies, serial blood samples were analyzed at times between 30 minutes and 6 hours post injection. HPLC of plasma N-methyl-2-pyrrlidinone indicated a rapid distribution phase followed by a slow elimination phase with a half life of approximately 7 hours for the (14)C and 10 hours for the tritium isotope. Urinary excretion accounted for approx 70% of the total dose within 12 hours, and a 2:1 ratio in the administered dose was maintained in the urine. The tissue distribution of the radiolabeled isomers showed similar patterns. The rank order of tissue accumulation from highest to lowest concentration was liver, intestine, testes, stomach, kidneys, lungs, brain, heart, pancreas, and spleen. The bladder, thyroid, and thymus showed minimal N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone levels.

Six male volunteers were exposed for eight hours on four different days to 0, 10, 25, and 50 mg/cu m N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. ... N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone was absorbed through the respiratory tract and readily eliminated from the body, mainly by biotransformation to other compounds. ...

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for 1-METHYL-2-PYRROLIDINONE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Used as a solvent for chemicals and resins in the microelectronics and pharmaceutical industries; [HSDB] Widely used to replace other solvents, e.g., for paint stripping and lube oil extraction; it is used as a solvent for pesticides, coatings, adhesives, dyes, pigments, polymers, and polyurethane foam cleanup. [ACGIH]

Metal Degreasing [Category: Clean]

Important areas of use:[Table#5034]

Solvent for resins, acetylene, etc., pigment dispersant, petroleum processing, spinning agent for polyvinyl chloride, microelectronics industry plastic solvent applications, intermediate.

SOLVENT FOR CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL IN AMMONIA GENERATORS, POLYMER PREPN, & PROCESSING ACETYLENE; SOLVENT FOR EXTRACTION OF BTX AROMATICS & BUTADIENE

Pharmaceutical applications make use of the properties of 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as a penetration enhancer for a more rapid transfer of substances through the skin. ... Approved as a solvent for slimicide application to food packaging materials.

(1976) 1.16X10+9 GRAMS

(1978) 1.57X10+9 GRAMS

2023: 100,000,000 - <250,000,000 lb

(1977) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 2.3X10+6 GRAMS

(1979) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 2.3X10+6 GRAMS

Annual production has been estimated at 36-39,000 tons a year (1991 OSHA).

World capacity of NMP is currently estimated at 200,000 - 250,000 t/a.

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for 1-METHYL-2-PYRROLIDINONE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Large-scale production of NMP /N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone/ is predominantly carried out by reacting gamma-butyrolactone with an excess of pure or aqueous methylamine in a high-pressure tube reactor (6-12 MPa). The reaction is exothermic and often run under adiabatic conditions with reactor temperatures in the range of 250-400 °C. The resulting product mixture is decompressed and distilled. The NMP yield is normally more than 97%.

NMP /N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone/ can also be produced by hydrogenation of N-hydroxymethyl-2-pyrrolidone or by reaction of acrylonitrile with methylamine in the presence of a peroxide radical initiator.

... Hydrogenation of N-methylsuccinimide or mixtures of maleic or succinic anhydride and methylamine.

High-pressure synthesis from acetylene and formaldehyde.

Cosmetics product ingredient: N-Methylpyrrolidone (Methyl pyrrolidone)

Information on 105 consumer products that contain N-Methylpyrrolidone in the following categories is provided:

Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing

2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-methyl-: ACTIVE

Due to it's low toxicity and non-halogenated structure, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone is increasingly being used in paint thinners and industrial solvents.